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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
52 !er/.............................................................................................................................42 52 5ction 7ood.................................................................................................................43 ____________....................................................................................................................44 **8r"/e9ork.....................................................................................................................44 8r"/e9ork.........................................................................................................................45 8r"/e9ork 52 +ron: 8or4/........................................................................................46 8r"/e9ork ;4estion 5ss4/-tions................................................................................47 ,e-resent"tions o& 0iolence Ke*.......................................................................................48 _______________..............................................................................................................5$ **52 588 5ns9ers...........................................................................................................5$ 52 !"ci&is/ 1sc"l"tion ................................................................................................51 526 %o/e 0iolence is ok ..................................................................................................52 ______________................................................................................................................53 **588 5ns9ers.................................................................................................................53 0iolence 7ood...................................................................................................................54 0iolence %o/eti/es <4sti&ied............................................................................................55 !"ci&is/ &"ils = l"9 is violent............................................................................................56 Civil .iso(edience 8"ils....................................................................................................57 Civil .iso(edience 3"d.....................................................................................................58 Civil .iso(edience 3"d.....................................................................................................5# !"ci&is/ C"4ses 0iolence..................................................................................................6$ 0iolence C"4ses C>"n:e....................................................................................................61 Non?0iolence <4sti&ies 7enocide......................................................................................62
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5 -olitics "i/in: "t " c>"n:e in -eo-leEs (e>"vio4r 9o4ld reF4ire -olitic"l 9ork t>"t is ver* /4c> /ore c4/(erso/e "nd ver* /4c> less -ro/isin: o& s4ccess t>"n is t>e 4se o& st"te -o9er "nd soci"l control . It 9o4ld reF4ire -olitic"l conscio4sness r"isin: -olitici2in: t>e 9"* 9e t>ink 9>ic> c"nnot (e i/-osed on ot>ers (* &orce or co/-4lsor* ed4c"tion"l /e"s4res . It 9o4ld reF4ire " vie9 o& -eo-le 9>ic> t"kes serio4sl* "nd reckons 9it> t>eir 9ill@ (ot> t>eir 9ill to violence or t>eir 9ill to c>"n:e. Co t"ke serio4sl* t>e 9ill o& ot>ers >o9ever 9o4ld /e"n reco:ni2in: oneEs o9n@ "nd -4ttin: -eo-leEs 9ill@ incl4din: o4r o9n@ "t t>e centre o& -olitic"l re&lection. 5 -olitic"l "n"l*sis o& violence needs to reco:ni2e t>is 9ill@ t>e -erson"l decision in &"vo4r o& violence not )4st to descri(e "cts o& violence@ or t>e conditions 9>ic> en"(le t>e/ to t"ke -l"ce@ (4t "lso to c"-t4re t>e /o/ent o& decision 9>ic> is t>e re"l i/-et4s &or violent "ction . 8or 9it>o4t t>is decision t>ere 9ill (e no violent "ct@ not even in circ4/st"nces 9>ic> -otenti"ll* -er/it it. It is t>e decision to viol"te@ not )4st t>e "ct itsel&@ 9>ic> /"kes " -erson " -er-etr"tor o& violence )4st "s it is t>e decision not to do so 9>ic> /"kes -eo-le not "ct violentl* "nd not "(4se t>eir -o9er in " sit4"tion 9>ic> 9o4ld nevert>eless -er/it it. C>is /o/ent o& decision@ t>ere&ore@ is "lso t>e loc4s o& -otenti"l resist"nce to violence. Co 4nderst"nd t>e str4ct4res o& t>inkin: "nd t>e criteri" (* 9>ic> s4c> decisions "re re"c>ed@ (4t "(ove "ll to re:"rd t>is decision "s "n "ct o& c>oice@ see/s to /e " necess"r* -recondition &or "n* -olitic"l str4::le ":"inst violence "nd &or " non? violent societ*.
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
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_______ **Links
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Link %eterrence
Deterre ce thro$!h force &er&et$ates the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1,,3
C>e distinctive str4ct4re o& t>e /*t> is t>e victor* o& order over c>"os (* /e"ns o& violence. C>is /*t> served "s t>e ("sic ideolo:* o& " s*ste/ o& W*353X do/in"tion in 9>ic> t>e :ods &"vored t>e conF4erors. C>e lo9er c"stes existed to -er-et4"te t>"t -o9er "nd -rivile:e 9>ic> t>e :ods con&erred 4-on t>e kin: "nd@ in t4rn@ on t>e "ristocr"c* "nd -riest>ood. ,eli:ion 9"s "t t>e service o& t>e Kin:@ "s t>e :odSs re-resent"tive@ to le:iti/"te -o9er "nd -rivile:e. 5ccordin: to t>e /*t>@ "n* &or/ o& order is -re&er"(le to c>"os. '4rs is neit>er " -er&ect nor " -er&ecti(le 9orldI it is " t>e"ter o& -er-et4"l con&lict in 9>ic> t>e -ri2e :oes to t>e stron:. O!e"ce t>ro4:> 9"rO "nd Osec4rit* t>ro4:> stren:t>O "re t>e core convictions t>"t "rise &ro/ t>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence. C>is -ri/ordi"l /*t> is &"r &ro/ &inis>ed. It is "s 4nivers"ll* -resent "nd e"rnestl* (elieved tod"* "s "t "n* ti/e in its lon: "nd (lood* >istor*. It is t>e do/in"nt /*t> o& t>e conte/-or"r* 9orld. It 4nder:irds -o-4l"r c4lt4re Qe.:. video :"/es@ co/ics@ c"rtoons@ 9esterns@ s-* t>rillers@ co- s>o9s@ co/("t /oviesR@ &orei:n -olic*@ /ilit"ris/@ telev"n:elis/ "nd n"tion"lis/. n46 It ens>rines " c4lt o& violence "t t>e ver* >e"rt o& t>e st"te.
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Link 'iolence
Ever' $se of viole ce %orse s the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1,,3
Poreover@ t>e discontented@ dissident voices t>"t t"ke 4- "r/s to o--ose t>e s*ste/ 4s4"ll* end (* stren:t>enin: it. 1"c> 4se o& violence &4rt>er le:iti/i2es violence "nd "&&ir/s its 4lti/"c*. 3* /"kin: violence t>e "ltern"tive o& Ol"st resort@O 9e ins4re its -l"ce "s t>e de&initive redee/er. In 9"r@ re:"rdless o& t>e victor@ t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ re/"ins t>e &4nd"/ent"l constr4ct &or t>e victorSs "4t>orit*. C>o4:> t>e -"rtic4l"r v"nt":e -oint o& t>e -o9er&4l /"* s>i&t "s " res4lt o& t>e str4::le &or -o9er@ t>e s*ste/ o& do/in"tion re/"ins in -l"ce. ,e:"rdless o& 9>et>er " str4::le ends 9it> -o9er s>i&tin: to t>e le&t or t>e ri:>t@ t>e :"/e re/"ins one o& control "nd -o9er over ot>er -eo-lesS lives. C>4s@ 9>et>er one re/"ins co/-licit 9it> t>e s*ste/ or t"kes 4- "r/s ":"inst it@ t>e s*ste/ -reserves its -o9er "nd t>e c*cle o& violence ret"ins t>e "--e"r"nce o& inevit"(ilit*. !eo-le (eco/e resi:ned to t>is see/in:l* inevit"(le "nd invinci(le s*ste/ o& do/in"tion. C>eir resi:n"tion@ in t4rn@ dr"ins "n* >o-es o& esc"-e.
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_________ **I&$acts
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
I&$act (xtinction
Com&assio i the form of o viole ce &reve ts total a ihilatio P"tt>e9 6el(ma @ 5ssoci"te Lect4rer in Histor* in t>e %c>ool o& H4/"nities "t 'x&ord 3rookes@ LC>oose .e&initivel* 3et9een Hell "nd ,e"son@M 2222@
>tt-6//999.(rookes."c.4k/sc>ools/>4/"nities/st"&&/>i/&-"-er6.>t/l +ere it not &or t>e st4((orn ex"/-les o& t>is t>ro4:>o4t >istor*@ I 9o4ld >"ve no i/-et4s to 9rite tod"*. 8ro/ t>e D!il:ri/":e o& 7r"ceE (* t>e -oor ":"inst Henr* 0III to t>e v"li"nt or:"nisin: o& t>e o--ressed in L"tin 5/eric"n co4ntriesI &ro/ 4nder:ro4nd r"ilro"ds in t>e 1#t> cent4r* 5/eric"n %o4t> "nd 2$t> cent4r* occ4-ied 14ro-e tr"ns-ortin: D4n-eo-leE to s"&et* to t>e +o/en in 3l"ck de/onstr"tin: ":"inst occ4-"tion in Isr"elI &ro/ conscientio4s o()ectors like 3ertr"nd ,4ssell in ++I to t>e >4ndreds o& t>o4s"nds o& de/onstr"tors ":"inst 0ietn"/ in +"s>in:ton "nd Dneo?li(er"lis/E in 7eno"@ &ro/ +>ite ,ose "ctivists exec4ted (* t>e N"2is to t>e lone -rotester de&*in: " ro9 o& t"nks in Ci"n"n/en %F4"re = "ll t>ese c"lls &or soci"l )4stice "nd co/-"ssion in t>e &"ce o& " 9orld e/(r"cin: t>e &"/ili"rit* o& "nt":onistic cl"ns "nd s-ittin: 4-on >4/"n &r"ternit*@ re/inds /e o& "ll t>"t is 9ort> -reservin: in >4/"n Q4nRn"t4re. It is t>is "nt>ro-ocentris/ I s>"re 9it> P4rdoc>@ C"/4s@ "nd Yinn@ "nd es-eci"ll*@ Iris P4rdoc>. It is s>e 9>o o-ens onto t>e cr4x o& t>is -"-er6 9>"t s>o4ld t>is co//on"lit* (e directed to9"rd i& it is to tr4l* loc"te 9>"t is 9ort>* o& -reserv"tion in >4/"nit*J In >er ess"* entitled DPet"->*sics "nd 1t>icsE@ P4rdoc> o&&ers one co/-ellin: s4::estion. %>e "r:4es t>"t /odern /or"lit* >"s /oved "9"* &ro/ tr"nscendent"l "ss4/-tions s4c> "s DC>e 7oodE in &"vo4r o& /ore concrete )4d:e/ents ("sed on >4/"n cond4ct@ descri-tive &"cts o& t>is cond4ct@ "nd concl4sions "s to t>e t"n:i(le res4lts "c>ieved. C>is Dre"listE "--ro"c> is >e"vil* in&l4enced (* P4rdoc>Es existenti"l le"nin:@ 9>ic> le"ds >er to "ssert DP"n is " cre"t4re 9>o /"kes -ict4res o& >i/sel& "nd t>en co/es to rese/(le t>e -ict4reE.i 3* t>is@ I (elieve s>e /e"ns t>"t t>e ver* /"lle"(ilit* o& >4/"n n"t4re /"nd"tes " dist"ncin: &ro/ "r(itr"r* conce-ts@ ideolo:ies "nd Dtr4t>sE@ to9"rd t>e "n"l*sis o& "n inter-erson"l cond4ct ("sed si/-l* on 9>et>er 9e "ct in " /"nner t>"t res-ects li&e. Cr4ci"ll*@ t>is see/s 9>oll* co//ens4r"te 9it> t>e >4/"ne tr4t>s -ro-o4nded (* "rt. In t>is sense@ 9>"t is 9ort>* o& -reserv"tion is t>e ver* 4nloc"t"(ilit* o& >4/"n n"t4re@ t>e "(ilit* to "ct "stonis>in:l* &or :ood "nd evil@ to l"4:> "nd cr* "nd love "nd >"te "nd do "ll t>e (e"4ti&4ll* irr"tion"l t>in:s t>"t >4/"n (ein:s do. It is t>ese noted (* "rtists@ 9>o c"n (ot> cele(r"te >4/"n inde&in"(ilit* "nd -ro->etic"ll* 9"rn o& t>e &"ction"lis/ "nd destr4ction t>re"tened (* s4c> " -reci-ito4s >istoric"l /o/ent. In s-ite o& t>e &"ct t>"t it >"s l4rked in t>e ("ck:ro4nd t>ro4:>o4t t>is s4--lic"tion@ sel&?"nni>il"tion is o4r centr"l "dvers"r*@ t>e onl* t>in: t>e 9orld is "s *et c"-"(le o& 4nitin: to "c>ieve. '& t>is re"lit*@ little needs to (e ex-ressed. In t>e -ost?9"r 9orld@ t>ose in -o9er >"ve devised n4/ero4s 9"*s in 9>ic> to end o4r s-ecies "nd let t>e ro"c>es t"ke over. C>is is -rinci-"ll* d4e to in:enio4s -rod4cts "nd tec>nolo:ic"l tools 9e >"ve constr4cted t>"t no9 do/in"te@ /"ni-4l"te@ "nd t>re"ten t>e entire :lo(e. C>e >"rnessed "to/@ c"-"(le o& -o9erin: t>e 9orld or destro*in: itI >*-er?ind4stri"lis"tion@ &"cilit"tin: so /4c>@ (4t "t t>e s"/e ti/e t>re"tenin: tot"l environ/ent"l 4ns4st"in"(ilit* in "s &e9 "s t9o dec"desI scienti&ic "dv"nces t>"t c"n c4re dise"ses or 4nle"s> ones c"-"(le o& in&ectin: "ll li&e on e"rt>6 e"c> o& t>ese re-resent " ne9 er" in >4/"n >istor* t>"t is ever*oneEs do/"in@ &or ever*one is -otenti"ll* "&&ected. 5nd t>ose o(li:ed to 9ei:> ne"rl* t9o /illion *e"rs o& >istor* ":"inst recent c>"n:es in 9"r&"re@ cli/"te@ co//4nic"tions@ (elie&s "nd leis4re since t>e 9"ters>ed *e"r 1#45 = " *e"r o& victor*@ "lso c"rr*in: t>e "to/ic &4n:4s o& o4r -otenti"ll* /4s>roo/in: de&e"t = 9>en .IG extinction (ec"/e conscio4sl* -ossi(le &or t>e >4/"n s-eciesI &ind t>e ("l"nce distinctl* 4n&"vo4r"(le &or >4/"n destin*. C>is is des-ite "/"2in: "dv"nces in ever*t>in: &ro/ :enetics to /o(ile ->ones6 &or "ll o4r constr4cts@ >4/"ns nevert>eless re/"in >4/"n. %till /"de o& &r"il skin 4n"(le to 9it>st"nd s-eedin: /et"l or r"di"tion@ 9it> l4n:s t>"t need ox*:en -rod4ced (* trees "nd (odies needin: &iltered li:>t &ro/ t>e s4n@ "ndI o& co4rse@ 9e ret"in t>e >4/"n cl"nnis>ness t>"t >"s /"rked "ll (4t t>e l"st -":e o& o4r 3ook o& Li&e. 3ec"4se o& o4r "dv"nces@ 9e "re no9 &orever conde/ned to t>is l"st -":e@ &orever c4rsed to &i:>t t>e &4t4re "nd t>e closin: o& t>is (ook. <4st like P"loneEs o9n n"rr"tive in %"/4el 3eckett Trilogy@ t>is &in"l -":e c"n never (e -4nct4"ted@ (ec"4se to do so 9o4ld (e to 9rite o4r o9n collective endin:. 6ELD@AN CONTIN8E19
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
I&$act (xtinction
6ELD@AN CONTIN8ED9 Indeed@ t>e onl* t>in: c"-"(le o& d9"r&in: t>e /is&ort4ne o& /ost o& t>e 9orld tod"* 9o4ld (e t>e exter/in"tion o& t>e 9>ole 9orld to/orro9. 5nd t>ere is eno4:> evidence &or s4c> "n exter/in"tion "/"ssed "lre"d*@ &or t>ose 9illin: to look. C>e "ncient isl"nders o& C4v"l4 "re onl* t>e &irst &"cin: dis-l"ce/ent Qto Ne9 Ye"l"ndR "s t>e 9"r/in: environ/ent c"4ses t>e !"ci&ic 'ce"n to rise "ro4nd t>e/.ii 7iven t>"t &4ll* 25Z o& :lo("l e/issions e/"n"te &ro/ t>e Bnited %t"tes = 9>ic> >"s re)ected t>e K*oto !rotocol "nd initi"ted " Dvol4nt"r* incentivesE &or do/estic e/issions red4ctions ? it is >i:>l* do4(t&4l t>e* 9ill (e t>e l"st victi/s o& environ/ent"l conv4lsion. 5lt>o4:> t>is o& co4rse did not /"ke Lne9sM@ t>e "--"rentl* 4n-recedented (re"k o& 5$$ /illion (illion tonne = ro4:>l* t>e si2e o& +"les = "re" o& ice D9"rnin: o& t>e e&&ects o& :lo("l 9"r/in:E cert"inl* did.iii C>e t>re"t &o4nd in 5/eric"Es recent DN4cle"r !ost4re ,evie9E is "lso ne9@ evolvin: o4t o& o-er"tion"l 4se o& F4"si? n4cle"r 9e"-ons s4c> "s Dd"is* c4ttersE in 5&:>"nist"n "nd t>e str"te:ic consider"tion o& e/-lo*in: t>e 361?11 D34nker 34sterE " t"ctic"l n4cle"r -enetr"tion (o/( to &4l&il 7eor:e +. 34s>Es desire to D4se "ll t>e tools "t o4r dis-os"lE to en"ct " re:i/e c>"n:e in Ir"F.iv Post recentl*@ t>e -rinci-le o& Dli/ited n4cle"r con&lictE o& t>e v"riet* so t>re"tenin: to %o4t>ern 5si" on "cco4nt o& Indi"?!"kist"n >ostilities >"s (een t"ken even &4rt>er (* t>e &or9"rd?-l"nnin: 34s> :"n:@ to9"rd ne9 str"te:ies to co/("t Dterroris/E 9>ic> incl4des t>e o-tion o& D-re?e/-tiveE n4cle"r strikes in t>e interests o& Dsel&?de&enceE. Get &or "ll t>e &4t4ristic t"lk o& t>ese &or9"rd?-l"nners@ s4c> "s t>e Dson o& %t"r +"rsE@ t>e "tt"cks o& 11 t> %e-te/(er s4rel* de/onstr"ted in " terri&*in: 9"* t>"t 9illin: :ro4-s do not need so->istic"ted 9e"-ons to c"4se ":on*I onl* " &"n"tic"l (elie& t>"t so/e c"4se is " )4st one. %-e"kin: o& %t"r +"rs@ it is ironic t>"t even t>e .e"t> %t"r 9o4ld >"ve no de&ence ":"inst s-ores o& "nt>r"x@ "nd even t>e citi2ens o& Clo4d Cit* need ox*:en. Povin: into t>e &4t4re 9it> tec>nolo:ies c"-"(le o& endin: 4nnecess"r* s4&&erin: or /":ni&*in: it " t>o4s"nd?&old@ 9e need to d9ell on o4r -"st "nd t>e s>"k* cert"inties it >"s :iven 4s. %o/e o& t>e -"r"di:/s /entioned -revio4sl* /"* not de&ine >4/"nit*@ (4t t>e :re"test d"n:er is s4rel* t>"t t>e* co4ld. C>is /4c> is cle"r. 5s descri(ed "(ove@ des-ite t>e see/in: D4nn"t4reE o& >4/"n n"t4re@ o4r >istoric tendenc* to divide into "l9"*s?)4sti&ied -rovinci"l c"/-s@ tri("lis/ >"s (een " consistent t>e/e in >4/"n >istor*. Needless to s"*@ o4r :lo("lised existence tod"* /e"ns t>"t t>e little >oloc"4sts -revio4sl* 9ro4:>t (* discredited ideolo:ies in 14ro-e@ c4rrentl* credi(le ideolo:ies in L"tin 5/eric" or in t>e Piddle 1"st@ "re (ot> tendencies "nd 9"rnin:s &or t>e (i: >oloc"4st l4rkin: "ro4nd t>e corner. It is &or t>is re"son t>"t 5/eric"n "ctions Q"nd "s I "/ /*sel& 5/eric"n@ I do not /e"n t>e "ctions o& t>e -o-4l"ce[R >"ve (een centr"ll* t"r:eted >ere. It is /erel* "n exe/-l"r o& 9>"t >"s :one on t>ro4:>o4t >istor* "nd t>"t c"nnot contin4e. +e "re no9 in " -osition 9>ere contin4ed cons4/-tion "t c4rrent levels@ "n "tt"ck on Ir"F@ or t>e )4sti&ic"tions elites 9r"t>e/selves in co4ld "ll s-ell D:ener"l destr4ctionE = n4cle"r@ environ/ent"l@ (iolo:ic"l@ "nd so on. 5nd it is t>is 9e need to 4nderst"nd "(o4t t>e s"/e old /ent"lities "nd ne9 risks6 risks to " -"rtic4l"r re:ion or :ro4- "re tod"* risks to o4r 9orld9ide con:re:"tion. Let t>is -oint not (e /ist"ken6 t>e :lo("l t>re"ts cre"ted "s " res4lt o& >4/"n &"ction"lis/ si/-l* c"nnot coexist 9it> t>e -"roc>i"lis/ 9>ic> >"s t>4s &"r s>"-ed so /4c> o& >4/"n >istor*@ "nd "not>er sixt* *e"rs si/il"r to t>e l"st 9ill "ss4redl* re"lise t>e Dinverted 4to-i"E 9e c"nnot i/":ine. C>e ti/e >"s co/e to t"ke "n intellect4"l Hi--ocr"tic '"t> to 4nite t>ose 9>o/ (r"vel*@ "(s4rdl*@ st"nd ":"inst t>e void *et to (e initi"ted. +e /"* >"ve co/e to t>e &in"l -":e in t>e 3ook o& Li&e@ (4t it need not (e 9ritten on 54@ or even 54$$$ -"-er. C>"t is entirel* 4- to 4s@ -"rtic4l"rl* 4s@ 9>o "s intellect4"ls &or:e t>e ide"s t>"t 9ill l"ter co/e into c4lt4r"l -r"ctice. Ide"s 9ere once t>e c"se 9it> n4cle"r 9e"-ons@ so c"n t>e* (e 9it> dis"r/"/entI ide"s 9ere once t>e c"se 9it> ":ri(4siness@ so c"n t>e* (e 9it> s4st"in"(ilit*I "nd ide"s 9ere even once t>e c"se 9it> -"ss-orts "nd Ds->eres o& in&l4enceE@ so c"n t>e* (e 9it> soci"l )4stice "nd :lo("lis"tion t>"t is not -4nitive "nd excl4sive@ (4t co/-"ssion"te "nd incl4sive. '4r &4t4re is not one o& terr"ced Heide::eri"n destin*@ (4t " 3or:esi"n D:"rden o& &orkin: -"t>sE de-endin: 4-on t>e in&init* o& c>oices l*in: (e&ore 4s. 6ELD@AN CONTIN8E19
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
I&$act (xtinction
6ELD@AN CONTIN8ED9 C>ere&ore it is not necess"r* to concl4de 9it> " /ess":e o& &e"r@ (4t o& c"4tio4s >o-e. +e "re diverse 9riters "ssoci"ted 9it> t>is )o4rn"l6 di&&erent et>nic ("ck:ro4nds "nd n"tion"lities@ di&&erent colo4rs o& skin "nd o& -olitics@ di&&erent reli:ions "nd sex4"lities@ di&&erent 9"nts "nd di&&erent needs. Get 9e -rinci-"ll* "--e"r >ere "s one in solid"rit* "nd enco4r":e/ent o& e"c> ot>er. It is t>is /4r/4r t>"t c"n "nd /4st (e c"rried to9"rd t>e ("rrels o& :4ns to -rove Dt>"t 9ords "re stron:er t>"n (4lletsE@ so t>"t t>ose not *et (orn c"n kno9 t>e di:nit* o& (ein: >4/"n. Indeed@ it is C"/4s 9>o ":"in ->r"ses t>is c"4tio4s >o-e /ost s4ccinctl*6 34t I >"ve "l9"*s t>o4:>t t>"t i& t>e /"n 9>o -l"ces >o-e in t>e >4/"n condition is " &ool@ t>en >e 9>o :ives 4- >o-e in t>e &"ce o& circ4/st"nces is " co9"rd.
- 2. -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
- 23 -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
- 2- -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
- 2: -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
____________ **,lternatives
- 2; -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,lternative Solvenc!
Com&lete o viole ce is the o l' %a' to s&$r com&assio ) 4e m$st ref$se to e !a!e i the c'cle of (estr$ctio to &reve t viole t atrocities) ."rrell < 6aschi ! a ( .ell Decha t@ Co/-"r"tive ,eli:ion 1t>ics6 5 N"rr"tive 5--ro"c>@ 2$21 -:
C>e -ro(le/ 9it> O)4st 9"rO "nd t>e )4st 4se o& violence is t>"t even t>e le:iti/"te 4se o& violence cre"tes " Osli--er* slo-e@O &or "s >istor* >"s reve"led@ t>e line (et9een sel&?de&ense "nd "::ression is " t>in one. Historic"ll*@ t>e (4ild4- o& 9e"-ons in order to (e -re-"red to de&end oneSs -eo-le >"s t*-ic"ll* (een inter-reted (* ot>ers "s "n "::ressive "ct reF4irin: " si/il"r res-onse. %el& de&ense t>en (eco/es " -rovoc"tion &or -ree/-tive strikes ":"inst t>e ot>er@ 9>ic> t>e ot>er inter-rets "s 4n-rovoked "nd 4nnecess"r* "::ression. C>is does not /e"n t>"t t>ere is no s4c> t>in: "s et>ic"ll* le:iti/"te sel&?de&ense@ )4st t>"t it is di&&ic4lt to -4t into -r"ctice 9it>o4t -rovokin: 4nnecess"r* violence . +e 9o4ld "r:4e t>"t "skin: 9>et>er violence c"n ever (e et>ic"ll* )4sti&ied is -er>"-s "skin: t>e 9ron: F4estion. C>e re"l F4estion is 9>et>er violence c"n ever (e rede/-tive. C"n violence (e 4sed 9it>o4t -rovokin: still &4rt>er violence@ le"din: to "n 4nendin: c*cle o& violenceJ +>"t /"kes non?violence rede/-tive is t>"t it o&&ers t>e -ossi(ilit* o& (re"kin: t>is c*cle. C>e 7"nd>i"n tr"dition is "::ressive in its -4rs4it o& )4stice &or t>e o--ressed t>ro4:> civil diso(edience "nd ot>er non?violent t"ctics. 3* re&4sin: to en:":e in violence t>e c>ildren o& 7"nd>i seek to "9"ken t>e >4/"nit* "nd conscience o& t>e ot>er. 5nd even 9>en t>e* &"il to do so@ t>e* re&4se to "dd to t>e s4/ tot"l o& violence in t>e 9orld. 3* re&4sin: to resort to violence@ t>e* o&&er t>e Oene/*O no le:iti/"tion &or t>e contin4"nce or esc"l"tion o& violence . C>e* (re"k t>e c*cle o& violence Q"n e*e &or "n e*eR t>ro4:> t>eir 9illin:ness to s4&&er r"t>er t>"n (e t>e c"4se o& s4&&erin:. Ho9ever@ t>e -r"ctice o& non?violent resist"nce does not occ4r in " -olitic"l v"cc4/. <"/es Cone >"s s4::ested t>"t P"rtin L4t>er Kin:@ <r.Ss /ess":e o& non?violence 9o4ld never >"ve "c>ieved t>e -ositive rece-tion it did in 9>ite 5/eric" Qo&ten " rel4ct"nt "cce-t"nceR 9it>o4t t>e t>re"t o& violence t>"t P"lcol/ \Ss r>etoric cre"ted. C>e t>re"t o& t>e l"tter@ Cone s4::ests@ /"de t>e -ro/ise o& t>e &or/er t>e /ore -"l"t"(le o-tion. 5lt>o4:> P"lcol/ \ never "ct4"ll* 4sed violence "::ressivel*@ >is "dvoc"c* o& violence in sel&?de&ense t"kes 4s to t>e ver* >e"rt o& t>e F4estion o& reli:ion "nd violence. C>e iss4e is o& critic"l i/-ort"nce to t>e 9orld tod"*@ &or i& reli :ion c"n (e seen to le:iti/"te violence@ &or "n* re"son@ it c"n (eco/e *et "n ot>er /otiv"tin: &"ctor in t>e esc"l"tion o& tensions (et9een -eo-les "nd n"tions. It :oes 9it>o4t s"*in: t>"t in " n4cle"r ":e t>e conseF4ences o& s4c> esc"l"tions /"* -rove &"t"l to 4s "ll.
4e m$st %al/ a%a' from the &ractices that s$&&ort the c'cle of viole ce i or(er to (isma tle it P. K"* Harris@ "ssoci"te -ro&essor in t>e .e-"rt/ent o& Cri/in"l <4stice "t Ce/-le Bniversit*@ @ Cri/inolo:* "s !e"ce/"kin: Qedited (* H"rold 1. !e-insk* "nd ,ic>"rd ;4inne*R@ 1#,1@ -. #3
8e/inist v"l4es do o&&er@ >o9ever@ so/e (e:innin: :4ides &or "--ro"c>in: t>e &4t4re. 5 ke* st"nd"rd to >el- in /"kin: c>oices is to "sk6 +>"t kinds o& (e>"vior "nd res-onses 9ill "c>ieve t>e :o"l o& t>e :re"test -ossi(le >"r/on*J C>4s@ t>e t"sk is not to discover >o9 to er"dic"te cri/e@ (4t to discover >o9 to (e>"ve "s (e&its o4r v"l4es "nd desire &or >"r/on*. 5cce-t"nce o& >4/"n eF4"lit* "nd reco:nition o& t>e interde-endence o& "ll -eo-le reF4ires re)ection o& sever"l c4rrent co//on tendencies. +e need to str4::le ":"inst t>e tendenc* to9"rd o()ecti&ic"tion@ o& t"lkin: "nd t>inkin: "(o4t cri/e "nd cri/in"ls "s i& t>e* 9ere distinct entities in t>e/selves. +e "lso need to re)ect t>e ide" t>"t t>ose 9>o c"4se in)4r* or >"r/ to ot>ers s>o4ld s4&&er sever"nce o& t>e co//on (onds o& res-ect "nd concern t>"t (ind /e/(ers o& " co//4nit*. +e s>o4ld relinF4is> t>e notion t>"t it is "cce-t"(le to tr* to L:et rid o&M "not>er -erson@ 9>et>er t>ro4:> exec4tion@ ("nis>/ent@ or c":in: "9"* -eo-le "(o4t 9>o/ 9e do not c"re. +e s>o4ld no lon:er -retend t>"t con&licts c"n (e resolved (* t>e -o4ndin: o& " :"vel or t>e lockin: o& " cell door. 5 &e/inist orient"tion le"ds to :re"ter "9"reness o& t>e role "nd res-onsi(ilit* o& societ*@ not )4st t>e individ4"l@ in develo-/ent o& con&lict. C>is s4::ests t>"t individ4"ls@ :ro4-s@ "nd societies need to "cce-t :re"ter res-onsi(ilit* &or -reventin: "nd red4cin: t>ose conditions@ v"l4es@ "nd str4ct4res t>"t -rod4ce "nd s4--ort violence "nd stri&e. ,e/ovin: t>e ide" o& -o9er &ro/ its centr"l -osition is ke* >ere@ "nd t>is reF4ires contin4"ll* c>"llen:in: "ctions@ -r"ctices@ "nd "ss4/-tions t>"t :lori&* -o9er@ control@ "nd do/in"tion@ "s 9ell "s develo-in: /ore &elicito4s "ltern"tives.
- 2< -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,lternative Solvenc!
No -Viole ce tra sforms the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o&
3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?
1#,3
C>"t 9e "re "t t>e end o& "n er" is not so/et>in: t>"t c"n (e -roved scienti&ic"ll*. 'ne senses it or one does not. 'ne kno9s (* int4ition t>"t t>e old i/":es@ "s 5rc>i("ld P"cLeis> s"*s in C>e Pet"->or@ >"ve lost t>eir /e"nin:. C>e old i/":es /"* *et >"ve so/e /e"nin:@ (4t t>eir :ri- >"s loosened s4&&icientl* to "llo9 4s to consider "ltern"tives. +e "re no9 &"ced 9it> t>e o--ort4nit* to dis/"ntle t>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence "nd (re"k t>e c*cle o& do/in"tion. C>e &r":/ented excl4sivit* o& o4r se-"r"te str4::les &or )4stice /4st (e disc"rded &or t>e co//on :ro4nd o& o--osition to t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ in "ll its &or/sI it is t>e co//on ene/*. C>ro4:> t>e reco:nition "nd "ckno9led:/ent o& e"c> ot>erSs >4/"nit*@ 9e c"n o-en " 9"* to " ne9 -ossi(ilit* &or li&e. Li&e o4tside t>is c*cle . In t>e le:"l context@ t>is -rinci-le reF4ires t>e reco:nition "nd recti&ic"tion o& ineF4"lit* 4nder t>e l"9. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition o& t>e >4/"nit* o& t>ose o--ressed (* t>e o-er"tion o& l"9 "s -r"cticed. It reF4ires t>e "ckno9led:/ent (* t>e le:"l s*ste/ o& t>e o()ecti&ic"tion "nd s4(seF4ent >"r/ to 9o/en (* -orno:r"->*. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e l"9Ss -ers-ective re/"ins t>"t o& /en. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e color(lindness o& t>e constit4tion /e"ns t>"t it /"inl* sees 9>ite. It reF4ires t>"t -eo-le "ckno9led:e "nd cele(r"te t>eir c4lt4r"l "nd lin:4istic di&&erences "nd s4--ort e"c> ot>erSs &4ll -"rtici-"tion in societ*. Ho9 c"n violence (e rede/-tive 9>en it onl* (e:ets /ore "nd /ore violence "nd ex"cts " contin4in: -rice &ro/ e"c> -"rtici-"nt. C>"t is not t>e -"t> to victor*@ onl* de&e"t . C>e ("ttle 9e /4st &i:>t is not ":"inst t>e do/in"tors "s individ4"ls@ (4t t>e s*ste/ in 9>ic> "ll "re victi/s. C>e str4::le /4st (e )oined@ not ":"inst so/et>in: so "s to overco/e or do/in"te it@ (4t r"t>er to tr"nscend t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ itsel& ?? t>e -"r"di:/ o& o4r existence. C>e c>oice (et9een )oinin: t>e s*ste/ or &i:>tin: ":"inst it re/"ins " c>oice t>"t serves t>e s*ste/ in eit>er c"se ?? it is " 2ero?s4/ :"/e@ " Ho(sonSs c>oice. C>e "ltern"tive is to seek " t>ird 9"* in ever* >4/"n ende"vorI " 9"* t>"t s>i&ts t>e context &ro/ do/in"tion to " -"rtners>i- "/on: -eo-leI " 9"* t>"t "&&ir/s t>e >4/"nit* o& oneSs ene/ies "nd seeks t>eir 9ell?(ein: "lon: 9it> o4r o9n in " co//4nit* o& eF4"ls 9>ere t>e >4/"nit* o& "ll is "&&ir/ed.
- 2, -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
- .2 -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
- .1 -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,lternative Solvenc!
No -Viole ce tra sforms the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o&
3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?
1#,3
C>"t 9e "re "t t>e end o& "n er" is not so/et>in: t>"t c"n (e -roved scienti&ic"ll*. 'ne senses it or one does not. 'ne kno9s (* int4ition t>"t t>e old i/":es@ "s 5rc>i("ld P"cLeis> s"*s in C>e Pet"->or@ >"ve lost t>eir /e"nin:. C>e old i/":es /"* *et >"ve so/e /e"nin:@ (4t t>eir :ri- >"s loosened s4&&icientl* to "llo9 4s to consider "ltern"tives. +e "re no9 &"ced 9it> t>e o--ort4nit* to dis/"ntle t>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence "nd (re"k t>e c*cle o& do/in"tion. C>e &r":/ented excl4sivit* o& o4r se-"r"te str4::les &or )4stice /4st (e disc"rded &or t>e co//on :ro4nd o& o--osition to t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ in "ll its &or/sI it is t>e co//on ene/*. C>ro4:> t>e reco:nition "nd "ckno9led:/ent o& e"c> ot>erSs >4/"nit*@ 9e c"n o-en " 9"* to " ne9 -ossi(ilit* &or li&e. Li&e o4tside t>is c*cle . In t>e le:"l context@ t>is -rinci-le reF4ires t>e reco:nition "nd recti&ic"tion o& ineF4"lit* 4nder t>e l"9. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition o& t>e >4/"nit* o& t>ose o--ressed (* t>e o-er"tion o& l"9 "s -r"cticed. It reF4ires t>e "ckno9led:/ent (* t>e le:"l s*ste/ o& t>e o()ecti&ic"tion "nd s4(seF4ent >"r/ to 9o/en (* -orno:r"->*. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e l"9Ss -ers-ective re/"ins t>"t o& /en. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e color(lindness o& t>e constit4tion /e"ns t>"t it /"inl* sees 9>ite. It reF4ires t>"t -eo-le "ckno9led:e "nd cele(r"te t>eir c4lt4r"l "nd lin:4istic di&&erences "nd s4--ort e"c> ot>erSs &4ll -"rtici-"tion in societ*. Ho9 c"n violence (e rede/-tive 9>en it onl* (e:ets /ore "nd /ore violence "nd ex"cts " contin4in: -rice &ro/ e"c> -"rtici-"nt. C>"t is not t>e -"t> to victor*@ onl* de&e"t . C>e ("ttle 9e /4st &i:>t is not ":"inst t>e do/in"tors "s individ4"ls@ (4t t>e s*ste/ in 9>ic> "ll "re victi/s. C>e str4::le /4st (e )oined@ not ":"inst so/et>in: so "s to overco/e or do/in"te it@ (4t r"t>er to tr"nscend t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ itsel& ?? t>e -"r"di:/ o& o4r existence. C>e c>oice (et9een )oinin: t>e s*ste/ or &i:>tin: ":"inst it re/"ins " c>oice t>"t serves t>e s*ste/ in eit>er c"se ?? it is " 2ero?s4/ :"/e@ " Ho(sonSs c>oice. C>e "ltern"tive is to seek " t>ird 9"* in ever* >4/"n ende"vorI " 9"* t>"t s>i&ts t>e context &ro/ do/in"tion to " -"rtners>i- "/on: -eo-leI " 9"* t>"t "&&ir/s t>e >4/"nit* o& oneSs ene/ies "nd seeks t>eir 9ell?(ein: "lon: 9it> o4r o9n in " co//4nit* o& eF4"ls 9>ere t>e >4/"nit* o& "ll is "&&ir/ed.
No viole ce &reve ts escalatio a ( res$lts i fe%er cas$alties) Viole ce is har( to 7$stif' a!ai st o viole ce o matter %hat) 3ri"n @arti %C% A B o& +ollon:on: 2$21MNonviolence 0ers4s C"-it"lis/M
>tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/$1nvc/nvc"ll.>t/l 8or t>ose seekin: to cre"te " 9orld 9it>o4t violence@ nonviolent "ction is sel&?consistent6 it 4ses onl* t>ose /et>ods t>"t "re co/-"ti(le 9it> t>e :o"l. C>is is 4nlike /ilit"r* de&ence@ 9>ic> relies on t>e t>re"t o& violence to -revent 9"r. Nonviolent "ction "llo9s /"xi/4/ -"rtici-"tion in soci"l str4::le. Ne"rl* "n*one c"n si:n " -etition or )oin " (o*cott or vi:il 9it>o4t re:"rd to sex@ ":e or "(ilit*. C>is is 4nlike /ilit"r* or :4errill" &orces@ 9>ic> -4t " -re/i4/ on ->*sic"l &itness "nd o&ten excl4de 9o/en@ c>ildren "nd t>e elderl*. Nonviolent "ction o&ten 9orks (etter t>"n violence@ since it is /ore likel* to 9in over o--onents "nd t>ird -"rties. It o&ten 9orks (etter t>"n 4sin: o&&ici"l c>"nnels &or c>"n:e@ s4c> "s &or/"l co/-l"ints to :overn/ents@ co4rt "ctions or elections@ since nonviolent "ction c"n (e 4sed (* t>ose 9it>o4t "d/inistr"tive i/-"ct@ le:"l s4--ort or elector"l in&l4ence. Nonviolent "ction o&ten le"ds to /ore l"stin: c>"n:e@ (ec"4se it /o(ilises /ore o& t>e -o-4l"tion in " -"rtici-"tor* &"s>ion t>"n eit>er violence or o&&ici"l c>"nnels. Co/-"red to violent str4::le@ nonviolent "ction 4s4"ll* le"ds to fe%er cas$alties. 5lt>o4:> violence c"n (e "nd is 4sed ":"inst nonviolent -rotesters@ t>is is 4s4"ll* less intense "nd s4st"ined t>"n ":"inst "r/ed o--osition@ since it is easier to 7$stif' violence ":"inst " violent o--onent. Note@ t>o4:>@ t>"t nonviolent "ction is not :4"r"nteed to c"4se &e9er de"t>s "nd in)4ries.W13X
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,lternative%issent Solves
There is o fi al $to&ia sta!e i %hich (isse t ta/es &lace5 rather it is i (isse ts (ail'- ess %here there ca #e s&ace for a visio of ho&ef$l social tra sformatio ) ,ol"nd Blei/er@ Coordin"tor o& t>e !e"ce "nd Con&lict %t4dies !ro:r"/ "t t>e Bniversit* o& ;4eensl"nd@ L!o-4l"r .issent@ H4/"n 5:enc* "nd 7lo("l !oliticsM@ 2222@ -: 281
Cr"nsvers"l &or/s o& dissent c"nnot s4cceed overni:>t. 5n en:":e/ent 9it> lin:4istic"ll* "nd disc4rsivel* entrenc>ed &or/s o& do/in"tion 9orks slo9l* "nd indirectl*. C>e e&&ects o& s4c> inter&erences "re di&&ic4lt to see or -rove@ es-eci"ll* i& one "--ro"c>es t>e F4estion o& evidence 9it> " -ositivist 4nderst"ndin: o& kno9led:e. 34t tr"nsvers"l dissent is nevert>eless re"l. It enters t>e soci"l context in t>e &or/ o& 9>"t t>e 1"st 7er/"n -oet B9e Kol(e c"lled S" tr"ce ele/entS.S It does not directl* c"4se -"rtic4l"r events. It en:enders >4/"n ":enc* t>ro4:> " /4lti?l"*ered "nd di&&4sed -rocess@ t>ro4:> " :r"d4"l tr"ns&or/"tion o& societ"l v"l4es. C>is -rocess >"s no end. No /"tter >o9 s4ccess&4l t>e* "re@ disc4rsive &or/s o& dissent@ even i& t>e* /"n":e to tr"ns:ress n"tion"l (o4nd"ries@ "re never co/-lete. C>ere is no e/"nci-"tor* -e"k to (e cli/(ed. .issent is t>e ver* "ct o& cli/(in:@ d"il*@ do::edl*@ endlessl*. It is not "n event t>"t >"--ens once@ " s-ect"c4l"r o4t(4rst o& ener:* t>"t overco/es t>e d"rk &orces o& o--ression "nd li&ts li(er"tion into "n s4-erior st"te o& -er-et4"l tri4/->. S1ver*t>in: (eco/es "nd ret4rns etern"ll*S@ Niet2sc>e s"*s. S1sc"-e is i/-ossi(le[O 1ven t>e /ost )4st soci"l order excl4des 9>"t does not &it into its vie9 o& t>e 9orld. Incl4siveness lies in " const"nt -rocess o& dist4r(in: l"n:4":e "nd ret>inkin: /e"nin:@ r"t>er t>"n in "n 4to-i"n &in"l st":e.
- .3 -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
- .- -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
- .: -
NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
Viole ce Is I evita#le 8 less 4e Brea/ The C'cle Colonel ."niel 1mith@ B.%. 5r/* Q,et.R@ C.I C>ie& o& ,ese"rc>@ +eekl* .e&ense Ponitor@ <"n4"r* 7@ 1,,,@ >tt-6//999.cdi.or:/9eekl*/1###/iss4e$1.>t/l
'nce ":"in >"--enst"nce >"s (ro4:>t to:et>er t9o di&&erent >4/"n str"nds t>"t s"* /4c> "(o4t o4r 9orld. C>e &irst str"nd is t>e "nn4"l s4rve* ?? re"ll* " sn"-s>ot ?? o& t>e n4/(er o& on:oin: /")or con&licts in t>e 9orld "t t>e st"rt o& 1###. C.ISs co4nt lists 23 /")or 9"rs. Post o& 9>ic> "re intern"l@ co/-"red 9it> 21 "t t>e st"rt o& 1##8 "nd "not>er 1# &l"s>-oints t>"t co4ld e"sil* t4rn into 9"rs. C>e second str"nd@ /ore r"ndo/ t>"n t>e &irst@ is t>e c4rrent -rod4ction in Ne9 Gork Cit* o& O1lectr"@O " -l"* 9ritten so/e 2@4$$ *e"rs ":o (* t>e 7reek tr":edi"n %o->ocles. C>e :ener"l stor* line is rel"tivel* str"i:>t&or9"rd6 5:"/e/non@ kin: o& P*cen"e "nd le"der o& t>e 7reeks in t>eir 9"r 9it> Cro*@ s"cri&ices one o& >is d"4:>ters to t>e :ods to ens4re &"vor"(le 9inds &or t>e 7reek &leet. C>is "n:ers >is 9i&e Cl*te/nestr" 9>o@ 9it> >er lover@ /4rders 5:"/e/non 9>en >e ret4rns ten *e"rs l"ter "&ter t>e &"ll o& Cro*. C>is /4rder enr":es 1lectr"@ t>e ot>er d"4:>ter o& 5:"/e/non@ 9>o revered >er &"t>er. 1vent4"ll*@ 9it> t>e "id o& >er (rot>er@ 1lectr" 9re"ks ven:e"nce on Cl*te/nestr" "nd >er lover. 5t t>e -l"*Ss endin:@ t>e :ods "re dee/ed "--e"sed@ )4stice done@ "nd t>4s@ &ro/ t>e 7reek -ers-ective@ 4nivers"l ("l"nce restored. 34t 9>"t is t>e o4tco/e i& t>ere "re no :ods@ onl* &les> "nd (lood >4/"nsJ O<4sticeO s4ddenl* >"s no extern"l re&erence -ointI it &"ils "s " -rocess o& "ssessin: res-onsi(ilit* &or "n "ct "nd /e"s4rin: " discrete "nd "--ro-ri"te re/ed*. C>4s c"n (e:in t>e 4nendin: c*cle o& violence@ o& 9ron:s never &or:otten@ never &or:iven@ "l9"*s reven:ed ?? s4c> "s t>ose t>"t drive so /"n* o& t>e 23 con&licts r":in: tod"* "nd t>e 1# &l"s>-oints t>"t co4ld er4-t "t "n* ti/e. C>e drive &or -erson"l -o9er is co//onl* cited "s t>e c"4se &or con&lict. C>is 4ndo4(tedl* is "l9"*s -resent. 34t closer ex"/in"tion /i:>t -oint to t>e /ore -ri/itive >4/"n /otive t>"t i/-els reven:e &or -"st "trocities@ -"st de-riv"tions@ -"st o/issions@ "ct4"l or -erceived. 5s /ere >4/"ns in " non?re-e"t"(le O-er&or/"nceO in " re"l 9orld@ r"rel* "re 9e "(le to "c>ieve t>e e/otion"ll* ne4tr"l -ers-ective 4s4"ll* "ttri(4ted to t>e "ncient :ods. 5nd l"ckin: t>is ne4tr"lit*@ t>e c*cle o& "ction "nd re"ction t"kes >old. 0iolence &l"resI )4stice is 9"r-edI killin: "nd reven:e killin:s rei:n. 5nd t>e* 9ill contin4e to rei:n "nd -l4n:e n"tions into c*cle 4-on c*cle o& 9"r 4ntil 9e le"rn to &or:ive "nd &or:et.
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,2 Per&
The co sta t search to &ro&ose !oo( i(eas5 to act i the %orl(5 a ( to (o somethi ! is e"actl' ho% %e &reve t o$rselves from acce&ti ! o$r res&o si#ilit' for the %orl() Ref$sal of the affirmative is the first ste& to%ar(s artic$lati ! a e% ema ci&ator' ima!i atio 5 act$all' ca&a#le of (eali ! %ith their case harms) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
I 9onder i& t>e se"rc>in: &or co/&ort in t>e /ind relieves 9>"t is "lre"d* kno9n. +>en 9e s-e"k o& " c>"n:e in o4r 4nderst"ndin: o& t>e 9orld@ t>is >er"lded Oe-iste/ic tr"nsitionO t>"t is s4--osed to (e t>e >"ll/"rk o& O-ost?/odern kno9led:e@O 9>"t 9e "re re"ll* t"lkin: "(o4t is t>e 9"* in 9>ic> 9e 9>o "re "&r"id to "cce-t o4r o9n res-onsi(ilit* &or t>e /"n* ex-ressions o& violence in t>e 9orld@ "lt>o4:> 9e kno9 it@ seek to &ind " /e"ns o& /"kin: sense@ &ro/ " dist"nce@ o& violence@ o& /"dness. 3* c>"n:in: t>e 9"* in 9>ic> 9e 4nderst"nd t>e 9orld intellect4"ll* t>ere&ore 9e -ost-one ":"in t>"t ti/e 9>en -"in "nd )o* "re "llo9ed to &ilter into o4r >e"rts in lived e/"nci-"tion@ 9it> "ll t>eir /ess* re-erc4ssions. Inste"d 9e re/"in l"r:el* 4nto4c>ed 9it>in t>is re"l/ o& t>eori2ed e/"nci-"tion. It is not e"s* >o9ever to kee- o4r dist"nce. It reF4ires " lot o& e&&ort in order to not see "nd &eel. +e >"ve to kee- o4rselves const"ntl* (4s*. C>is s-ir"l o& const"nt reinter-ret"tions o& violence t>ro4:> so /"n* t>eories (eco/es "l/ost "n "n"est>etic. +>en I -l4nder t>ro4:> /* Ore"din:s@O "s I se"rc> &or &4rt>er "rtic4l"tions o& O:ood ide"s@O 9it> /* d"il* /4sin:s over Ot>eoretic"l &r"/e9orks@O "s I kee- /*sel& (4s*@ I "/ diverted &ro/ "skin: 9>*??9>"t is t>is "ll &orJ I kno9 t>"t i& I sto-@ i& I >"ve " /o/ent or t9o &or re&lection@ i& I den* /*sel& t>e distr"ctions o& O:ood ide"s@O t>"t F4estion re?e/er:esI in o4r F4iet /o/ents@ i& 9e "llo9 o4rselves F4iet /o/ents@ 9e c"nnot >ide &ro/ o4rselves. I& 9e t"ke "9"* t>e n4/(in: co/&ort "nd sec4rit* o& o4r -ro&ession"l re"son &or (ein:@ 9e "re &"ced 9it> t>e disconcertin: 4ncert"inties o& o4r res-onsi(ilit* in (ein:. C>is is not e"s*. Get@ -er>"-s@ it is onl* 9>en 9e "re -4lled in ever* direction 9it> do4(t@ conviction@ -"in "nd )o*@ t>"t 9e "re "(le to s>"re in t>e e/"nci-"tor* 9isdo/ o& >4/"nit* t>"t >"s (een t>e lived li&e o& :ener"tions (e&ore 4s "nd o& :ener"tions to co/e. Li&e t>en ce"ses to (e " -ro(le/ to (e solved. ,"t>er it reve"ls itsel& "s " )o4rne* to (e tr"veled@ "nd tr"v"iled. In "ll 9onder@ I t"ke /* &irst tent"tive ste-s. 5nd t>e directions &or t>ese ste-s /4st "l9"*s (e t>e s4()ect o& -erson"l "nd collective )4d:/ent@ n4rt4red t>ro4:> convers"tion r"t>er t>"n orders@ rel"tions>i-s r"t>er t>"n orderin:s@ in loc"ted 9orlds r"t>er t>"n in t>e "(str"cted O9orld@O in livin: r"t>er t>"n in "ctin:.
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,2 Per&
The &erm$tatio still li /s #eca$se it still attem&ts to or(er the %orl() Com&licit' %ith or(eri ! #a /r$&ts their &ro7ect) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
.es-ite t>e &ix"tion o& t>e (ene&ici"ries o& ordered 9orlds@ even t>e ordered Ocritic@O 9it> t>e -rescri(ed l"n:4":es@ visions "nd -ossi(ilities o& >4/"n soci"lities@ ot>er re"lities o& >4/"nit* nevert>eless -ersist. Not9it>st"ndin: t>e :lo("li2"tion o& soci"l concern "nd t>e tr"nsn"tion"li2"tion o& -ro&ession"li2ed critiF4e "nd re&or/"tor* "ction@ str4::les ":"inst violence re/"in ener:i2ed@ -ersistent "nd loc"ted. C>e* "re 9":ed t>ro4:> t>e (odies o& lives lived in ex-erienti"l loc"tions ":"inst re"l instr4/ents o& terror@ &4nctionin: 9it>in e/(odied sites o& violence. Non?in&or/"tion "nd non?re-resent"tion o& t>e existence o& s4c> str4::les@ "nd non?le"rnin: o& t>e 9isdo/s t>4s :ener"ted do not ne:"te t>eir tr4t>s or t>e vi(r"nc* o& t>eir soci"lities. n51 O+eO "re -"rtici-"nts in ordered 9orlds@ not /erel* o(servers. C>e c>oice is 9>et>er 9e 9is> to reco:ni2e o4r o9n loc"tions o& ordered violence "nd -"rtici-"te in t>e str4::le to resist t>eir orderin:s@ or 9>et>er 9e 9is> /erel* to o(serve violence in &"r?o&& 9orlds in order t>"t o4r intervention"r* -"rtici-"tion Oo4t t>ereO never dest"(ili2es t>e :ro4nd 4-on 9>ic> 9e st"nd. I s4::est t>"t 9e (etr"* t>e s-irit o& tr"ns&or/"tor* str4::le@ des-ite "ll o4r ex-ressions o& s4--ort "nd even "ctions o& -ro&ession"li2ed ex-ertise@ i& o4r o9n loc"tions@ 9it>in 9>ic> "re ordered "nd &ro/ 9>ic> 9e o4rselves order@ re/"in 4nscr4tini2ed.
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,2 Per&
The &erm$tatio reco! i0es o$r i (ivi($al com&licit' %ith viole ce5 a ( the (oes othi ! a#o$t that) Rather5 the' attem&t to resolve o$r local res&o si#ilit' %ith !lo#al actio ) O$r criticism is a#o$t starti ! &oi ts5 ot e (s) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
C>e OIO is seldo/ -resent in Oe/"nci-"tor*O -ro)ects to c>"n:e t>e 9orld. C>is is (ec"4se t>e Orel"tion"l IO? 9orld "nd t>e O:lo("lO?9orld "re ne:"tions o& one "not>erI t>e &or/er ne:"tes t>e conce-t o& t>e l"tter 9>ilst t>e l"tter ne:"tes t>e li&e o& t>e &or/er. 5nd conce-ts "re /ore "/en"(le to scr4tin* t>"n li&e. C>e "dv"nce in tec>nolo:ies o& i/":e?in: en"(les " dist"nci"tion o& scr4tin*@ &ro/ t>e OIO?9orld o& rel"tions>i-s to t>e O:lo("lO?9orld o& "(str"ctions. 5s 9e (eco/e &ix"ted 9it> t>e dist"nt@ "s 9e cons4/e t>e i/":es o& O9orldO "s ot>er t>"n >ere "nd no9@ "s 9e -ro)ect o4rselves t>ro4:> tec>nolo:ic"l ti/e?s-"ce into 9orlds "-"rt &ro/ o4r >ere "nd no9@ "s 9e (eco/e O:lo("l@O 9e "re relieved o& t>e :r"vit* o& o4r -resent. +e@ t>4s@ ce"se t>e "ctivis/ o& sel& Q(ein:R "nd t"ke on t>e /"ntle o& t>e O"ctivistO Qdoin:R. C>is is " si:ni&ic"nt dis-l"ce/ent. C>"t t>ere is s4&&erin: "ll over t>e 9orld >"s indeed (een /"de /ore visi(le (* t>e tec>nolo:ies o& i/":e in:. Get &or "ll its conseF4ent &osterin: o& Onet9orks@O i/":es o& O:lo("lO s4&&erin: >"ve "lso served to dise/-o9er. 3* t>is@ 9e /e"n not /erel* t>"t 9e "re &illed 9it> t>e sense t>"t t>e &orces ":"inst 9>ic> t>e str4::le &or e/"nci-"tions &ro/ in)4stice "nd ex-loit"tion "re 9":ed "re -erv"sive "nd@ t>ere&ore@ o&ten i/-enetr"(le@ (4t@ /ore i/-ort"ntl*@ t>"t it diverts o4r :"2e "9"* &ro/ t>e onl* tr4e -o9er t>"t is in o4r dis-os"l??t>e -o9er o& sel&?c>"n:e in rel"tions>i-s o& solid"rities. C>e O9orld@O "s 9e -erceive it tod"*@ did not exist in ti/es -"st. It does not exist tod"*. C>ere is no s4c> t>in: "s t>e :lo("l Oone 9orld.O C>e 9orld c"n onl* exist in t>e loc"tions "nd ex-eriences reve"led t>ro4:> "nd in >4/"n rel"tions>i-s. It is o&ten t>"t 9e t>ink t>"t to c>"n:e t>e 9orld it is necess"r* to c>"n:e t>e 9"* -o9er is exercised in t>e 9orldI so 9e :o "(o4t t>e (4siness o& ex-osin: "nd deno4ncin: t>e /"n* -o9er con&i:4r"tions t>"t do/in"te. !o9er indeed does lie "t t>e core o& >4/"n /iser*@ *et 9e (lind o4rselves i& 9e re:"rd t>is -o9er "s t>e -o9er o4t t>ere. !o9er@ 9>en "ll t>e co/-lex net9orks o& its re"c> "re 4nt"n:led@ is -erson"lI -o9er does not exist o4t t>ere@ W*63$X it onl* exists in rel"tions>i-. Co s"* t>e 9ord@ -o9er@ is to descri(e rel"tions>i-@ to "ckno9led:e -o9er@ is to "ckno9led:e o4r s4(servience in t>"t rel"tions>i-. C>ere c"n exist no -o9er i& t>e s4(servient rel"tions>i- is re&4sed??t>en -o9er c"n onl* "c>ieve its "/(itions t>ro4:> its n"ked &or/@ "s violence. C>"n:in: t>e 9orld t>ere&ore is " /isno/er &or in tr4t> it is rel"tions>i-s t>"t "re to (e c>"n:ed. 5nd t>e onl* rel"tions>i-s t>"t 9e c"n c>"n:e &or s4re "re o4r o9n. 5nd t>e const"nt in o4r rel"tions>i-s is o4rselves??t>e OIO o& "ll o& 4s. 5nd so@ to c>"n:e o4r rel"tions>i-s@ 9e /4st c>"n:e t>e OIO t>"t is e"c> o& 4s. Cr"ns&or/"tions o& Ostr4ct4resO 9ill soon &ollo9. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e (e:innin: o& "ll e/"nci-"tions. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e essenti"l /ess":e o& P">"t/"s. C>e -o9er o& 9orld?orderin: to sel&?s4st"in@ I s4::est@ lies -recisel* in t>is@ its "(ilit* to order t>e OvoicesO "nd t>e Ovoicin:O o& dissent. 8ro/ t>is -ers-ective@ t>e &"ct o& dissent or critiF4e is not@ in itsel&@ t>e si:ni&ic"nt indic"tor o& resist"nce t>"t 9e /i:>t consider it to (e. C>e -oint@ I "r:4e@ is not that dissent is re:istered@ (4t r"t>er@ >o9@ 9>ere "nd in 9>"t &or/ t>"t dissent is ex-ressed. 0oices o& dissent t>"t "re "(sor(ed into t>e c>"nnels o& voicin: "s -rovided (* t>e str4ct4res o& order@ in /* vie9@ >"ve t>e/selves (een ordered. ,"t>er t>"n -rovidin: ener:ies &or i/":in"tion@ t>e* "re dr"ined o& t>e/@ s4st"inin: inste"d t>e orders ":"inst 9>ic> t>e* -4r-ort to st"nd. In t>e str4::le to &ind " voice 9e@ t>ere&ore@ co/-l* 9it> t>e orders o& voicin:I t>e (est o& ti/es (ein: 9>en o4r voice is O>e"rd@O toler"ted@ so/eti/es even con:r"t4l"ted "nd re9"rded@ t>e 9orst o& ti/es (ein: 9>en it is "--ro-ri"ted "nd tr"ns&or/ed into &4rt>er le:iti/i2"tions o& violence@ "nd /ost co//onl*@ 9>en it is si/-l* i:nored. Co s4st"in O4s@O t>ere&ore@ sel&? re&erenti"l co//4nities o& voice "re &o4nded@ est"(lis>ed "nd -ro-":"ted@ F4otin: ("ck "nd &ort> t>e s"/e voices@ re-etition (ein: eF4"ted 9it> si:ni&ic"nce "nd i/-"ct. +>ile 9e kee- (4s* (ein: >e"rd@ O"c>ievin:O lots (* 9"* o& :ivin: vol4/e to Qo4rR voice@ little is c>"n:ed in t>e order?in: o& 9orlds. Ho9 /4c> o& t>e contin4in: violence 9it>in t>e /isorderin:s o& t>e 9orld >"s &ollo9ed &ro/ t>is ex-erienceJ
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
,2 Per&
The Aerm is co-o&tio ) T$r i ! eve the most locali0e( resista ce to%ar(s a !lo#al vie% e closes activism) It a&&ro&riates o$r critical (ista ci ! as a %a' to stre !the their or(er of the %orl(5 f$rther le!itimi0i ! viole ce) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
C>ere "re no9@ on one level@ >i:> de:rees o& O-ro&ession"li2"tionO "nd O:lo("li2"tionO o& Osoci"l "ctivis/.O 5t t>is level@ soci"l "ctivis/ (eco/es " c"reer c>oice 9it> Ointern"tion"lO -ossi(ilities@ &or 9>ic> s"l"ries@ )o( s-eci&ic"tions@ "nd -ro/otions (eco/e consider"tions &or Os"tis&"ction.O 3esides t>e s"tis&"ction o& t>e O)o(O o& O"ctivis/O t>"t is done@ ot>er necessities o& instit4tion"l loc"tion "nd "s-ir"tion incre"sin:l* :"in in i/-ort"nce??&4nds "cF4ired "nd &4nds ex-ended (eco/e i/-ort"nt -er&or/"nce indic"tors "lon:side t>e s4(st"ntive i/-"ct o& t>e -ro)ects 4ndert"ken@ Orese"rc>O -"-ers 9ritten@ con&erences or:"ni2ed "nd "ttended@ Onet9orksO est"(lis>ed??"ll (eco/e essenti"l /e"s4res o& t>e O)o(O 9ell?done "lon:side t>e "ct4"l tr"ns&or/"tions o& soci"l rel"tions en:endered. n47 C>e W*624X (otto/?line concern o& t>e c"reer rese"rc>er/"ctivist is "nd@ in &"ct@ /4st (e@ t>"t t>e c"reer re-resents " liveli>ood "ctivit*@ n48 t>is 9it>o4t 4nder/inin: t>e O"ctivistSsO o9n s-irit4"l co//it/ent to t>e "i/s o& t>e )o(. In t>is res-ect@ t>e Oc"reerO o& soci"l rese"rc>/"ctivis/@ like t>e instit4tions "nd cor-or"tions t>"t so o&ten re-resent t>e o()ection"(le &oc4s o& "ctivist "ctivities@ is en/es>ed 9it>in t>e tot"lit* o& t>e ordered O9orld@O itsel&@ i/-liedl*@ " co/-onent -"rt o& t>e ordered@ orderQin:R@ :lo("li2ed 9orld. C>e /4t4"lit* o& O-ro&ession"lO sensi(ilities (et9een t>e Ocritici2edO "nd t>e OcriticO (rin:s 9it> it " consider"(le de:ree o& clos4re. !ri/"r* "/on: t>e conseF4ences o& t>is &"/ili"rit* "nd@ t>ere&ore@ si/il"rit* (et9een t>e O-ro&ession"lO loc"tion o& (ot>@ is t>"t e/"nci-"tor* i/":in"tion is cont"ined 9it>in t>e s"/e "s-ir"tion"l Ol"n:4":esO t>"t "re co//onl* 4nderstood. C>ro4:> t>is clos4re o& l"n:4":e "nd@ t>ere&ore@ i/":in"tion@ e/"nci-"tion itsel& (eco/es "(sor(ed into "n enclosed conce-t4"l s-"ce &or "rtic4l"tion. C>e st"nd-oint o& t>e s"/e r>etoric"l devices o& civili2"tion"l -ro)ections (eco/e t>e tools &or entitle/ent cl"i/s. !4t di&&erentl*@ 9>"t 9e /i:>t see "s direction &or e/"nci-"tion is itsel& OorderedO (* o4r o9n conce-t4"l &r"/e9orks t>"t 9e derive &ro/ o4rselves "s s4()ects "nd o()ects o& orderin:. C>4s@ )4st "s t>e "s-ir"tions o& /ost "nti?coloni"l elite le"ders>i-s 9ere in&4sed 9it> t>e coloni2erSs visions o& >4/"n -ro:ress??t>e l"n:4":es o& Ost"te>ood@O o& O/oderni2"tion@O o& Oinstit4tion (4ildin:@ "nd t>e like??so too no9 t>e l"n:4":es o& t>e elites o& Ocivil societ*O re&lect t>e terr"in "s de/"rc"ted (* conte/-or"r* 9orld?orderists. .evelo-/ent@ de/ocr"c*@ >4/"n ri:>ts@ N7' Onet9orks@O even Oed4c"tionO "nd Ol"9@O "re "ll conte/-or"r* slo:"ns t>"t "re re-e"ted in t>e >o-e o& " -ro:ressive civili2"tion"l /ove/ent to9"rd >4/"n e/"nci-"tion. 5nd incre"sin:l*@ t>ese Otr"nsn"tion"l@O even O:lo("l@O l"n:4":es o& >4/"n e/"nci-"tion "re &or/4l"ted "nd "rtic4l"ted 9it>in -ro&ession"l sites o& resist"nce "nd "ctivis/ t>"t st"nd "s /irrors o& orderin: instit4tionsI &or t>e :overn/ent co//ittee t>ere "re t>e N7' &or4/s@ &or t>e /inisteri"l con&erence t>ere is t>e O"ltern"tiveO con&erence o& civil societ* dele:"tes@ &or t>e (4siness/cor-or"te co"lition 9it> :overn/ent t>ere "re t>e si/il"r N7' -"rtners>i-s. C>e -l"* o& critiF4e "nd le:iti/i2"tion@ o& co/-ro/ise "nd coo-er"tion@ o& revie9 "nd re&or/4l"tion@ is t>ere(* en"(led@ t"kin: on " W*625X /o/ent4/ "nd " r"tion"le o& its o9n@ (eco/in: "n "ctivit* o& :r"nd -ro-ortions 9>ere t>e "ctivit* itsel& (eco/es " re"son &or@ "nd o()ect o& -er-et4"tion. Co (e o4tside o& t>ese circles o& Oco//4nic"tionO is dee/ed to (e 9it>o4t Ovoice@O 9>ic> is &or t>e critic@ "n 4n"cce-t"(le silencin:. Co (e inside t>ese circles@ >o9ever@ ent"ils " const"nt tor/ent o& co?o-tion@ (etr"*"l "nd "--ro-ri"tion o& voice. C>e -o9er o& 9orld?orderin: to sel&?s4st"in@ I s4::est@ lies -recisel* in t>is@ its "(ilit* to order t>e OvoicesO "nd t>e Ovoicin:O o& dissent. 8ro/ t>is -ers-ective@ t>e &"ct o& dissent or critiF4e is not@ in itsel&@ t>e si:ni&ic"nt indic"tor o& resist"nce t>"t 9e /i:>t consider it to (e. C>e -oint@ I "r:4e@ is not that dissent is re:istered@ (4t r"t>er@ >o9@ 9>ere "nd in 9>"t &or/ t>"t dissent is ex-ressed. 0oices o& dissent t>"t "re "(sor(ed into t>e c>"nnels o& voicin: "s -rovided (* t>e str4ct4res o& order@ in /* vie9@ >"ve t>e/selves (een ordered. NADAR CONTIN8E19
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,2 Per&
NADAR CONTIN8ED9 ,"t>er t>"n -rovidin: ener:ies &or i/":in"tion@ t>e* "re dr"ined o& t>e/@ s4st"inin: inste"d t>e orders ":"inst 9>ic> t>e* -4r-ort to st"nd. In t>e str4::le to &ind " voice 9e@ t>ere&ore@ co/-l* 9it> t>e orders o& voicin:I t>e (est o& ti/es (ein: 9>en o4r voice is O>e"rd@O toler"ted@ so/eti/es even con:r"t4l"ted "nd re9"rded@ t>e 9orst o& ti/es (ein: 9>en it is "--ro-ri"ted "nd tr"ns&or/ed into &4rt>er le:iti/i2"tions o& violence@ "nd /ost co//onl*@ 9>en it is si/-l* i:nored. Co s4st"in O4s@O t>ere&ore@ sel&?re&erenti"l co//4nities o& voice "re &o4nded@ est"(lis>ed "nd -ro-":"ted@ F4otin: ("ck "nd &ort> t>e s"/e voices@ re-etition (ein: eF4"ted 9it> si:ni&ic"nce "nd i/-"ct. +>ile 9e kee- (4s* (ein: >e"rd@ O"c>ievin:O lots (* 9"* o& :ivin: vol4/e to Qo4rR voice@ little is c>"n:ed in t>e order?in: o& 9orlds. Ho9 /4c> o& t>e contin4in: violence 9it>in t>e /isorderin:s o& t>e 9orld >"s &ollo9ed &ro/ t>is ex-erienceJ
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,2 ,ction .ood
O$r criticism is a &rere+$isite to the t'&es of i terro!atio s i itiate #' the affirmative) 1ee/i ! o$t the %a's that %e are co ecte( to viole ce m$st &rece(e (isc$ssio s of !lo#al tra sformatio ) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
C>e descri-tion o& t>e contin4ities o& violence in %ection II in /"n* 9"*s is &"/ili"r to t>ose 9>o "do-t " critic"l -ers-ective o& t>e 9orld. O+eO "re "cc4sto/ed to n"rr"tin: >4/"n 9ron:s in t>is 9"*. C>e &"il4res "nd (etr"*"ls@ t>e victi/s "nd -er-etr"tors@ "re &"/ili"r to o4r critic"l 4nderst"ndin:. 8ro/ t>is -osition o& )4d:/ent@ co//onl* >eld 9it>in t>e O/"instre"/O o& t>e Onon?/"instre"/@O t>ere is "lso " &"/ili"rit* o& sol4tions co//onl* "dvoc"ted &or tr"ns&or/"tionI t>e O/"rket-l"ceO &or critiF4e is " t>rivin: one "s evidenced (* t>e "(4nd"nce o& liter"t4re in t>is res-ect. .es-ite t>is -roli&er"tion o& enli:>ten/ent "nd t>e -ro&ession o& so /"n* :ood ide"s@ >o9ever@ Ot>in:sO "--e"r to re/"in "s t>e* "re@ or@ 9orse still@ W*62$X deterior"te. 5nd so@ t>e c*cle o& critiF4e@ -ro-os"ls &or tr"ns&or/"tion "nd dis"--oint/ent contin4es. ,i:>tl*@ 9e "re concerned 9it> t>e F4estion o& 9>"t c"n (e done to "llevi"te t>e s4&&erin:s t>"t -rev"il. 34t t>ere "re necess"r* -rereF4isites to "ns9erin: t>e O9>"t do 9e doJO F4estion. +e /4st &irst "sk t>e inti/"tel* connected F4estions o& O"(o4t 9>"tJO "nd Oto9"rd 9>"t endJO C>ese F4estions@ o(vio4sl*@ i/-in:e on o4r vision "nd )4d:/ent. +>en 9e "tte/-t to i/":ine tr"ns&or/"tions to9"rd -re&erred >4/"n &4t4res@ 9e en:":e in t>e di&&ic4lt t"sk o& )4d:in: t>e -resent. C>is is di&&ic4lt not (ec"4se 9e "re o(livio4s to violence or t>"t 9e "re n4/( to t>e res4ltin: s4&&erin:@ (4t (ec"4se@ o4tr":e 9it> OeventsO o& violence "side@ -rocesses o& violence e/(roil "nd i/-lic"te o4r &"/ili"rities in 9"*s t>"t de&* t>e si/-licities o& str"i:>t&or9"rd i/-4t"(ilit*. .es-ite o4r (est e&&orts "t c"te:ori2in: violence into convenient co/-"rt/ents??into Odisci-linesO o& st4d* "nd "n"l*sis s4c> "s Odevelo-/entO "nd Osec4rit*O Q>e"lt>@ environ/ent@ -o-4l"tion@ (ein: ot>er ex"/-les o& s4c> co/-"rt/ent"li2"tionR??t>e encro"c>/ents o& orderQin:R &4nction "t /ore -erv"sive levels. 5nd 9it>o4t do4(t@ t>e -ers-ectives o& t>e o(server@ co//ent"tor@ "nd "ctor (eco/e cr4ci"l deter/in"nts. It is necess"r*@ I (elieve@ to F4estion t>is@ Oo4r@O -ers-ective@ to re&lect 4-on " -ers-ective o& violence 9>ic> not onl* loc"tes violence "s " >"--enin: Oo4t t>ereO 9>ile 9e st"nd "s det"c>ed o(servers "nd critics@ (4t is "lso one in 9>ic> 9e "re o4rselves i/-lic"ted in t>e violence o& ordered 9orlds 9>ere 9e st"nd ver* /4c> "s -"rtici-"nts. 8or t>is -4r-ose o& " critiF4e o& critiF4e@ it is necess"r* to consider t>e Otec>nolo:iesO o& orderin:.
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____________ **/ra&e0ork
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/ra&e0ork
Their frame%or/ of &rete (i ! is (ama!i ! E a &olic'-foc$se( frame%or/ ma/es $s #elieve that the o l' a!e ts of co ti $it' a ( cha !e i the %orl( are !over me ts or moveme ts >o$t there?) As (e#aters5 %e for!et a#o$t o$r i (ivi($al com&licit' i &ro#lems5 a ( la&se i to ihilism o$tsi(e of the ro$ () <"*"n Na'ar@ %c>ool o& L"9@ Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ # Cr"nsn"tSl L. T Conte/-. !ro(s. 5##@ 8"ll@ 1#,,.
C>e O9orld@O "s 9e -erceive it tod"*@ did not exist in ti/es -"st. It does not exist tod"*. C>ere is no s4c> t>in: "s t>e :lo("l Oone 9orld.O C>e 9orld c"n onl* exist in t>e loc"tions "nd ex-eriences reve"led t>ro4:> "nd in >4/"n rel"tions>i-s. It is o&ten t>"t 9e t>ink t>"t to c>"n:e t>e 9orld it is necess"r* to c>"n:e t>e 9"* -o9er is exercised in t>e 9orldI so 9e :o "(o4t t>e (4siness o& ex-osin: "nd deno4ncin: t>e /"n* -o9er con&i:4r"tions t>"t do/in"te. !o9er indeed does lie "t t>e core o& >4/"n /iser*@ *et 9e (lind o4rselves i& 9e re:"rd t>is -o9er "s t>e -o9er o4t t>ere. !o9er@ 9>en "ll t>e co/-lex net9orks o& its re"c> "re 4nt"n:led@ is -erson"lI -o9er does not exist o4t t>ere@ W*63$X it onl* exists in rel"tions>i-. Co s"* t>e 9ord@ -o9er@ is to descri(e rel"tions>i-@ to "ckno9led:e -o9er@ is to "ckno9led:e o4r s4(servience in t>"t rel"tions>i-. C>ere c"n exist no -o9er i& t>e s4(servient rel"tions>i- is re&4sed??t>en -o9er c"n onl* "c>ieve its "/(itions t>ro4:> its n"ked &or/@ "s violence. C>"n:in: t>e 9orld t>ere&ore is " /isno/er &or in tr4t> it is rel"tions>i-s t>"t "re to (e c>"n:ed. 5nd t>e onl* rel"tions>i-s t>"t 9e c"n c>"n:e &or s4re "re o4r o9n. 5nd t>e const"nt in o4r rel"tions>i-s is o4rselves??t>e OIO o& "ll o& 4s. 5nd so@ to c>"n:e o4r rel"tions>i-s@ 9e /4st c>"n:e t>e OIO t>"t is e"c> o& 4s. Cr"ns&or/"tions o& Ostr4ct4resO 9ill soon &ollo9. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e (e:innin: o& "ll e/"nci-"tions. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e essenti"l /ess":e o& P">"t/"s.
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,2 Pacifis& (scalation
That Claim Aer&et$ates Viole ce) 4eBre The O l' @ea s To Esca&e %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o&
3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?
1#,3
C>e /ost &4nd"/ent"l stories o& o4r :lo("l c4lt4re "re "(o4t violence. 0iolence is so dee-l* i/(edded in t>ese stories t>"t even 9>en 9e F4estion /"n* ot>er det"ils 9it>in t>e/@ 9e tend to "cce-t t>e violence 9it>o4t c>"llen:e. 0iolence is -"rt o& n"t4re "nd -"rt o& o4r n"t4re "s (ein:s. '4r notions o& l"9 "nd )4stice "re inti/"tel* 9r"--ed 4- 9it> violence. 0iolence (re"ks t>e -e"ce "nd violence kee-s t>e -e"ce. 0iolence is t>e >enc>/"n o& do/in"tion. It kee-s t>e -o9er&4l in -o9er "nd t>e o--ressed o--ressed. +>en violence is 4sed to overt>ro9 t>e -o9er&4l@ t>e old re:i/e is re-lic"ted in t>e ne9. C>e -l"* o& -o9er re/"ins t>e s"/eI onl* t>e "ctors c>"n:e. %ociet* contin4"ll* retells t>e stor* o& o4r c4lt4r"l cos/olo:* ?? " stor* "(o4t do/in"tion. C>e contention t>"t violence is inevit"(le is one o& t>e :re"t 4nex"/ined "ss4/-tions o& societ*. C>e "ss4/-tion o& violence -reserves t>e s*ste/ t>"t do/in"tes ot>ers. It is t>e lock to t>e cell o& o4r existence. C>e &"ct t>"t violence see/s so inevit"(le@ so inti/"tel* "nd intrinsic"ll* rel"ted to t>e s-ecies@ o(str4cts even t>e notion o& "not>er -ossi(ilit*. It is -recisel* t>is &"ct t>"t /"kes t>e ex"/in"tion o& t>is "ss4/-tion so i/-ort"nt. 1x"/inin: violence "s "n "ss4/-tion initi"tes t>e -ossi(ilit* o& "n existence 9it>o4t violence. In ot>er 9ords@ (e&ore esc"-e &ro/ t>e cell c"n (e "ddressed 9e /4st est"(lis> t>e -ossi(ilit* o& t>e existence o& "n o4tside o& t>e cell.
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'iolence .ood
No viole ce is a tactic) It ca =t #e treate( as a a#sol$te r$le) +illie He (erso @ Bniversit* o& 3ir/in:>"/ %enior Lect4rer@ 5&ric"n 5&&"irs@ 5-ril@ 1,,:@ - 288
P"ndel" s4--orts t>e notion t>"t 7"nd>i"n non?violence is " t"ctic to (e 4sed r"t>er t>"n " s"cred -rinci-le. C>e c"/-"i:n (oosts t>e /e/(ers>i- (4t "lso (oosts :overn/ent le:isl"tion "i/ed "t &4rt>er levels o& s4--ression. 8"cin: -olice@ co4rts "nd -rison@ t>e 5NC /"n":es to /"ke S:oin: to -rison . . " ("d:e o& >ono4r. . .S Q-. 12#R. He &inds in >is exertions@ rele"se &ro/ S"n* lin:erin: sense o& do4(t or in&eriorit* I /i:>t still >"ve &eltI it li(er"ted /e &ro/ t>e &eelin: o& (ein: over9>el/ed (* t>e -o9er "nd see/in:l* invinci(ilit* o& t>e 9>ite /"n . . .S. P"ndel" is t>4s@ in >is o9n e*es@ no9 &4ll* /"t4red. His sel&?"ssertion is s>o9n l"ter 9>en >e st"nds 4- to " r4de cross? ex"/in"tion (* " -olice o&&icer@ " re"ction 9>ic> did not i/-ress t>e tr"dition"l "4t>orities in >is >o/e "re" 9>o/ >e is tr*in: to convince to re)ect 3"nt4 54t>orities
A#sol$te &acficism is im&ossi#le Po>"ndes Ja (hi@ "s F4oted in C>e !"ci&ist Conscience@ ed. (* !eter P"*er@ 1#::@ 214
I do (elieve t>"t@ 9>ere t>ere is onl* " c>oice (et9een co9"rdice "nd violence@ I 9o4ld "dvise violence. C>4s 9>en /* eldest son "sked /e 9>"t >e s>o4ld >"ve done@ >"d >e (een -resent 9>en I 9"s "l/ost &"t"ll* "ss"4lted in 1#$8@ 9>et>er >e s>o4ld >"ve n/ "9"* "nd seen /e killed or 9>et>er >e s>o4ld >"ve 4sed >is ->*sic"l &orce 9>ic> >e co4ld "nd 9"nted to 4se@ "nd de&ended /e@ I told >i/ t>"t it 9"s >is d4t* to de&end /e even (* 4sin: violence. Hence it 9"s t>"t I took -"rt in t>e 3oer +"r@ t>e so c"lled Y4l4 re(ellion "nd t>e l"te +"r. Hence "lso do I "dvoc"te tr"inin: in "r/s &or t>ose 9>o (elieve in t>e /et>od o& violence. I 9o4ld r"t>er >"ve Indi" resort to "i/s in order to de&end >er >ono4r t>"n t>"t s>e s>o4ld in " co9"rdl* /"nner (eco/e or re/"in " >el-less 9itness to >er o9n dis>ono4r.
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
4e m$st a(o&t a i tri sic form of &acifismKa#sol$te &acifism 7$stifies &assivit' i the face of atrocio$s acts li/e ra&e or !e oci(e ,o(ert L. Ahilli&s@ -ro&essor o& ->iloso->*@ +"r "nd <4stice@ 1#<3@ -. 1$1?2
Let 4s l"(el t>is -osition Lintrinsic"lis/M "nd contr"st it 9it> 9>"t I s>"ll c"ll Lt"ctic"lM -"ci&is/. %o/eone 9>o (elieves t>"t it is /or"ll* -er/issi(le to 4se &orce to resist or -revent violence /i:>t "do-t t>e -"ci&ist st"nce "s " -4rel* t"ctic"l /"tter. He /i:>t )4d:e t>"t -"ci&is/ is likel* to (e t>e (est /e"ns o& (rin:in: "(o4t -e"ce. C>is co4ld >"--en in "t le"st t9o 9"*s. It /i:>t (e t>o4:>t t>"t -"ci&is/ is t>e "--ro-ri"te res-onse (ec"4se o& -ec4li"r >istoric"l circ4/st"nces. C>4s@ Indi" in 1#46 "nd t>e Bnited %t"tes in t>e 1#6$s co4ld (e seen "s -l"ces 9>ere nonviolent resist"nce 9o4ld (e "n "--ro-ri"te t"ctic. In (ot> o& t>ose -l"ces t>e r4le o& l"9 o(t"ined to t>e de:ree t>"t t>e -en"lties &or s4c> diso(edience 9ere rel"tivel* /ild@ "nd t>ere 9"s " c>"nce t>"t s4c> t"ctics /i:>t s4cceed. Ho9ever@ t>e s"/e -erson co4ld 9ell decide t>"t -"ci&is/ 9"s not o(li:"tor* in N"2i 7er/"n* or %t"linist ,4ssi". %o/eone /i:>t "lso "do-t t"ctic"l -"ci&is/ ("sed 4-on " )4d:/ent "(o4t t>e "ct4"l -ossi(ilit* o& 4sin: &orce )4stl* in t>e /odern er". +>ile "d/ittin: t>e t>eoretic"l -ossi(ilit* o& )4sti&ied &orce@ it /"* (e t>o4:>t t>"t "s lon: "s cert"in sorts o& 9e"-ons "re ret"ined@ or "s lon: "s terror is o&&ici"ll* s"nctioned@ t>en " )4sti&ied 9"r si/-l* c"nnot (e &o4:>t. 3ot> o& t>ese versions o& t"ctic"l -"ci&is/ "re co/-"ti(le 9it> (ell4/ )4st4/I indeed@ t>e* "re ent"iled (* t>"t doctrine. Neit>er /"kes "n " -riori co//it/ent to t>e -osition t>"t t>e 4se o& &orce 9ill "l9"*s@ 4nder "ll conceiv"(le circ4/st"nces@ (e 9ron:. C>e (e>"vior o& t>e t"ctic"l -"ci&ist /"* (e indistin:4is>"(le &ro/ t>"t o& t>e intrinsic"list on /"n* occ"sions@ (4t t>e &or/er le"ves o-en t>e F4estion o& 9>et>er &orce is )4sti&ied in " :iven circ4/st"nce@ "nd t>is /"rks "n i/-ort"nt /or"l di&&erence. C>4s@ intrinsic"lis/ is t>e onl* version o& -"ci&is/ 9>ic> c"n (e descri(ed "s " /or"l -osition o--osed to (ell4rn )4st4/. In N"rvesonEs 9ords@ LCo >old t>e -"ci&ist -osition "s " :en4ine@ &4ll?(looded /or"l -rinci-le is to >old t>"t no(od* >"s " ri:>t to &i:>t ("ck 9>en "tt"cked@ t>"t &i:>tin: ("ck is in>erentl* evil@ "s s4c>. It /e"ns 9e "re /ist"ken in s4--osin: 9e >"ve " ri:>t o& sel&?-rotection.
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
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NONVIOLENCE KRITIK
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