Period 3 Aisha, Shuen Shuen HChmHydrateLab Link to googledoc: https://docs.google.com/a/hkis.edu.

hk/document/d/1T3UKptsizX_HXGoCNPlG-WFqNxbx5oYNK_MeBn-PdY/edit Pre-lab Problem Cobalt (II) Chloride is a hydrated crystal in its solid form. In the lab, you want to determine the formula of this hydrated compound (ie. How many water molecules attach to a formula unit of CoCl2? CoCl2 X H2O?) In the lab, you find the mass of the test-tube to be 12.443g, and the mass of the compound and the test-tube to be 17.122g. After heating and mixing multiple times to drive off the water, you find the mass of the ionic compound (also known as the anhydrous compound) and the test-tube to be 14.992g. The hydrated compounds is always a 1: X ratio. Write a balanced equation: CoCl2 X H2O Materials: - bunsen burner - tongs - crucible - iron ring - ring stand - scale Create a data table to organize the data: Table 1: Masses of salt and crucible before and after heating Data: Mass of Cobalt (II) Chloride in crucible Mass of crucible Mass 20.56g 18.07g

Mass of hydrated Cobalt (II) Chloride Mass of Cobalt (II) Chloride after heating in crucible Mass of Cobalt (II) Chloride after heating Observations: After heating it up, the blue salt became white.

2.49g 19.63g 1.09g

What is the mass of the ionic compound without water (also called the anhydrous compound)? How many moles is this? Mass of Crucible with hydrated salt=20.56g Mass of Crucible with dehydrated salt=19.63g Mass of Crucible= 18.07g Mass of dehydrated salt=1.56g What is the mass of the water heated away? How many moles is this? Mass of dehydrated salt=1.56g Mass of hydrated salt=2.49g Mass of water heated away=0.93g What is the mole ratio of the ionic compound to the water? H2O moles = (21.01)+(16.00)=18.02 CoCl2 moles = (58.93)+(435.45)=200.73 200.73 moles of CoCl2 to 18.02 moles of H2O What is the formula of the reactant hydrate compound? CoCl2 What is the name of this compound? Cobalt (II) Chloride Part 2: Lab You will be given a hydrated compound by your teacher, however the number of water molecules in the hydrated compound is missing from the label. Your job is to determine the formula of the hydrated compound by determining the number of water molecules that attach to a formula unit. Then state the formula of the hydrated compound and name this compound. Outline your procedure: 1. Measure mass of empty crucible 2. Add no more than 4 grams of hydrated compound (CuSO4) into crucible 3. Measure mass of crucible and hydrated compound (CuSO4) 4. Heat up the hydrated compound in the crucible and write down observations 5. After the hydrated compound has been heated up, measure the new mass of the compound Calculations: H2O moles = 18.02g/mol CuSO4 moles = (63.55)+(32.07)+(416)=159.62g/mol 1 mole of hydrated salt = 177.64g/mol Mass of hydrated salt = 2.49g (x/2.49g)(18.02g/177.64g)=177.64x=44.8698 x=0.252588 18.02/0.252588=71.2414= 71 molecules of H2O in the salt (1.09g/159.62g)6.0210^23=4.11110^23 molecules of CuSO4

- Show all work of how to determine the formula of the hydrated compound. CuSO45H2O+Heat=CuSO4+5H2O - Research the correct answer online (make sure to include the reference of where you found it. http://www.scienceforums.net/topic/18579-calcuations-hydrated-copper-ii-sulfate/ - Determine the % error of your lab for the X For H2O: ((5-71)/5)100%=1320% error For CuSO4: (1-4.11110^21)100%=4.11110^23% error 2.Answer the following discussion questions with your group members. Assign questions to each group member. Following the answer , put your authors and editors names in parentheses. (eg Question 1: Full sentence format is used.. (author: Susan Day, Editor: Johnny Chan and Morgan Freeman) Discussion Questions: Make sure to address the following questions in your discussion section: Would the error cause your ratio to increase or decrease? 1. What was the actual ratio you obtained (with all significant digits)? What was your rounded ratio to whole numbers? Is your actual ratio higher or lower than the rounded ratio? Research what the actual ratio should be. Is your answer too high or too low? What is the percent error? The actual ratio that we obtained was 71 molecules of H2O to 4.11110^23 molecules of CuSO4. Rounded to whole numbers, this is 71 molecules of H2O to 4.10^23 molecules of CuSO4. Our actual ratio is higher than the rounded ratio. The actual ratio should be five molecules of water to one molecule of copper sulfate. Our answer is way too high. The percent error for the water was 1320% error and the percent error for the CuSO4 was 4.11110^23% error. 2. How would your ratio change if you did not dehydrate the compound fully? If we didnt dehydrate the compound fully, then there wouldnt be enough of the CuSO4 and there would be too much of the H2O. This would be because not all of the H2O would have left the salt so there still would have been some in there. This would have decreased the amount of CuSO4 that we thought was in there. 3. Suppose some of the compound fell out of the test tube before heating but after massing. How would that change your ratio? This would change the ratio because then we would think that there would be more of the substance then there actually was. This would cause an error in our answer because then the ratio would be smaller than what it actually was because we would think that more water evaporated then it actually did so there would be more water to compound in our final ratio.

4. How would your ratio change if the test tube was wet when the hydrated compound was added to it at the beginning of the experiment? This would change the ratio because then there would be more water that was evaporated than there was if there hadnt been any water in the test tube. We would then think that more water had been evaporated so our ratio would be off because there would be too much water in our ratio. 5. How would your ratio relate to another groups who used the same compound, if you used 2.0 grams and they used 2.5grams? If we used different amounts of the same compound, the ratio would be different because they would get a higher ratio. That is because there would be more of the molecules in their ratio so it would be bigger. 6. Suggest what might happen if you left the anhydrous compound to sit overnight before weighing it for your data? This would change the ratio because then, some of the water would evaporate overnight. This would cause there to be less water in our ratio then there was actually supposed to be. This would cause the ratio in our final answer to be wrong. 7. If you could improve this lab, what you do differently and why? Discuss at least three feasible improvements and why with reference to the other discussion questions and errors. (Note: relate this to #1 and the answers for the other questions). One way this lab could have been improved was if we had left the copper sulfate over the heat source for a longer amount of time. This could have improved the lab because then there might have still been Another improvement could have been if we had measured a certain amount of CuSO4 because then, this would have made the calculations easier so that there would have been less opportunity to mess up during the calculations. A final improvement would be to have made sure that the crucible was dry when we put the salt in. This would have improved our lab because then we would have gotten a more accurate result on how much water was evaporated. Conclusion Statement: Write a one to two sentence statement to conclude what you did in your lab, what was your actual and how did it compare to your theoretical. We measured the amount of water in CuSO4, and then did calculations to see how many molecules of each were in the solution. For our lab, we got 71 molecules of H2O to 4.11110^23 molecules of CuSO4 but the actual ratio is 5 molecules of water to 1 molecule of CuSO4.