8.

0DesigningRoadAlignmentsUsingtheAlignmentDesigner(PAD) Module
Background:InthischapterwewillconcentrateonusingthebasicroadalignmentcommandscontainedinthePAD (PreliminaryAlignmentDesign)module.Thisproducesintelligentthreedimensionalroadalignmentsincludingthe horizontal design layout, vertical design and carriageways. After completing the design the alignments are then annotatedandamasterreportofthelayoutcanbeproduced. The PAD (Alignment Design) module is used for general alignment design, i.e. for alignments consisting of just straightsandcirculararcs,whereasthePHD(HighwayDesign)moduleisusedforhighwaydesign,i.e.foralignments containingoptionalclothoidspiraltransitioncurvesandsuperelevation,inadditiontothestraightsandcirculararcs. These two modules share a lot of functionality but each is suited to its particular field. For example, if you are designing amajor grade separated junction, the dual carriageway will probably be designed using PHD to include transitioncurves,butyoumaychoosetodeveloptheroundaboutandsliproadsinPADwithouttransitions. Wheneitherofthesemodulesisselected,theinitialstageishorizontalalignmentdesignwiththelocationofstraights, arcs(andpossiblytransitioncurves).Oncethehorizontalalignmenthasbeenestablished,thenextdesignstageis that of the vertical alignment, followed by full three dimensional design of the road cross section incorporating complexcarriagewayandfeaturestrings. Tip:SaveyourPDSdrawingatthisstageasanewname.ThiswillallowtheblankEXAMPLEtobeusedagain. IfyouarealreadyinanotherPDSdesignmodulesuchasPGMyouwillneedtoselectthePADmodule. Standaloneusers: 1.ChoosetheFilepulldownmenu. 2.ChooseProceedtomoduleandselectthePADmodule. PDSAusers: 1.ChoosethePDSModulespulldownmenuandselectthe PADmodule. Youwillnoticethetoolbarsalter,thePGMtoolbarbeingreplacedbythePADtoolbar.

8.1SettingupaProject
WhenyoufirstenterthePADmoduleinadrawingfileawarningmessagewillbedisplayed: Noprojectactivated Noalignmentselected NeedtoexecuteActivateProject ThismessageisinformingyouthatPDSneedsyoutospecifyaprojectwithinthePADmodule,whichthecurrent drawingistoaccess. InthecontextofPDS,aprojectisameansofdefiningasubfolder,inthisexamplewithinthe\PDS\MODELSfolder, which will contain a set of default parameters to a known specification and where the geometry and report files generatedbythePDSdesignprogramswillbeautomaticallysaved. Tosetupanewproject: 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectSetup. 3.ThenselectSetupProject

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Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.ChooseSelect. NavigatetothefolderC:\PDS\MODELS\TUTORIAL ChooseSave. Donotunderanycircumstanceschangethenameofprojectfilefromthedefault:$DBU. 5.SelecttherequiredProjectDatabaseUnits. 6.SelecttheoptiontoActivatethisprojectinthecurrentmodel. 7.ChooseOK. AllrelevantdefaultparameterfilesarenowcopiedintoC:\PDS\MODELS\TUTORIAL.Theseparameterfilescanthen beeditedtomeetyourspecificdesignandgraphicalrequirements.

8.2DesigningHorizontalAlignments
When designing a horizontal alignment there are a number of different methods of inputting the straight and arc elements.Inthisparticularpartofthetutorialwewillbedesigningthealignmentbytheintersectionpointmethod. However, elementsmaybeinputbyothermeanssuchasFree,FloatandFix. Inthenextsectionwewillusethe command Generate Horizontal Alignment that places straights and curves automatically over an architectural layout.

8.2.1SelectingtheRequiredAlignment
Thefirststepinthehorizontaldesignprocessistoassignanametothealignmentthatistobecreated. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectHorizontalDesign. 3.ThenchooseSelectAlign Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.Clickinsidetheeditboxandthentypetherequirednameforyouralignment.E.g.Road1 5.ChooseOK Theselectedalignmentnamewillbedisplayedonthestatusline.

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8.2.2InsertingtheStraightElements
Youarenowreadytoinsertthestraightelementsforthehorizontalalignment. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectHorizontalDesign. 3.ThenselectElements. Locatedinthissubmenuarethecommands: InsertStraight InsertLcurve InsertRcurve The use of Insert Straight is selfexplanatory but the use of Insert Lcurve and Insert Rcurve may not be so straightforward.TheLcurveandRcurverepresentthehandofthecurvesinthedirectionofincreasingchainage.For both straights and curves, this direction of increasing chainage is defined by the order in which the locations are digitisede.g.thestartandendpointsofastraightelement. 4.SelectInsertStraight Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

5.ChooseOK.Nomodifiersarerequiredatthisstage. 6.Digitisetheendofeachstraight(IntersectionPoint).Onceallthestraightshavebeeninputrightclickor[Enter] twice toterminatethecommand. Note:Ifyouhaveasketchoftheroute,useendsnaptopicktheendsofthestraights. 8.2.3InsertingtheCurveElements Havinginsertedthestraightelements,youarenowreadytoinserttheleftandrighthandcurveelements 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectHorizontalDesign. 3.ThenselectElements. 4.ChooseInsertRcurve

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Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

5.UnderConnectionstoAdjacentElementschoosebothPrecedingElementandSucceedingElement. Thismeansthatthecurveelementbeinginsertedwillbeattachedtoandtangentialtotheexistingstraightelements whichprecedeandsucceedit. 6.UnderSettingschooseSpecifyradiusandentertherequiredradiuse.g.50 7.ChooseOK 8.Thefollowingpromptisnowdisplayedonthecommandline: PrecedingElement Digitisethestraightelementwhichprecedesthecurvebeinginserted. 9.Thefollowingpromptisnowdisplayedonthecommandline. SucceedingElement Digitisethestraightelementwhichsucceedsthecurvebeinginserted. Thecurvewillnowbedrawnwiththespecifiedradiusandtheadjoiningstraightswillbetrimmedautomaticallytothe tangentpoints.

Figure8.1Insertingacurvebetweentwostraightelements Othercurves,rightandleft,maynowbeinsertedbetweenthestraightstocompletethealignment.EnsurePreceding ElementandSucceedingelementarealwaysselectedtoattachthecurvestothestraightelements.

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8.2.4ConnectingtheHorizontalAlignment Whenalltheelementshavebeeninserted,theyareconnected,chainageisappliedandthealignmentisfiled. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectHorizontalDesign. 3.ThenselectAlignments. 4.ChooseConnectAlignment Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

5.Enterachainageatstartofalignmentof0. 6.ChooseOK 7.Whenprompted,pickanyoneofelementsinthealignment[Enter]andthefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

Alltheelementsshouldnowbe highlighted(greeninstandalone,dashedinPDSA),whichindicatesthatthealignment elementshavebeeninsertedcorrectly. ChooseYes. 8.Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

ChooseOK 9.Thehorizontalalignmentgeometrydetailsaresavedinanexternalfilesoyouarethereforeaskedtorespondtothe followingdialog:

ChooseYes Page42

Thefollowingdialogwilldisplayasummaryoftheinformationfiledforthealignment:

10.Choose OK ThedesignofthehorizontalalignmentRoad1isnowcomplete. 8.2.1DesigningaSecondAlignmentUsingGenerateHorizontalAlignment Ifyouhavethecentrelineofaroadpreprepared(probablyimportedfromAutoCAD)itisrecommendedthatyouuse theautomaticcommandGenerateHorizontalAlignment(GenHalignisthetooltip).Thisismostadvantageousin that the 4 stages, namely: 1) selecting the alignments name, 2) inserting straights, 3) inserting curves and 4) connectingthealignment,areallgroupedtogetherinoneprocess. Therearetworequirementsforthistowork,however.Thecentrelinesmustconsistoflinesandarcs,polylinesarenot allowedandthearcsmustbetangentialtothelines. Itisbesttoseethecompleteroadinonezoomviewanditisadvisedtofreezeanylayersthatmightimpedeyour productivity. 8.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 9.SelectHorizontalDesign,thenselectAlignmentsand GenHalignment. Thefollowingdialogisshown:

10.Clickintheeditboxandtypetherequirednameforyouralignment,e.g.Road2,andOK. 11.Youwillbeprompted:Digitiseanentityontheproposedalignment: DigitiseanyonecentrelineentityofRoad2and[Enter].

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12.Inthetextwindowyouwillseethefollowing: Alignmentwillstartat(470.369,706.180) andchainagewillincreaseasindicated.IsthisOK? Agreensquareandarrowwillbedisplayedatthestartorendoftheproposedcenterline.Ifthedirectioniscorrect, enterOKand[Enter]. Note:IfthedirectionisincorrectenterNothesystemwillthenofferthechancetoreverseit. Alignmentelementswillthenbeinsertedalongthecentrelineandconnectalignment isinvoked. Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

13.ChooseAdd Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

14.SetthedialogboxtoformajunctionwithRoad1atthestartasshown(YouwillneedtopickanelementonRoad1 todothis)and OK. Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayedconfirmingyourselection.

ChooseAccept Page44

ChooseYes Thefollowingdialogwilldisplayasummaryoftheinformationfiledforthealignment:

15.Choose OK.CommandHistorywillshow: Thefollowingjunctionconnectionshavebeenaddedtofile: AlignmentROAD1toROAD2atchainage210.516 Youhavesuccessfullycompleted2horizontalalignmentdesignsandformedthejunctionconnectionbetweenthem. Note:Itisrecommendedthat,wherepossible,allhorizontaldesignshouldbecompletedbeforeanyverticaldesignis started.

8.3DesigningaVerticalAlignment
Thenextstageinthedesignprocessistocreatetheverticalgeometryalongyourhorizontalalignment. Theprocessissimilartothatofthehorizontaldesign,butrequiresalongitudinalprofileboxtobegeneratedalongthe horizontalalignmentintowhichtheverticalgeometryisinput.

8.3.1GeneratingaLongitudinalProfile
1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectVerticalDesign. 3.ThenselectGenerateProfile Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

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4. Ensure that Road1is theCurrently Selected Alignment. The scale and vertical exaggeration of the section is controlledbysettingsavailablethroughtheStyletab. 5.ChooseOK. 6.Youarenowpromptedtoplacetheprofile: Sectionboxdig Theprofilehasitsbasepoint(ororigin)atthebottomlefthandcorneroftheprofilebox. Digitisethelocationwhereyouwanttheprofiletobeplaced(Tip:totherightofyourlayout). 7.Asthisisthefirsttimethataprofilehasbeengeneratedalongthisalignmentthesystemwillpromptyoutoselect thePGM(s)thatapplytothisalignment.Onmajorschemes,uptofivemodelsmaybespecified,but,forthisexercise a single model will suffice. Select the relevant PGM from the dialog box (E.g. C:\PDS\MODELS\TUTORIAL\EXAMPLE)andthenpressthe Cancelkeywhenpromptedforthesecondmodel. 8. The system now retrieves levels from the ground model along the path of the horizontal alignment and then promptsthedatumandmaximumlevelsfortheprofile,calculatedat5mbelowand2mabovethegroundlevels.

ChooseOK Thedesignprofileboxisnowdisplayed:

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Figure8.2AverticalgroundprofilealongroadalignmentRoad1 8.3.2InsertingVerticalElements
Thenextstageistoplacethenewverticalalignmentelementsintheprofile.Theprocessisessentiallysimilartothat for horizontal design, whichmeans that there are a number of different ways of creating an alignment.We will be followingasimilarproceduretothatofthehorizontaldesignofROAD1,namelyintersectionpoints.Thesectionstring ofthePGMshallbeusedasaguide. Thecommandsusedtoplaceverticalelementsare InsertGrade,forstraightelements,andInsertVcurveforvertical curveelements.

8.3.3InsertingaGradeElement
1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectVerticalDesign. 3.SelectElements. 4.ThenselectInsertGrade Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

5.ChooseOK.Note:Nomodifiersarerequiredatthisstage. GradeLoc 6.Digitisetherequiredlocationsfortheintersectionpointsintheprofileboxand[Enter]. Whenpositioningthefirstorlastelementsitisusualtotieintoknownpointsonthegroundprofile.Generally,thefirst andlastelementsshouldstartatthechainage0pointandtheendchainagepointrespectively. Note:Accuratechainageandlevelinformationmaybeinputaswellasdigitizing.Toswitchinputmode: Standaloneusers:Usethe=keyor PDSAusers:Usethepopupmenu fromthegetdatatoolbarorthepopupmenu

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8.3.4InsertingaCurveElement
Afterplacingthegrade elementsthenextstepistoinserttheverticalcurvesintotheprofile.Themodifiersforthis commandaresimilartothoseofInsertLcurve/Rcurve,but,withafewadditions.Modifiersspecifictothiscommand arethecommonlyuseddesigncriteria Mvalue,Kfactorand Radius. Note:verticaldesigncurvesaregeneratedasparabolasothevalueinputistheequivalentradius. For these three modifiers a positive value willresultin a valley curve and a negative value will resultin a summit curve. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu 2.SelectVerticalDesign 3.SelectElements 4.ThenselectInsertVcurve Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

5.UnderConnectionstoAdjacentElementschoosebothPrecedingElementandSucceedingElement. This means that the curve element being inserted will be attached to and tangential to the existing straight grade elementsthatprecedeandsucceedit(i.e.theyaretrimmedincorrectly).Notethedesignmustbetangentiallycorrect: itisobligatorytousethePreceding&SucceedingElementscheckboxes. 6.UnderSettingschooseSpecifyelementlengthandenteranappropriatelengthvalue,say30. 7.ChooseOK. 8.ThepromptPrecedingElementisnowdisplayedonthecommandline.Digitisethegradethatprecedesthecurve beinginserted. 9. The prompt Succeeding Element is now displayed on the command line. Digitise the grade that succeeds the curvebeinginserted. Thecurvewillnowbedrawnwiththespecifiedlengthandtheadjoiningstraightswillbetrimmedautomaticallytothe tangentpoints. Continueplacingtheverticalcurvesuntiltheverticalalignmentiscompleteperhapsusingsomeoftheothermodifiers availableinthiscommand. Note:Itispossibletoinsertcurvestocurves(inhorizontalalignmentdesign,too),butitmaytakesomepracticeto ensurethatageometricsolutionispossible. 8.3.5ConnectingtheVerticalAlignment After completing the vertical alignment design, the next step is to connect the vertical elements. This process is similartoconnectingthehorizontalalignment,exceptthattheconceptofchainageisalreadydefined. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu 2.SelectVerticalDesign. 3.ThenselectAlignments. Page48

4.ChooseConnectAlignment Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

5.ChooseOK 6.Whenprompted,pickanyoneoftheelementsintheverticalalignmentand[Enter].Thefollowingdialogboxwill bedisplayed:

Alltheelementsshouldnowbehighlighted,whichindicatesthatthealignmenthasbeenproperlyconnected. 7.ChooseOK. Thecommandlinewillthenprompt: OKtofilealignment AnswerYesor OK Thedesignoftheverticalalignmentisnowcomplete.

Figure8.3ATypicalVerticalAlignment

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8.4CreatingaMasterAlignment
Thenextstageistocombinethehorizontalandverticalalignmentstocreatea3dimensionalMasterAlignmentto whichcarriagewaysandotherfeaturesmaybeattached.Settingout levelscanthenbecalculatedandreported. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu 2.Select MasterAlignment. 3.ThenselectProjectAlign Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.ChooseOK. 5.Whenprompted,digitiseoneelementonyourhorizontalalignmentand[Enter]. The horizontal alignment should now have been traced over with another set of strings (usually coloured red and blue).ThisisthethreedimensionalMasterAlignment. Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

Tip: You may use a standard isometric view (e.g. northeast) to see more clearly the master alignment in three dimensions.

8.5InsertingaCarriageway&ApplyingCrossfall
Nowwecaninsertacarriageway,withvaryingcrossfallsandwidths,ifrequired,atdifferentchainagesonthemaster alignment.

8.5.1InsertingtheCarriageway
1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu 2.SelectCarriageways. 3.ThenselectInsertCway

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Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.UnderCarriagewaydetailsenteraCarriagewaylabel(e.g. CW1) Note:Thislabelmusthaveamaximumofsixcharacters,andthefirstcharactermustbealphabetic. 5.Also,ensureStartchainageissetto0andEndchainageissettothecorrectvalueforyouralignment. 6.ChooseDimensionsandthefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

Thecarriagewaywidthcanbedeterminedeitherbyacceptingthedefault(setbytheRPARAMS.PARfileinyour project folder)orbyusingthemodifiersinthiscommand. Thewidthcanbealteredonthelefthandsideofthecarriageway,orontherighthandsideorboth. 7.ChooseOK toreturntothepreviousdialogbox,andthenchooseOKagaintoacceptthisdialogbox. Thecarriagewaywillbeinsertedandmayalsobeviewedfromanisometricviewpoint. Page51

8.5.2ApplyingCrossfall
In the above section the Insert Carriageway command automatically created the carriageway with a cambered crossfallatagradientof2.5%.Wewillnowaddfurthercrossfalldefinitionsforthealignment 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldown menu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldown menu. 2.SelectCarriageways. 3.ThenselectEditCrossfall Acceptthefirstdialogbox confirmingthecorrectalignmentandafurtherdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.UnderCrossfallDiagram(s)toDisplayselectSingleCarriagewayandthenpresstheEditbutton. Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

5.PresstheAddbuttontodisplayafurtherdialogbox:

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6.UnderChainage,enteranappropriatechainagevalueatwhichthecamberedportionofcarriagewayistoend(say 30).EnsurethatTypeofcrossfallissettoCamber. 7.ChooseOKandyouwillreturntothepreviousdialogbox.(Notethatthecrossfalldefinitionjustspecifiedisnow includedinthelist.) 8.Wewillnowaddacrossfalldefinitionatwhichthecarriagewaywillfalltowardstherighthandchannel. 9.PresstheAddbuttonandenteranappropriatechainagevalueatwhichtherighthandcrossfallistostart(say50). EnsurethatTypeofcrossfallissettoRightcrossfall.ChooseOKtoreturntothepreviousdialogbox. 10. Press theAdd button and enter an appropriate chainage value at which the right handcrossfallis to end (say 120).EnsurethatTypeofcrossfallissettoRightcrossfall.Choose OKtoreturntothepreviousdialogbox. 11.Wewillnowaddonefinalcrossfalldefinitionatwhichthecarriagewaywillreturnbeingcambered. 12.PresstheAddbuttonandenteranappropriatechainagevalueatwhichthecamberedcrossfallistostart(say 140).EnsurethatTypeofcrossfallissettoCambered.ChooseOKtoreturntothepreviousdialogboxthatshould appearsimilartothis:

13.ChooseOKandyouwillbereturnedtothemaindialogboxforthiscommand. The crossfall diagram will automatically update to show the crossfall definitions entered above. Under Current Elementusethevideobuttonstonavigatealongthealignmentinordertoviewthecrossfalldefinitions. 14.Choose OKtoacceptthedialogbox. 15.Acceptthesubsequentdialogboxesforprojectingthealignment.Thecarriagewaywillberegeneratedtoreflect thenewcrossfalldefinitions. Laterinthistutorial(section8.12)youwillseehowyoucanannotatethelongsectionforRoadwiththecarriageway channelsandtheirlevels.

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8.6CreatingAnotherVerticalAlignment
Asbefore,inordertoproduceaverticalalignment,firstaverticalprofilealongthealignmentmustbegenerated. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.SelectVerticalDesign. 3.ThenselectGenerateProfile 4.EnsurethatROAD2istheCurrentlyselectedalignmentandthenacceptthedialogbox. 5.FollowtheonscreenpromptsuntilthegroundmodelprofilealongRoad2isdisplayed.(See8.3.1forfurtherdetails) WhenviewingtheprofileforRoad2youshouldnoticeadifferenceinthesectiontothatofRoad1.Anaccuratecross sectionofthecarriagewayofRoad1isincludedintheprofile.Thisenablestheverticaldesigntobeginatthecorrect chainageandlevel.

Figure8.4PortionoftheverticalalignmentalongRoad2showingthecrosssectionofcarriagewayfromRoad1 6.Thenextstageistoplacethenewverticalelementsintheprofile.Normallyyouwillwanttostarttheverticaldesign fromtheendoftheRoad1carriagewaycrosssection.Inaddition,ifrequired,thegradientofthestartelementcanbe matchedtothatofthecarriagewayofRoad1 7.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu 8.SelectVerticalDesign. 9.SelectElements. 10.ThenselectInsertGrade 11.UseSpecifygradient,enteravalueof2.5andspecifyelementlengthof30thenacceptthedialogbox. 12.UsetheobjectsnapEndtolockontotherighthandendpointofthecarriagewaycrosssectionand[Enter]. Tip:Ifyoudonotknowthecrossfallgradientofthecarriageway,insteadofspecifyinganexplicitgradientvalue,select thedigitisebuttonfromthedialogbox,andthesystemwillpromptyoutodigitisetwopointstodefinetherequired gradient.(InthiscaseusetheEndsnapbeforedigitisingthecrownandchannelofthecarriageway) 13.Afterplacingthefirstgradeelementcontinuetoplaceeitherverticalcurvesorgradeelementsuntilthevertical designiscompleteusing thePreceding/SucceedingElementscheckboxestoensureelementsaretangential. 14.AsbeforeusethecommandConnectalignment details) toconnecttheverticalalignment(Ifnecessarysee8.3.5for

14Finallytocompletethethreedimensionaldesign,projectthehorizontalalignmenttocreatethethreedimensional masteralignmentusingthecommandProjectAlignmentasbefore.(Ifnecessarysee8.4forfurtherdetails) Note: As an alternative to using the Insert Element commands, you may wish to experiment with the command Generate Vertical Alignment. This generates a vertical alignment automatically, generally by following the groundprofilebutwithanumberofconstraintssuchasminimum/maximumgradients,etc.andcantiethestartof thealignmentintothecarriagewayprofileofRoad1.Youstillhavetofollowsteps14and15,however. Page54

8.7InsertingaCarriagewayataJunction
TheprocesstoplaceacarriagewayalongthealignmentRoad2isessentiallythesameasthatforRoad1.Theonly differenceisthatthemasteralignment,andthereforethecarriagewayforRoad2,willstartatthechannellineofthe road1carriageway,ratherthanatthestartofthehorizontalalignmentforRoad2. Wewillspecifyacarriagewaywidthof4.8mthroughoutthelengthofRoad2.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu 2.SelectCarriagewaysfollowedbyInsertCway 3.UnderCarriagewaydetailsenteraCarriagewaylabel(e.g.CW2) 4.NotethatthesystemwillhaveenteredtheStartchainageasthechainageatthechannelofRoad1andtheEnd chainagewillbecorrectforthelengthofRoad2 5.ChooseDimensionsandenteravalueof2.40forthewidthsfromthecrowntochannelsforbothStartandEndof thealignment.Acceptthisdialogboxandthesubsequentonedisplayed. ThecarriagewayforRoad2shouldnowbedisplayed.

8.8CreatingaJunction
HavingpreviouslydefinedthealignmentRoad2tohaveajunctionconnectionwithRoad1,ajunctionentitymaynow beinsertedtodesiredparameters.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.ChooseJunctionsandInsertJunction Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.UnderAlignmentsformingtheJunctionuseSelecttopickalignmentsROAD1andthenROAD2 5.FortheLefthandsideofJunctionchoose1forNo.ofarcelementsandspecifyaRadiusof7.5 6.ChooseGradefortheVerticalgeometrytoapplyaroundjunction.Youmayapplyeitheragradeandacurve orapairofparaboliccurvesofequalbutoppositevalues. 7.FortheRighthandsideofJunctionchoose1forNo.ofarcelementsandspecifyaRadiusof6 8.ChooseOK.

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Thefollowingdialogboxwillnowbedisplayed:

Thisdialogboxdisplaysthecalculatedverticalgeometryaroundthejunctionchannels.Italsogivestheopportunityto choose between applying a straight grade, grade and one curve (if a geometrical solution is possible) or reverse curves,ortoreturntothepreviousdialogboxinordertoredefinethehorizontaljunctiongeometry. 9.ChooseProceed. Thegraphicsforthejunctionarenowgeneratedandthejunctiongeometryiscomplete.

Figure8.5Insertingaroadjunction NotethatthecarriagewaychannelsforRoad2havebeenautomaticallytrimmedbacktoaccommodatethejunction.

8.9CreatingaTurningHead
The next stage of this tutorialistoinsert aturning head at the end of alignment Road1. There are three standard types of turning head currently available, namely T shaped, L shaped and R shaped. The dimensions for these standardturningheadsarealluserconfigurableandcanbealtered,eitherintheRPARAMS.PARprojectparameter file, or using the appropriate modifiers in the dialog box for this command. Separate commands are available for amorphousshaped(orFreeform)turningheads.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu 2.ChooseTurningHeadsandInsertThead 3.Pick InstheadT Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

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4.Enterrequiredparametersfortheturningheadasshownintheabovedialogbox.NotetheMirrorSettingsbutton thisallowsyoutotypeinonlytheleftsideandthenletthesystemcopythemovertotherightforyou.Fordetailsof theSettingsandDimensionsseethediagramscontainedintheonlinehelp(accessedbychoosingHelp) If you are unsure of which dimensions should be set you can tick / untick theoffset/ offset length settings and noticetheredindicativedimensionsalteraccordinglyinthepreviewgraphicinthelowerlefthandcorner. Selectingthedigbuttonsallowsmeasurementofthesedistancesmidcommand,meaningyoudonothavetowork theseoutpriortorunningthecommand. 5.ChooseOK. 6.Youwillnowbepromptedtodigitiseanalignmentelement.SodigitisethemasteralignmentofRoad1neartheend requiredfortheinsertionoftheturninghead. 7.Thefollowingdialogwillappear:

Theshape ofthe proposed turning head will be displayed as green temporary graphics.Ifthe geometry is correct, chooseYes. Note,choosingNowillreturntothepreviousdialogenablingthesettingstobealtered. Theturningheadwillnowbedisplayed.

Figure8.6Insertingaturninghead Note thatthe carriageway channelsfor Road2 have been automaticallytrimmed back toaccommodate the turning head.

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8.10DefiningEventChainages
Thisisanoptionalproceduretypicallycarriedoutpriortoannotating. Thesearespecialoreventchainagesatwhichcoordinatesand/orlevelsarerequiredtoappearwhenannotatingor reportinghorizontalalignments,verticalalignments,andcarriagewaysusingthefollowingcommands: Annotatehorizontalalignment Annotateverticalalignment Annotatecarriageway ReportMaster Examples may include: centres of mini roundabouts, centres of circular turning heads, layby bays and tapers, junctionconnections,speedattenuationfeaturesinfact,anythingthatyouwanttospecify.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu 2.SelectAnnotation. 3.ChooseDefineEventchainage Thefollowingdialogappears:

4.SelectAddandthefollowingdialogappears:

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5.SelectDigitise.Youwillbepromptedonthecommandline: Chainagelocdig DigitiseachainageonROAD1(e.g.toselectthejunctionconnectionuseendsnapmodeanddigitisenearthestart ofthecenterlineofROAD2).Rightclickor[Enter]. Thepreviousdialogwillreappearwiththechainagevalueinserted. 6.Selecttherequiredoutputoptionsbytickingtherelevantboxes. SelectOKtoreturntothefirstdialogwhichwillnowshowtheselections. 7.OKagain.TheEventchainageinformationisstoredinaseparatefile inthealignmentsubfolder.

8.11AnnotatingHorizontalandVerticalAlignments
Afterthedesignofthealignmentshasbeencompletedtheycannowbeannotatedbothhorizontallyandvertically. 8.11.1AnnotatingaHorizontalAlignment

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.SelectAnnotationandHor.Align Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

3. Under Intersection Point Display Options choose IP schedule and enter a Chainage interval of 10 for the displayofregularchainagesinschedule 4.UnderChainageMarkerDisplayOptionsenteraChainageintervalof10forthedisplayAtaregularchainage interval.Alsoselecttheoptionstodisplaychainagemarkers AttangentpointsandAtjunctions. 5.SelectAteventchainagesifyouhaveanydefinedfordisplay(see8.10). 6.ChooseOK 7.DigitisethealignmentRoad1 8.Youwillnowbeprompted Scheduleorigin Digitise a point where the topleft ofthe schedule isto be displayed.(Tip:allowforthis extending tothe rightand downfromthedigitisedpoint). ExaminethescheduleandexperimentbyannotatingRoad2horizontalalignmentusingtheoptionforIndividualIP boxes.

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Figure8.7HorizontalalignmentannotationincludingIPschedule.

8.11.2AnnotatingaVerticalAlignment
Thisannotation,whichincludesalignmentlevelsandverticalalignmentgeometry,willbecreatedautomaticallyinthe appropriateboxesofthesectionprofile.Thelayoutofthesesectionboxescanbeconfiguredtosuitindividualuser requirementsbyeditingtheRPARAMS.PARprojectparameterfile.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.SelectAnnotationandVert.Align Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

3. The chainage interval at which to displaylevels is specified separately for grade elements and curve elements. Enteraregularchainageintervalvalueof10forgradesandcurves. 4.SelectAteventchainagesifyouhaveanydefinedfordisplay(see8.10). 5.SelectDisplayVerticalAlignmentIPboxes,ensuringthatEuropeanboxstyle isset. 6.ChooseOK 7.DigitiseanysingleverticalelementinRoad1sprofilebox. 8.Youwillbeprompted: PositionIPboxatchainageXX.XXX:dig Page60

Use[Enter]foreachIPbox.Thiswillfixtheheightatthelowestpossibleabovetheprofile. (Tip:Ifthereisaclashwithothergraphicstheboxcanbedigistisedhigher). FordetailsoftheIPboxcontentsseethediagramcontainedintheonlinehelp(accessedbychoosingHelp) TheannotationfortheverticalalignmentRoad1iscomplete. Repeatthesamecommand toannotatetheRoad2verticalalignment.

Figure8.8Verticalalignmentannotation

8.12AnnotatingCarriagewayLinesandLevels
ThecommandAnnotateCarriageway willappendthecarriagewaylevelsofaverticalalignmenttoalongsectionbox anddisplayalongitudinalprofileofthecarriagewaycentrelinesandedgeswithinthatsectionbox.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu 2.ChooseAnnotationandCarriageway Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

3.Enterachainageintervalof5forboththedisplayofthetextandthecarriagewaycentrelinesandedges. 4.ChooseOK Thecarriagewayannotationwillnowbedisplayed. Page61

You can choose whether the centre line and left/right channel lines are annotated by editing the RPARAMS.PAR parameterfile(lines331334).

Figure8.9Carriagewayannotation. Note:Thiscommandannotatesthecurrentlyselectedsectionbox.ClickontheDigitisebuttoninthedialogboxto selectanothersectionboxtoannotateifrequired.

8.13AnnotatingJunctions
AnnotateJunctionprovidessettingoutinformationsuchastangentpoints,bellmouthcentrepointsandradius valuesforaselectedjunction.Additionally,eastingsandnorthingsmaybedisplayedifascheduleisoutput.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.ChooseAnnotationandJunction Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

3.SelectScheduleasOutputindrawingandtherequirednumberofdecimalplaces(e.g.3). 4.Click OK. 5.Thefollowingpromptsequencestarts: Junctionent Digitiseeithersideofthejunction(i.e.onearc). PositionscheduleforLHsideofjunction:dig 6. Position the top left corner for the left hand schedule, the outline of the schedule will be displayed as green temporarygraphicsallowingyoutorepositionasrequired.[Enter]whencorrect. PositionscheduleforRHsideofjunction:dig 7.Positionthetopleftcornerfortherighthandschedule.

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Figure8.10Junctionannotation.

8.14ProducingReportsofAlignmentData
Thefinalstepofthebasicalignmentsectionofthistutorialistoproduceatextfilereportcontainingthegeometryfor theselectedalignment.Areportmaybeproducedlistingonlythehorizontalgeometryoronlytheverticalgeometryor maybeproducedcombiningthembothpluscarriagewaydata,i.e.amasterreport.

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.SelectUtility. 3.ChooseReportMaster Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.UseSelectfromlistandchooseRoad1. 5.UnderTypeofAlignmenttoReportselectMasteralignment. 6.ChooseallofthereportsunderReportstobeIncluded. 7.ChooseOK

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Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

8.Acceptthedefaultpathandfilenamebychoosing OK 9.Thefilewillnowbecreated. Thisfilemaybeviewedandprintedusingawordprocessor. Note:Tomaintaincolumnalignmentitisrecommendedthatanonproportionalfont(e.g.Monospac821BT)isused whenprintingoutPDSgeneratedtextfiles.Thiswillmaintainthecolumnsjustification. As can be seen by using the commands in the alignment module, there are many combinations and alternative usagesofthesecommandsandyouarestronglyrecommendedtoexperimentwiththecommandsandtheirmodifiers tofullyexplorethecapabilityofthesystem. YouhavenowcompletedthebasicalignmentmoduleandmaynowproceedtothedrainagemodulePDD. ThefollowingsectioncoversfurtheroptionalandmoreadvancedcommandsthatareavailableforthePADandPHD modules.

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9.0OptionalCommandsforPAD
ThereareanumberofcommandsthatareavailableasoptionswithintheAlignmentDesigner(PAD)module.Some ofthesecommandsaredescribedbelow.

9.1InsertingFeatures
ThecommandInsertFeatureisusedtocreateadditionalstringscommonlyrelatedtoacarriagewaysuchaskerbs, paths,verges,batters,ditches,fencesandsafetybarriers. Featuresaredeterminedbygivinghorizontalandverticaloffset,gradeorcrossfallvaluesfromaparentfeaturesuch asacarriagewaychannelline.

Figure9.1Features Inthefollowingexamplewewillplaceakerbline,afootpathandthenfinallybatterslopestointersectwiththeground modelwhichallrelatetotheexistingcarriagewayonRoad1 9.1.1InsertingaKerbFeature

1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu 2.SelectFeatures 3.ChooseInsertFeature Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.EnteraFeaturelabelofsayKERB. 5. Under Type of Feature select Linearly varying offset (LVOS). These features are generated by applying a constantorvaryingoffsettotheparentfeature.Examplesincludekerblines,footpaths,andverges. Page65

Line features however, are literally straight lines, irrespective of the intermediate geometry of the parent feature. Pipes,culverts,powerlinesandfencelinesaretypicalexamples. 6.EnsurethatRoad1istheCurrentlyselectedalignment. 7.Enterallothersettingsasdisplayedintheabovedialogbox. 8.ChooseDetailsandafurtherdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

Thisdialogboxisusedtodefinethestarthorizontalandverticaloffsetdetailsfortheproposedfeaturefromitsparent feature(inthecaseofakerbthiswillbethecarriageway). 9.EnteraHorizontalOffsetvalueof0.005andaVerticalOffsetvalueof0.125. 10.Akerblinefeaturewillhaveaconstantoffset,thereforechooseApplystartoffsetsatendoffeature. Note:Forothertaperingfeaturestheseoffsetscanbedefinedbothatthestartandattheendofthefeature. 11.Choose OKtoreturntothepreviousdialogbox,thenchooseOKtoacceptthatdialogbox. 12.Youwillnowbepromptedtodigitisetheparentfeatureentityfromwhichthekerblinewillbegenerated: Parentfeatureent Digitisethecarriagewayentity(e.g.Eithertheleftorrightchannel)fromwhichtheoffsetsaretobecalculated. 13.Thefinalpromptwillbedisplayed: Modelloc Digitisethesideofthechannellinetheoffsetsaretobegenerated. Thekerblinefeaturewillnowbegeneratedonlayer80. 9.1.2InsertingaFootpathFeature ThefootpathisagainaLinearlyvaryingoffsettypefeatureandwillhaveahorizontaloffsetof1.8metres.Whereas theverticaloffsetforthekerbwasspecifiedasanexplicitheightvalue(e.g.0.125),forthefootpathfeatureitwillbe specifiedasagradientof1:40. 1.EnteraFeaturelabelofFpath 2.UnderDetailsspecifyaHorizontaloffsetvalueof1.80andaVerticaloffsetasa Gradientvalueof1:40 3.Acceptthedialogboxesaspreviously. 4.Notethattheoffsetsaretakenfromthetopofthekerblineandnotfromthecarriagewaychannelline.Therefore whenpromptedfortheparentfeature: Parentfeatureent Digitisethekerbfeatureentitythatyoucreatedpreviously,theoffsetswillbetakenfromthisentity. Page66

Toinsertabatterslope,usethecommandInsertBatter YouwillfindthattheDetailsdialogboxvariesfromthatofInsertFeatureinthatbatterslopevaluesarerequested ratherthanhorizontalandverticaloffsetvalues.

9.2CreatingandInsertingFeaturesbyTemplate
AtemplateisaseriesofuserdefinedPDSfeatureswhosedefinitionsarecontainedinafilewhichcanbecopiedand theneditedtosuitindividualprojectrequirementsthusbuildingupastandardlibraryoftypicalroadcrosssections.As the features are grouped together it is much faster to insert these once gathered together in a template. These templatescanbeinsertedononeorbothsidesofanalignment,makingtheinsertionprocessmoreproductivestill. Thetemplatescontainallfeaturesofthecrosssectionexceptforthecarriagewaycrosssection.

9.2.1DefiningtheTemplate 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu.
PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu 2.SelectFeatures .

3.ChooseDefineTemplate Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.SelectNew template 5.ChooseAddandselectAddtolefthandsidewhenprompted. Thefollowingdialogwillbedisplayedinwhichdetailsofthefeaturetobeaddedarespecified:

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Thefirstfeaturethatwearegoingtospecifyisakerb.Themethodofspecificationissimilartothatwhenusingthe InsertFeatureCommand. 6.EnteraLayerforstringdisplayof80. 7.EnteraFeaturelabelofKerb 8.SpecifyaHorizontaloffsetvalueof0.005andaVerticaloffset0.125 9.Enterothervaluesasshowninthedialogboxabove. 10.ChooseOKandyouwillbereturnedtothemaindialogboxforthiscommand.Thekerbfeaturethathasjustbeen specifiedwillnowbedisplayedinthediagrammaticviewofthetemplatearrangement. 11.Again,chooseAddandselectAddtolefthandsidewhenprompted. 12.Nowwearegoingtoaddafootpathtothetemplate.ThisfeatureisagainaLinearlyvaryingoffsettypeandwill have a horizontal offset of 1.8 metres. Whereas the vertical offset for the kerb was specified as an explicit height value(e.g.0.125),forthefootpathfeatureitwillbespecifiedasagradientof1:40. 13.EnteraFeaturelabel:typeFpathinthebox. 14.UnderDetailsspecifyaHorizontaloffsetvalueof1.80andaVerticaloffsetasa Gradientvalueof1:40 15.Youhavenowfinisheddefiningthefirsttwofeaturesinyourtemplate.Experimentwiththeotheroptionstocreate theremainderofthetemplate,includingsuchfeaturesasvergesandbatters. 16.Once you have defined all the features forthe left hand side of the template chooseMirror select Copy ALL featuresfromlefthandsidetoright. Thelefthandsidefeaturesarenowcopiedtotherighthandsideandsothetemplateiscomplete.Notethatthereare optionsforeditingandcopyingindividualfeaturerecords,ifrequired. 17.ChooseSaveasandenterasuitable filenameforthetemplate. Tip: itisadvisabletogivethefilenameasuitablefileextensionsuchas.TPLor.DAT. 18.Finally,chooseCanceltoexitthecommand. You have now defined a template. This file can edited and new variations saved, to suit subsequent design requirements.Itisthusveryquickandeasytobuildupasetofstandardalignmenttemplates. 9.2.2InsertingtheTemplate 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.SelectFeatures. 3.ChooseInsertTemplate Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

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4.EnsurethatRoad1istheCurrentlyselectedalignment. 5.UseFilenametoselecttherequiredtemplatefile. 6.Enterallothersettingsaspertheabovedialogbox. 7.ChooseOK 8.Thefollowingwillnowbeprompted: DefineparentfeaturefortemplateonLHSofalignment Parentfeatureent Digitisethelefthandcarriagewayentityfromwhichthetemplateoffsetsapply. DefineparentfeaturefortemplateonRHSofalignment Parentfeatureent Digitisetherighthandcarriagewayentityfromwhichthetemplateoffsetsapply. Ifthetemplateisrequiredonlyononesideofthecarriageway,eithertheleftortheright,just[Enter]whenprompted todigitisetherelevantcarriagewayparententitythatisnotrequired. Note: The template features are automatically generated around any junctions and turning heads present on the selectedalignment.Inaddition,thefeaturesareautomaticallyomittedfromwithintheextentsofanyjunctionsonside roads.

9.3GeneratingCrossSections
Nowthatalloftherequiredfeatureshavebeeninserted,crosssectionsmaybegeneratedatrightanglesalongthe alignmentRoad1. 1.Standaloneusers:choosethePADpulldownmenu. PDSAusers:choosethePADCommandspulldownmenu. 2.SelectSections. 3.ChooseGenerateXsections Thefollowingdialogboxwillbedisplayed:

4.EnsurethatRoad1istheCurrentlyselectedalignment. 5.UnderSectionsRequiredchooseMultiplesectionsatachainageintervalspecifyavalueof10andchooseto specifythestartandendchainagelocationsusingtheextentsofthealignment. 6.ChoosetheStyletab,andunderSectionStylespecifya Verticalexaggerationof5andaChainagescaleof1. 7.ChoosetheSheettab,andspecifyNosheetrequired.

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8. Choose the Volumes tab, and under Cut / Fill Calculation specify Volumes required and Display volumes beloweachsection. 9.ChooseOK toacceptthedialogbox. 10.RespondYestoacceptthedefaultvolumetricfilenameandpath. 11.Whenpromptedaccepttheoptiontousedefaultdepths/offsetsforlimitsofconstruction. Thefollowingdialogboxwillthenbedisplayed:

12.ChecktheboxIncludeALLoffsetsandlevelsinsectionboxesandthenchoose OK. 13.Youwillnowbepromptedtodigitisethelocationofthefirstsectionbox: Crosssectionboxloc Digitiseasuitablelocationfortheboxand[Enter].Notesectionswillbedrawnincolumnsaboveandtotheright. Thesectionswillnowbecreatedattheuserdefinedchainageinterval,i.e.every10minthiscase.

Figure9.2 ASingleCrossSection Note: Areas of materials will be displayed underneath each cross section and also the volumes calculated will be outputtoareportfile.

OtherCommands
AdditionalcommandswithintheAlignmentDesigner(PAD)moduleprovidethefacilitytotriangulatethealignments (Triangulate Alignment), triangulate junctions (Triangulate Junction), triangulate turning heads (Triangulate Thead), etc. for the creation of a proposed road digital model. Typically these are contoured or have fall arrows displayedandcrosssectionsaredisplayedalongthealignmentforvisualisationpurposes(DisplayXsection).Edit Carriageway and Edit Feature have been introduced to allow easy editing and Annotate Junction has been introducedtodisplayschedulesofradiusarcinformationaswellasthearclinesonthePDSlayout. TheAdvancedDesignoptionforAlignmentDesigner(PAD)providesanumberofcommands(DisplayAlignprofile, DisplayCrossfall)and(DisplayStringprofile),typicallytoaidthedesignofroundaboutsusinganapproachsimilar totheStockdalemethodofdesign. Swept path analysis (Vehicle Path Analysis) has also been introduced, enabling the generation of vehicle paths usingavarietyofuserspecifiedvehicles. DetailsofthesecommandsareavailableinPDSonlinehelp. Page70