PROPOSAL

ABSTRACT

The interference reduction capability of adaptive beamforming and spectral

efficiency enhancement by adaptive modulation gives a significant performance gains in
mobile communication systems. In order to make the most of both methods, joint
adaptive beamforming and adaptive modulation is considered in this research. Possible
solutions for some challenges, problems and drawbacks in combining these two will be
investigated. Based on some advantages and disadvantages of each method, performance
of different combining approaches in different conditions and environments will be
analyzed.
INTRODUCTION

Current and future demands in mobile communication for various high speed
multimedia data services entail a robust, high data rate transmission system. Increasing
numbers of users amid limited spectrum motivate research on technology to expand the
capacity and increase spectral efficiency. At the same time, some detrimental effects in
randomly varying mobile communication environment like multipath fading, co-channel
interference and Doppler effects need to be addressed. Adaptive modulation and adaptive
beamforming are part of recent methods that known to offer the solution for the
abovementioned problems.
Adaptive modulation is a technique that varies some transmission parameters to
take advantage of favorable channel conditions. Under bad channel conditions, a robust
signal transmission mode will be applied to ensure reliable data exchange. While, in good
channel, spectrally efficient mode that offer higher throughput is applied. This
mechanism ensures the most efficient mode is always used based on certain criteria and
constraints. The varying parameters can be the symbol transmission rate, transmitted
power level, constellation size, BER, code rate or scheme, any combination of these
parameters [1]. Compared to the fixed modulation system, which was designed
specifically for the worst case channel conditions, this adaptive modulation offers higher
spectral efficiency, higher throughput and remarkable capacity enhancement without
sacrificing BER or wasting power [2].
Research on applications of adaptive antenna arrays have been an interesting
subject over past 40 years [3] contributing to the invention of adaptive beamforming
method. By taking advantage of the fact that users collocated in frequency domain are
typically separated in spatial domain, the beamformer is used to direct the antenna beams
toward the desired user while canceling signal from other users [4]. The beamformer
electronically steer a phased array by weighting the amplitude and phase of signal at each
array element in response to changes in the propagation environment. Capacity
improvement is achieved by effective co-channel interference cancellation, intelligent
frequency reuse adjustments and dynamic channel allocation (DCA) strategy. Improved
SIR at the beamformer output allows the increases in transmission bit rate [4]-[7].
 From a few recent works which employed both adaptive beamforming and
adaptive modulation [8]-[12], it is proven that the combination of these two techniques
give a significant performance gains.
In [8], J. Blogh, P. Cherriman, and L. Hanzo did a comparative study on a range
of dynamic channel allocation algorithms called distributed control and locally
distributed control assisted DCA arrangements under various channel conditions. The
performance of locally optimized least interference algorithm (LOLIA), locally optimized
most interference algorithm (LOMIA) with a few configurations were simulated and
measured in terms of the carried teletraffic, call blocking probability, call dropping
probability, probability of low-quality access, and outage probability. Sample matrix
inversion (SMI) adaptive beamforming algorithm with geometrically based single
bouncei elliptical model (GBSBEM) was used. The applied adaptive modulation aimed to
maximize the throughput with a constraint in target Frame Error Rate (FER). From this
work, the benefits of using adaptive antenna arrays have been demonstrated, with
improved network quality for an increased number of users, for both the (fixed channel
allocation) FCA algorithm and the LOLIA. These benefits were then extended through
the use of adaptive modulation to further improve call quality while simultaneously
increasing the data throughput and the number of users adequately supported by the
network.
Y.H. Pan, K. Letaief, Z. Cao in [9] proposed a dynamic spatial subchannel
allocation algorithm with adaptive beamforming for MIMO/OFDM system. The
proposed algorithm use Eigenvector Decomposition Method to generate a number of
parallel spatial channels on each subcarrier, adaptively select the eigenvectors associated
with the relatively large spatial subchannel eigenvalues to generate the beamforming
weights at the mobile and basestations, and then dynamically assigns the corresponding
best spatial subchannels to transmit the OFDM block symbols. An optimal bit and power
distribution across the subchannels then is derived using low complexity fixed throughput
based adaptive modulation algorithm. From the simulation results, the proposed system
shown an increase in system’s capacity and bandwidth efficicency as well as
improvement in QoS
 In [10], J. Blogh and L. Hanzo presented simulation results of adaptive
modulation in conjunction with independent up- and down-link adaptive beamforming in
UTRA-like FDD/CDMA cellular network under log normal shadow faded environment.
The network capacity improvement was shown characterized by the significant reduction
in the probability of a dropped call. The work then continued in [11] for UTRA-like
TDD/CDMA system. The performance of the adaptive modulation assisted, beam
steering aided TDD/CDMA system was analyzed and compared with FDD/UTRA
system. It is also concluded that the employment of adaptive beamforming in conjunction
with Adaptive Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (AQAM) limited the detrimental
effects of co-channel interference and resulted in performance improvements both in
terms of achievable call quality and the system’s capacity.
Adaptive bit-loading is another terms that is used to associate with adaptive
modulation where it characterize the type of modulation based on number of bits/symbol
loaded on the channel. In OFDM system, frequency selective fading severely affected
certain subcarriers and degraded the overall system performance. In [12], it is
demonstrated that combinational scheme based on adaptive beamforming and adaptive
loading is very effective in improving the performance of OFDM packet transmission.

• Advantages of each adaptive mod and adaptive beam – as in intro review type
paper and add with some more
• Advantages of joint AM and AB – highlights works done by others with
performance gain achieved

JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
• The rationale of study: not many discussion yet about the problems, challenges,
and the effective ways of combining these methods. Highlights some related
works -
 Adaptive modulation performance highly depends on the perfection of feedback
signal used. This problem will be more severe in a fast fading environment where the
channel gain changing very fast and the adaptive system are not able to track the changes.

 problems in AM -
 problems in AB
 different approaches of AM and AB

In adaptive beamforming, nonstationary interferers or jammers raised a problem

in systems that use high gain or large antennas. In this kind of system, the directional
pattern nulls are very sharp, that cause the nonstationary interferers easily move out from
the nulls. The performance will be severely degraded if the beamformer are not able to
adapt to the fast interference changing conditions. A few works done to solve this
problem includes [] where some modifications were done on conventional adaptive
algorithms to enhance their robustness in the said situation.

OBJECTIVES
• To study the problems and challenges in joint AB & AM and propose solutions to
them
• To investigate the optimal way of joint AB & AM
• To measure and compare the performance of different combinations algorithms in
different models of environments and conditions. i.e. flat fading, frequency
selective fading, fast fading, in present of co-channel interference and adjacent
channel interference
• To propose a novel joint AB & AM algorithm

METHODOLOGY

REFERENCES:
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Unified View,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, pp. 1561-1571, Sept. 2001

[2] S. Catreux, V. Erceg, D. Gesbert, and R.W. Health, Jr., “Adaptive Modulation and
MIMO Coding for Broadband Wireless Data Networks,” IEEE Commun Mag, pp.
108-115, June 2002

[3] S. Applebaum, “Adaptive arrays,” Technical Report SPL TR-66-001, Syracuse

Univ. Rec., Corp. Report, 1965

[4] J. Litva, T. K. Lo, “Digital Beamforming in Wireless Communications,” Artech

House, Norwood, 1996

[5] B.D. Van, K. M. Buckley, “Beamforming: A Versatile Approach to Spatial

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[6] L. C. Godara, “Applications of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications, PartI:

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[7] L. C. Godara, “Applications of Antenna Arrays to Mobile Communications,

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vol. 85, pp. 1195-1245, August 1997

[8] J. Blogh, P. Cherriman, L. Hanzo, ”Comparative Study of Adaptive Beam-

Steering and Adaptive Modulation-Assisted Dynamic Channel Allocation
Algorithms,” IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol. 50, pp. 398-415
March 2001
[9] Y. H. Pan, K. Lataeif, Z. Cao,”Dynamic Spatial Subchannel Allocation with
Adaptive Beamforming for MIMO/OFDM Systems,”, IEEE Trans. Wireless
Commun., vol. 3, pp. 2097-2107, Nov. 2004

[10] J. S. Blogh, L. Hanzo, “Third-Generation Systems and Intelligent Wireless

Networking: Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation,” John Wiley and IEEE
Press, 2002

[11] Song Ni, Jonathan S. Blogh, Lajos Hanzo, “On the Networking Performance of
UTRA-like TDD and FDD CDMA Systems Using Adaptive Modulation and
Adaptive Beamforming,” IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference,
vol. 1, pp. 606-610, 22-25 April 2003

[] A. B. Gershman, U. Nickel, J. F. Böhme, “Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms

with Robustness Against Jammer Motion,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.
45, pp. 1878-1885, July 1997