Stage/Age

Freuds
(psychodynamics)

Ericksons
(psychosocial)

Sullivans
(interpersonal)

Piagets
(cognitive)

0-2 SENSORIMOTOR
REFLEXIVE
IMITATIVE REPETITIVE
BEHAVIOR
SENSE OF OBJECT
PERMANENCE AND SELF
SEPARATE FROM ENVT.
TRIAL AND ERROR
RESULTS IN PROBLEM
SOLVING

Infancy
Birth - 18
mos.

Oral
Oral
- child deals anxiety
by gratification of
oral needs (mouth)

Trust vs
Mistrust

NEED FOR
SECURITY-INFANT
LEARNS TO RELY
ON OTHERS TO
GRATIFY NEEDS
AND SATISFY
WISHES, DEVELOPS
A SENSE OF BASIC
TRUST, SECURITY
AND SELF WORTH
WHEN THIS OCCURS

Toddler
18 mos 3
years

Anal
- toddler learns
muscle control
- bowels: holding
on or letting go
- Negativism and
toilet training age

Autonomy vs
shame

CHILD LEARNS TO
COMMUNICATE
NEEDS THROUGH
USE OF WORDS
AND ACCEPTANCE
OF DELAYED
GRATIFICATION
AND
INTERFERENCE OF
WISH
FULFILLMENT

Preschool
3 6 years

Phallic
-

Initiative vs
guilt

DEVELOPMENT OF
BODY IMAGE AND
SELF-PERCEPTION
ORGANIZES AND
USES EXPERIENCES
IN TERMS OF
APPROVAL AND
DISAPPROVAL
RECEIVED
BEGINS USING
SELCTIVE
INATTENTION AND
DISASSOCIATES

2-7Y PREOPERATIONAL
SELF-CENTERED,
EGOCENTRIC
CANNOT
CONCEPTUALIZE
OTHERS VIEW
ANIMISTIC THINKING
IMAGINARY PLAYMATE
SYMBOLIC MENTAL
REPRESENTATION
CREATIVITY
2-4 PRE-CONCEPTUAL
(PRE-LOGICAL)
4-7 INTUITIVE
(UNDERSTANDING OF
ROLES)

Kohlberg s
(moralthinking/decision)
PRECONVENTIONAL
(0-6)
PUNISHMENT AND
OBEDIENCE
OBEDIENCE TO
RULES TO AVOID
PUNISHMENT

Havighursts
(Developmental
Tasks0
Baby to early
childhood
Right from
wrong and
Conscience

Late childhood
Physical
skills,wholesom
e attitude,social
roles
Conscience
morality and
values
Fundamental
skills in
academics
Personal
independence

THOSE
EXPERIENCES
THAT CAUSE
PHYSICAL OR
EMOTIONAL
DISCOMFORT AND
PAIN
School Age
6 12 years

Industry vs
inferiority

THE PERIOD OF
712Y CONCRETE
LEARNING TO
OPERATIONAL
FORM SATISFYING LOGICAL CONCRETE
RELATIONSHIPS
THOUGHT
WITH PEERS-USES INDUCTIVE RESAONING
COMPETITION,COM (SPECIFIC TO GENERAL)
PROMISE AND
CAN RELATE ,PROBLEM
COOPERATION
SOLVING ABILITY
THE PREREASONING AND SELFADOLESCENT
REGULATION
LEARNS TO RELATE
TO PEERS OF THE
SAME SEX

CONVENTIONAL ( 612 )
MUTUAL
INTERPERSONAL
EXPECTATIONS,RE
LATIONSHIPS AND
CONFORMITY
SOCIAL SYSTEM
AND CONSCIENCE
MAINTENANCE
BEING GOOD IS
IMPORTANT SELF
RESPECT OR
CONSCIENCE

Adolescence
12 18 years

Identity vs
role
differentiation

LEARNS
PMOST CONVENTIONAL
INDEPENDENCE
(12 18 Y)
AND HOW TO
PRIOR RIGHT OR SOCIAL
ESTABLISH
CONTRACT
SATISFACTORY
UNIVERSAL ETHICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
PRINCIPLE
WITH MEMBERS OF ABIDE FOR COMMON GOOD
THE OPPOSITE SEX RATIONAL PERSONVALIDITY OF PRINCIPLESAND BECOME COMMITTED
TO THEM
INNER CONTROL OF
BEHAVIOR
UNDERSTANDING THE
EQUALITY OF HUMAN
RIGHTS AND DIGNITY OF
HUMAN BEINGS AS
INDIVIDUALS

12-ABOVE FORMAL
OPERATIONAL
THOUGHT
Abstract thinking
Separation of fantasy
and fact
Reality oriented
Deductive reasoning
Apply scientific method

Adolescence
Sexual social
roles
Relationships
Independence
and ideology

Young Adult
18 to 25 years

Intimacy vs
isolation

BECOMES
ECONOMICALLY,
INTELLECTUALLY
AND
EMOTIONALLY
SELF SUFICIENT

Early adulthood
Career
Selecting a
mate
Finding Civic
or social
responsibility

Middle
Adult
25 55 years

Generativity
vs stagnation

LEARNS TO BE
INTERDEPENDENT
AND ASSUMES
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR OTHERS

Middle age
Achieving
Civic or social
responsibility
Adjusting to
changes
Satisfactory
career
performance
Adjusting to
aging parents
Adjusting to
parental roles

Older Adult
55 years to
death ( also
senescence )

Integrity
despair

DEVELOPS AN
ACCEPTANCE OF
RESPONSIBILITY
FOR WHAT LIFE IS
AND WAS AND OF
ITS PLACE IN THE
FLOW OF HISTORY

Old age
Adjusting to
changes
Establishing
satisfactory
living
arrangements
and affiliations

vs.