Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

MODULE- 74A
Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodic soils.

Types of irrigation : Broadly irrigation can be classified as, (i) Surface irrigation (ii) Sub-surface irrigation.

(1). Surface irrigation: (a) Flow irrigation (i) Perennial irrigation. (ii) Flood irrigation. (b) Flood irrigation. (2). Sub-surface irrigation. (a) Natural sub-irrigation. (b) Artificial sub-irrigation. Irrigation methods: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Free flooding. Border flooding. Check flooding. Basin flooding. Furrow irrigation method. Sprinkler irrigation method. Drip irrigation method.

Reclamation of water logged and saline soil. An agriculture land is said to water logged, when its productivity gets affected by the high water table. If root zone of plant gets flooded with water, air will not be available to plant root zone and reduces the yield. Plant require nutrients like nitrates and these are formed by aerobic bacteria. So if air is not available, bacteria will not survive so that no food for plants and results less yield. Due to water logging, salts will be accumulated in the root zone and these soils become saline.

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering Causes of water losing: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Over and intensive irrigation. Seepage of water from adjacent high lands. Seepage through the canal. Impervious obstruction. Inadequate natural drainage. Inadequate surface drainage. Excessive rains. Submergence due to floods. Irregular or flat topography.

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

Water logging control: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Lining of canals & water courses. Reducing intensity if irrigation. Introducing crop rotation. Optimum use of water. Providing intercepting drains. Provision of efficient drainage system. Improving the natural drainage of the area. Introduction of lift irrigation.

Efflorescence : The phenomenon of salts coming up in solution and forming a thin (5 to 7.5 cm) crust on the surface, after the evaporation of water is called efflorescence. Land affected by efflorescence is called saline soil, Leaching : In this process the land is flooded with adequate depth of water. The alkali salts present in the soil get dissolved in this water which percolate down to join the water table or declined away by sub-surface drains. When is present in the saline soil, gypsum ( soil before leaching and thoroughly mixed with water. which can be leached out. LR (leading requirement) = = = ) is generally added to the reacts with forming

is salt content of irrigation water, is the salt content of leach water.

L.R =

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Irrigation Engineering

= electrical conductivity to of irrigation water, = electrical conductivity of drainage water.

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