Sequoia Restoration Plan PDF

Appendix D:
Restoration Plan

Appendlx u: 8esLoraLlon lan
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION PLANNING FOR THE RESTORATION
OF THE
MARIPOSA GROVE OF GIANT SEQUOIAS
DIVISION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE
YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK
WrlLLen by
Monlca 8uhler and Sue 8eaLLy
8evlewed by
!udl Weaser
u2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Ceneral pracLlces.................................................................................................................u10
Wlldllfe ................................................................................................................................u10
Soll condlLlons .....................................................................................................................u12
Surface Lopography.............................................................................................................u12
SlLe preparaLlon...................................................................................................................u13
8evegeLaLlon .......................................................................................................................u13
Canopy gaps ........................................................................................................................u14
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Fire ...................................................................................................................................... D-15
Hydrology ........................................................................................................................... D-16
Wetlands............................................................................................................................. D-18
Infrastructure ...................................................................................................................... D-19
1he Crove 8oad and CulverLs..............................................................................................u20
8emoval/8educLlon of upper Loop 8oad ...........................................................................u20
8emoval of ClfL Shop and arklng areas.............................................................................u21
1ralls ....................................................................................................................................u22
uLlllLles ................................................................................................................................u22
Historic Dumps ................................................................................................................... D-23
Visitor Use........................................................................................................................... D-24
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Data Gaps ........................................................................................................................... D-26
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INTRODUCTION
1hls reporL presenLs an ecologlcal resLoraLlon plan Lo supporL Lhe 8esLoraLlon of Lhe Marlposa
Crove of ClanL Sequolas lan and LnvlronmenLal lmpacL SLaLemenL (Marlposa Crove lan). lL
provldes a descrlpLlon of slLes recommended for ecologlcal resLoraLlon ln Lhe Marlposa Crove
area, lncorporaLlng Lhe mosL recenL naLural resource condlLlon assessmenLs and analyses of
Lhe Crove. 1hls reporL also addresses culLural resources, Amerlcan lndlan consulLaLlons and
park lnfrasLrucLure and operaLlons. We also presenL besL managemenL pracLlces and general
guldellnes for ecologlcal resLoraLlon and pro[ecL lmplemenLaLlon ln Lhe Marlposa Crove.
Several sLudles frequenLly clLed ln Lhls documenL provlde basellne lnformaLlon on hydrology,
vegeLaLlon, wlldllfe, vlslLor use and culLural resources LhaL dlrecL ecologlcal resLoraLlon efforLs
and prlorlLles. kuhn (2011) compleLed a landscape and populaLlon analysls of Lhe glanL
sequolas ln Lhe Marlposa Crove, provldlng quanLlLaLlve and quallLaLlve lnformaLlon abouL Lhe
dlsLrlbuLlon and age class of all glanL sequolas occurrlng ln Lhe grove. kuhn and 8oche (2011)
assessed hydrologlc condlLlons ln Lhe grove and ldenLlfled polnL source and landscape level
concerns, along wlLh proposed mlLlgaLlons. 8uhler (2011) assessed currenL vegeLaLlon
condlLlons and dlsLrlbuLlon ln Lhe grove, flre hlsLory and oLher vegeLaLlon managemenL.
Colwell (2010) compleLed a comprehenslve planL survey LhaL ldenLlfled Lhe occurrence and
dlsLrlbuLlon of senslLlve planL specles and nonnaLlve planLs, and complled a planL llsL for Lhe
area. 8epaLh (2011) compleLed a weLland dellneaLlon Lo ldenLlfy Lhe spaLlal dlsLrlbuLlon and
condlLlon of weLlands ln Lhe Marlposa Crove. llnally, SLock (2011) assessed wlldllfe
populaLlons occurrlng ln Lhe Marlposa Crove, focuslng on speclal sLaLus specles. A culLural
resource summary compleLed by 8ane (2011) provldes lnformaLlon on culLural resources ln Lhe
grove, boLh hlsLorlc and prehlsLorlc. 1hese sLudles help managers propose resource based and
lnformed recommendaLlons on Lhe mosL effecLlve ecologlcal resLoraLlon of Lhe Marlposa
Crove.
Many of Lhe proposed ecologlcal resLoraLlon guldellnes and acLlons are based on Lhe
experlence and success of Lhe ClanL loresL resLoraLlon ln Sequola and klngs Canyon naLlonal
arks. 1hls provldes us wlLh confldence LhaL recommended resLoraLlon Lools and meLhods are
llkely Lo succeed.
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ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION PLANNING FOR THE RESTORATION
OF THE MARIPOSA GROVE OF GIANT SEQUOIAS
By Monica Buhler and Sue Beatty
THE MARIPOSA GROVE OF GIANT SEQUOIAS
1he Marlposa Crove of ClanL Sequolas ls one of Lhe mosL slgnlflcanL naLural and culLural
resources ln ?osemlLe naLlonal ark. ln 1864, Congress passed a blll granLlng Lhe ?osemlLe
valley and Lhe Marlposa Crove of 8lg 1rees Lo Lhe SLaLe of Callfornla. resldenL Llncoln slgned
Lhls lnnovaLlve law, whlch requlred Callfornla Lo manage Lhls new park for publlc use, resorL,
and recreaLlon." roLecLlon of Lhe grove was cruclal ln Lhls Llme perlod as logglng of oLher
glanL sequola groves was ongolng. 1here are Lhree groves of glanL sequolas ln ?osemlLe
naLlonal ark: Lhe Marlposa Crove, Merced Crove, and 1uolumne Crove. 1he Marlposa Crove
ls Lhe largesL, conLalnlng 86 of Lhe park's mapped adulL glanL sequolas and esLlmaLed Lo
recelve more Lhan one mllllon vlslLors annually.
Cver Lhe years, pollcles and programs almed aL proLecLlng glanL sequola ln Lhe naLlonal parks
and foresLs of Lhe Slerra nevada, lncludlng ?osemlLe, have evolved from Lhe proLecLlon of
lndlvldual Lrees Lo Lhe preservaLlon of enLlre groves. undersLandlng of Lhe glanL sequola llfe
cycle and ecology ls sLlll evolvlng buL several key polnLs are lmporLanL Lo conslder for effecLlve
resLoraLlon and managemenL. (?ork eL al. ln press).
ClanL sequolas are relaLlvely rare and only occur ln dls[uncL groves on Lhe wesLern
slope of Lhe Slerra nevada, numberlng 63 Lo 73 (dependlng on wheLher ad[acenL
groves are lumped or spllL) coverlng approxlmaLely 14,600 ha.
uesplLe Lhe dlfflculLy of uslng glanL sequola wood, loggers cuL 34 of Lhe orlglnal
sequola acreage beLween 1836 and Lhe mld1930s.
1rees may llve as long as 3,200 years
asL shlfLs ln Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of glanL sequola groves are LhoughL Lo be drlven by
changes ln cllmaLe. 1oday's dlsLrlbuLlon appears Lo be consLralned by cold
LemperaLures aL upper elevaLlons and lnsufflclenL waLer aL lower elevaLlons.
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ClanL sequolas Lyplcally occur ln mlxed conlfer foresLs and may be Lhe domlnanL
specles ln Lerms of basal area, buL are relaLlvely uncommon ln Lerms of denslLy of
lndlvlduals.
1rees have several adapLaLlons Lo flre (e.g. Lhlck and nonreslnous bark, seroLlnous
cones, scorchreslsLanL follage, eplcormlc sprouLlng).
lLs llfe hlsLory sLraLegy ls a comblnaLlon of ploneer (l.e. llghL seeds, rapld posL
dlsLurbance colonlzaLlon, rapld growLh) and laLeseral specles (longevlLy, large slze)
sLraLegles. lL ls perhaps besL classlfled as a longllved ploneer, ldeal for
regeneraLlng, recrulLlng, and perslsLlng wlLhln Lhe conLexL of a low and moderaLe
severlLy flre reglme.
ClanL sequola germlnaLlon, esLabllshmenL and perslsLence are largely drlven by flre and
hydrology, and boLh of Lhese processes are profoundly alLered ln Lhe Marlposa Crove. ClanL
sequolas are exLraordlnary records of flre hlsLory because of Lhelr reslsLance Lo roL, ablllLy Lo
heal qulckly from flre damage and exLreme longevlLy. SweLnam eL al. (1990) reconsLrucLed a
1,438 year long flre hlsLory of Lhe Marlposa Crove and found LhaL frequency of flres ranged
from annually (alLhough very paLchy), Lo Lhe longesL flrefree perlod of 13 years, wlLh an
average range of every 38 (6.3) years. llre suppresslon pollcy beglnnlng ln Lhe laLe 1800's led
Lo an approxlmaLely 100 year flrefree perlod, unLll prescrlbed burnlng began ln 1971. 1he
absence of flre along wlLh 40 years of prescrlbed burnlng has shaped currenL foresL sLrucLure
ln and around Lhe grove, as well as Lhe currenL number and dlsLrlbuLlon of younger glanL
sequolas. ClanL sequola populaLlons only occur where hydrologlc condlLlons provlde ample
surface and subsurface waLer Lo malnLaln molsL, buL noL saLuraLed, solls (8undel 1962). 8ecenL
assessmenLs of hydrologlc condlLlons ln Lhe Crove lndlcaLe LhaL currenL lnfrasLrucLure has
alLered surface flow, waLer sLorage and soll condlLlons ln Lhe Marlposa Crove, whlch ls llkely Lo
affecL Lhe exlsLlng and fuLure populaLlon of glanL sequolas. 1he ecologlcal resLoraLlon of flre
and hydrology should be Lhe cenLral focus Lo ensure success.
THE NEED FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
ClanL sequola groves are slLes of excepLlonal ecologlcal lmporLance and are Lherefore prlorlLles
for ecologlcal resLoraLlon. Whlle Lhe area of Lhe Marlposa Crove ls small (less Lhan 900 acres)
over 20 of wlldllfe and planL specles occurrlng ln ?osemlLe naLlonal ark occur ln or uLlllze
Lhe grove. 1hls reporL descrlbes poLenLlal ecologlcal resLoraLlon acLlons for currenLly lmpacLed
areas ln Lhe Marlposa Crove area, lncludlng developed areas LhaL requlre resLoraLlon lf
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lnfrasLrucLure ls moved or removed, as well as undeveloped areas LhaL have dlrecLly or
lndlrecLly been alLered by human acLlvlLles.
Lcologlcal resLoraLlon ls Lhe process of asslsLlng Lhe recovery of an ecosysLem LhaL has been
degraded, damaged or desLroyed and ls an lnLenLlonal acLlvlLy LhaL lnlLlaLes or acceleraLes Lhe
recovery of an ecosysLem wlLh respecL Lo lLs healLh, lnLegrlLy and susLalnablllLy (SL8 2004).
When preservlng and resLorlng any ecosysLem we ofLen focus on reference condlLlons LhaL
descrlbe a range of ecosysLem condlLlons (l.e. sLrucLure, composlLlon and funcLlon) occurrlng
ln a deflned area for a parLlcular Llme perlod prlor Lo LuroAmerlcan seLLlemenL (SLephenson
1999). 1hls ls problemaLlc when so many unknowns seem Lo overwhelm Lhe knowledge we do
have. Powever, we do have an exLenslve knowledge base LhaL allows us Lo draw lnformed
concluslons abouL condlLlons and Lrends and can make recommendaLlons Lo lmprove
condlLlons. 1he mosL successful ecologlcal resLoraLlon focuses on key processes (parLlcularly
flre and hydrology), and how Lo resLore Lhelr funcLlon and Lo maxlmlze Lhe reslllence and
reslsLance of an ecosysLem (SLephenson 1999, WhlsenanL 1999).
1hrough ecologlcal resLoraLlon ln Lhe Marlposa Crove, we sLrlve Lo resLore and malnLaln
naLural processes, prlmarlly flre and hydrology, whlch susLaln Lhe glanL sequola ecosysLem and
provlde condlLlons ldeal for Lhe perpeLuaLlon of naLlve flora and fauna. Lcologlcal resLoraLlon
ls also needed Lo resLore naLural condlLlons lf lnfrasLrucLure ls removed, updaLed, or relocaLed.
lmporLanL culLural resources are numerous ln Lhe Marlposa Crove area, lncludlng Lhe adulL
glanL sequolas Lhemselves and Lhe followlng programmaLlc guldance and collaboraLlon wlLh
culLural resource sLaff wlll ensure proLecLlon durlng ecologlcal resLoraLlon lmplemenLaLlon.
Archeologlcal slLes are fraglle, nonrenewable resources and conLaln lmporLanL lnformaLlon
poLenLlal abouL pasL llfe ways and represenL Langlble herlLage resources for parkassoclaLed
Amerlcan lndlan peoples, as well as Lhe vlslLlng publlc. Where archeologlcal slLes are sub[ecL Lo
ongolng lmpacLs Lhrough soclal Lralls or vlslLor use, Lhese areas wlll be carefully assessed for
sLablllzaLlon needs. Soclal Lralls wlll be removed and vlslLor use ln Lhese areas wlll be
dlscouraged, uslng Lechnlques LhaL reLaln Lhe daLa poLenLlal of Lhe resource whlle encouraglng
naLlve vegeLaLlon esLabllshmenL and perslsLence. Where ecologlcal resLoraLlon acLlons have
Lhe poLenLlal Lo affecL culLural resources, Lhe acLlons wlll be deslgned Lo avold lmpacLs
wherever feaslble. lf avoldance ls noL posslble, archeologlcal slLe LreaLmenLs such as conLrolled
LesLlng, and daLa recovery excavaLlons where necessary, wlll be employed Lo reduce Lhe level
of lmpacL and Lhereby avold adverse effecLs. All LreaLmenLs for preconLacL archeologlcal slLes
wlll lnvolve close consulLaLlon wlLh parkassoclaLed Amerlcan lndlan Lrlbes and groups Lo
ensure Lhese LreaLmenLs lncorporaLe naLlve concerns, lssues and perspecLlves.
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1hls plan ldenLlfles boLh passlve and acLlve ecologlcal resLoraLlon acLlons Lo resLore naLural
sLrucLure and processes as well as proLecLlng culLural resources. asslve resLoraLlon acLlons
may lnclude fenclng and slgnlng senslLlve areas, whlch wlll halL human lmpacLs and allow
naLural processes Lo repalr damage. AcLlve resLoraLlon acLlons lnclude removlng lnfrasLrucLure
(roads, asphalL, and underground uLlllLy llnes), soll decompacLlon, revegeLaLlon, prescrlbed
burnlng, removlng hydrologlc lmpedlmenLs and removal of formal and lnformal Lralls ouL of
senslLlve areas. 1hese acLlons wlll acceleraLe ecosysLem recovery and promoLe Lhe healLh and
longevlLy of Lhe glanL sequola populaLlon.
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
1he longLerm preservaLlon of glanL sequolas ls dependenL on mlLlgaLlng and mlnlmlzlng Lhe
lnfluences of human acLlvlLles. ln Lhe pasL 40 years, managers across Lhe Slerra nevada have
soughL Lo remove lnfrasLrucLure (such as Lhe large resLoraLlon pro[ecL ln Lhe ClanL loresL of
Sequola naLlonal ark) and Lo resLore Lhe flre reglme and hydrologlc connecLlvlLy Lo glanL
sequola groves. 1hls ecosysLem approach ls cenLered on Lhree key managemenL goals (llrLo
and 8ogers 1999):
roLecL naLurally occurrlng groves from human lmpacLs (e.g. lnfrasLrucLure, logglng)
and dlsLurbances ouLslde a naLural range of varlablllLy (l.e. sLand replaclng flre).
reserve Lhe groves by allowlng and promoLlng naLural ecosysLem processes Lo
prevall
AcLlvely resLore lmpalred ecosysLem funcLlons, parLlcularly flre and hydrology
1he overarchlng goal of ecologlcal resLoraLlon ln Lhe Marlposa Crove ls Lo promoLe glanL
sequola germlnaLlon and esLabllshmenL and ensure Lhe perslsLence and longevlLy of Lhe glanL
sequola populaLlon. ln order Lo achleve Lhls goal, a comblnaLlon of resLoraLlon acLlons wlll
provlde Lhe besL avenue for achlevlng Lhe followlng ecologlcal resLoraLlon ob[ecLlves:
roLecL, malnLaln and enhance envlronmenLal condlLlons and ecosysLem funcLlon
requlred Lo susLaln Lhe populaLlon of glanL sequolas
Lnsure germlnaLlon and recrulLmenL Lhrough frequenL surface flres
CreaLe and malnLaln canopy gaps Lo faclllLaLe glanL sequola germlnaLlon and
recrulLmenL
ConducL prescrlbed burnlng ouLslde of Lhe Marlposa Crove Lo reduce Lhe rlsk of
a caLasLrophlc flre orlglnaLlng ouLslde of Lhe grove
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roLecL lndlvldual Lrees and seedllng hablLaL from sLrucLural damage susLalned
by roads, Lralls, uLlllLles and vlslLor Lrampllng
roLecL, malnLaln and resLore naLural hydrologlc funcLlon ln Lhe Marlposa Crove of
ClanL Sequolas
8emove or modlfy lnfrasLrucLure LhaL lmpacLs sheeL flow hydrology
Where roads and Lralls remaln, remove lnslde dlLches, ouLslope cuLbank areas
and replace or lnsLall culverLs Lo faclllLaLe surface flow
roLecL and resLore weLlands
8esLore areas lmpacLed by Lhe removal, alLeraLlon or relocaLlon of lnfrasLrucLure Lo
naLural condlLlons
MalnLaln and manage sLrucLure and composlLlon of naLlve vegeLaLlon wlLhln Lhe range
of naLural varlablllLy and so LhaL lf funcLlons dynamlcally ln a longLerm Llme frame (30
100 years)
ConLlnue prescrlbed burnlng and modlfy as needed Lo reach LargeL foresL
condlLlons
Mlnlmlze hazard Lree removal Lo reLaln large snags for wlldllfe hablLaL
ConLlnue lnvaslve planL removal ln and around Lhe grove
8y removlng lnfrasLrucLure from groves, proLecLlng Lhe rooLs of glanL sequolas from Lhe
lmpacLs of roads, Lralls, and fooL Lrafflc, removlng lmpedlmenLs Lo naLural surface and
subsurface waLer flow, and resLorlng a naLural flre reglme (augmenLed by prescrlbed flre as
necessary), we can effecLlvely preserve, proLecL, and resLore Lhese unlque ecosysLems.
ManagemenL musL also focus on undersLandlng and managlng for Lhe effecLs of anLhropogenlc
facLors such as alr polluLlon and greenhouse gas drlven cllmaLlc change.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESOURCE PROTECTION
ZONES
MulLlple acLlons wlll be Laken across all alLernaLlves Lo proLecL and resLore ecologlcal processes
and Lhe glanL sequola populaLlon. ln order Lo mlnlmlze lmpacLs Lo naLural and culLural
resources when lmplemenLlng pro[ecL acLlons, several mlLlgaLlons and besL managemenL
pracLlces Lo ensure proLecLlon of resources ln Lhe grove durlng pro[ecL lmplemenLaLlon are
llsLed below. Many of Lhese guldellnes are based on Lhe successful ecologlcal resLoraLlon
pro[ecL ln ClanL loresL, Sequola naLlonal ark (uSul 1993).
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!"#"$%& '$%()* ("+
LlmlL fuLure lmpacLs ln Lhe naLural and culLural resource proLecLlon zones: 300 feeL
from weLlands or sLreams, 30 feeL from rare planL populaLlons and 200 feeL from adulL
glanL sequolas, 100 feeL from [uvenlle and 30 feeL from seedllngs and sapllngs and
wlldllfe buffers. CurrenL acLlons wlll occur ln Lhese zones Lo accompllsh ecologlcal
resLoraLlon goals.
All equlpmenL used ln Lhe grove should have a low compacLlon facLor and may lnclude
excavaLor, dozer, backhoe, loader, skld sLeer and dump Lruck.
Lnsure LhaL local lmpacL does noL degrade Lhe surroundlng area, speclflcally glanL
sequola, weLland, or rlparlan ecosysLems or any prlmary ecologlcal processes, by
llmlLlng slze and developmenL of sLaglng and consLrucLlon areas
Mlnlmlze any lmpacLs Lo glanL sequolas lncludlng Lhe bole, rooLs, rooL zone and
seedllng hablLaL
Mlnlmlze lmpacLs Lo hydrology and reduce eroslon poLenLlal
Mlnlmlze lmpacLs Lo weLlands and processes (hydrology) LhaL susLaln Lhem
Mlnlmlze lmpacLs Lo wlldllfe by monlLorlng and arranglng (l.e. modlfy Llme of day,
season eLc.) consLrucLlon or malnLenance acLlvlLles
Lnsure LhaL any soll used from ouLslde of Lhe Crove ls checked for paLhogens (e.g. rooL
roL) Lo llmlL Lhe spread of Lree dlseases
Lnsure LhaL all equlpmenL and maLerlals are weed seed free
roLecL rare or senslLlve planL and anlmal specles from dlrecL and lndlrecL lmpacL
roLecL resLoraLlon areas from furLher lmpacLs wlLh fenclng or approprlaLe deLerrenLs
LsLabllsh vegeLaLlon monlLorlng ploLs (boLh quallLaLlve and quanLlLaLlve) and phoLo
documenL pro[ecL lmplemenLaLlon and resulLs
,* &-&* ."
8ased on all avallable anecdoLal and sclenLlflc evldence, 78 amphlblan, repLlle, mammal, and
blrd specles occur ln Lhe Marlposa Crove and SouLh LnLrance pro[ecL areas. Cf Lhese 78
specles, 13 are speclal sLaLus specles, lncludlng 7 blrd specles (norLhern goshawk, golden eagle,
peregrlne falcon, bald eagle, greaL gray owl, Callfornla spoLLed owl, and ollveslded flycaLcher)
and 6 mammal specles (pallld baL, spoLLed baL, wesLern red baL, wesLern masLlff baL, Slerra
nevada mounLaln beaver, and aclflc flsher).
Snags are an essenLlal hablLaL elemenL for Lhe ma[orlLy of speclal sLaLus specles documenLed
uslng Lhe Marlposa Crove. 8emoval of snags may lndlrecLly resulL ln decreased raLes of
reproducLlon and lncreased raLes of morLallLy for flsher (uSuA loresL Servlce 2001) and spoLLed
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owls use cavlLles ln snags for nesLlng and ralslng young. 1he followlng managemenL
recommendaLlons proLecL key hablLaL feaLures for flsher, baLs, and owls.
Mlnlmlze hazard Lree removal and proLecL and resLore vegeLaLlon and wlldllfe hablLaL
8eLaln and recrulL large dlameLer snags (lreel 1991, 8usklrk and owell 1994)
and large dlameLer (greaLer Lhan 24" dbh) llve conlfer and oak Lrees wlLh
decadence such as broken Lops or cavlLles (lreel 1991).
8eLaln and recrulL large woody debrls, lncludlng large dlameLer (aL leasL 13 ln
dbh by 13 fL long) down logs (lreel 1991, 8usklrk and owell 1994) and
complex sLrucLure near Lhe ground (e.g., down logs, large down branches,
rooL masses, llve branches) (8usklrk and owell 1994).
lf hazard Lree removal cannoL be avolded
8emove snags only under consulLaLlon wlLh Lhe park blologlsL and park
foresLer.
rlor Lo removal, a wlldllfe blologlsL wlll examlne any Lrees and snags for
nesLlng, dennlng, or roosLlng wlldllfe
Avold dlsLurblng basal hollows (creaLed by repeaLed flres), deep bark furrows, and
cavlLles and crevlces of Lree crowns lmporLanL for baLs and oLher wlldllfe (lerson eL al.
2006).
llSPL8: ark blologlsLs wlll conLlnue Lo work closely wlLh flsher researchers worklng ln
and around Lhe park Lo esLabllsh wheLher flsher are acLlvely foraglng or dennlng near
Lhe pro[ecL area, and may seL addlLlonal proLecLlon measures as deemed necessary, Lo
avold dlsLurbance durlng consLrucLlon or resLoraLlonrelaLed acLlvlLles.
CWLS: ConducL surveys ln Lhe sprlng (beglnnlng March 13) Lo deLermlne lf spoLLed owls
are nesLlng and foraglng ln Lhe vlclnlLy of Lhe consLrucLlon/resLoraLlon area. lf owls are
presenL, consLrucLlon pro[ecL manager should work wlLh blologlsL Lo deLermlne
approprlaLe measures Lo avold dlsLurbance, such as no consLrucLlon acLlvlLles beLween
30 mlnuLes before dusk and afLer dawn, and a 400 meLer buffer of no dlsLurbance (llghL
or nolse) around nesL Lrees from March 13 Lhrough AugusL 31.
8A1S: lf a pro[ecL LargeLs any Lrees for removal durlng Lhe wlnLer, a blologlsL should
survey for roosLlng baLs ln Lhe precedlng fall (SepLember and CcLober). lf Lhe blologlsL
suspecLs hlbernaLlon ln a Lree, do noL remove LhaL Lree unLll mldAprll Lo mldMay. lf a
pro[ecL LargeLs any Lrees for removal durlng Lhe summer, a blologlsL should survey for
roosLlng baLs wlLhln oneweek prlor Lo removal Lo deLermlne lf a baL maLernal colony
occurs ln Lhe Lree.
u11

WlLuLllL uSL: ln consLrucLlon zones, carnlvore cameras, owl and blrd surveys, and baL
acousLlc surveys wlll be lnsLalled as needed Lo lnform proper mlLlgaLlon acLlons LhaL
would reduce lmpacLs Lo wlldllfe.
+/* & (/#-* )* /#+
Where solls are heavlly compacLed and are covered wlLh asphalL, soll condlLlons may be such
LhaL reesLabllshmenL of vegeLaLlon ls unllkely wlLhouL furLher LreaLmenL. uemeLry (1997)
found LhaL soll lmpacLs mosL frequenLly observed ln ClanL loresL were soll compacLlon, loss of
organlc maLLer, Lopsoll eroslon and loss or alLeraLlon of naLural soll sLrucLure. Soll compacLlon
was hlghesL under pavemenL (uemeLry 1997).
Soll condlLlons ln resLoraLlon areas of Lhe Marlposa Crove wlll be LesLed for compacLlon,
LexLure and chemlcal properLles such as organlc maLLer conLenL and nlLrogen, and
amendmenLs or LreaLmenL wlll be applled accordlngly. LlsLed below ls a range of soll
LreaLmenLs avallable Lo lmprove Lhe poLenLlal for planL esLabllshmenL, parLlcularly glanL
sequolas.
Measure depLh of compacLlon wlLh a peneLromeLer and decompacL Lo LhaL depLh
(Lyplcally 610 lnches), (uemeLry 1997)
uecompacL solls by hand or wlLh heavy equlpmenL (dozer or skld sLeer wlLh rlppers)
under moderaLely molsL condlLlons (may requlre 1 week of lrrlgaLlon lf work ls
compleLed ln laLe summer or fall)
Avold large rooLs durlng decompacLlon, a roLoLlller or hand decompacLlon may be
more approprlaLe ln Lhese areas
Add locally gaLhered duff Lo provlde seeds and organlc maLLer
lf avallable, add local naLlve soll and Lopsoll
lf deLermlned LhaL soll condlLlons are noL conduclve Lo planL reesLabllshmenL,
amendmenLs such as peaL moss, kelp or oLher naLural ferLlllzers may be used.
1o provlde nuLrlenLs Lo Lhe soll, open up cones on adulL glanL sequloas and prepare
a seedbed, woody debrls may be scaLLered and burned over Lhe area. lf woody
debrls ls noL avallable for burnlng, fuel may be burned aL a slngle locaLlon and Lhe
ashes mlxed lnLo Lhe Lopsoll of Lhe resLoralLon area
+0$.%(" )/'/!$%'12
uependlng on Lhe degree of alLeraLlon ln landform, a varleLy of reconLourlng and Lopography
resLoraLlon acLlons may be lmplemenLed and are llsLed below:
u12

8egrade wlLh exlsLlng soll: Where exLenslve reconLourlng Lo naLural Lopography ls
requlred (e.g. road cuLs) we wlll aLLempL Lo accompllsh Lhls Lhrough rebalanclng cuL
and flll.
llll: Where addlLlonal maLerlal ls needed, solls of Lhe same Lype from Lhe Marlposa
Crove area ls preferable buL may need Lo be lmporLed from SouLh LnLrance or oLher
nearby locaLlons
1opsoll reLenLlon: Wherever removal or compacLlon Lo Lopsoll wlll occur, Lhe Lop 12
lnches of soll wlll be salvaged, sLockplled and replaced on Lhe surface. 1o preserve
mlcroblal communlLles and llmlL eroslon and Lhe esLabllshmenL of weeds, all soll plles
wlll be mulched or covered wlLh eroslon blankeLs
llnal grade wlll be uneven Lo provlde mlcrohablLaL for seed germlnaLlon and
esLabllshmenL
+* )" '$"'%$%)* /#
AfLer decompacLlng solls, parLlcularly on sloped areas, poLenLlal for eroslon can be hlgh.
lollowlng ls a llsL of avallable eroslon conLrol measures.
uuff: Locally gaLhered llLLer and woody debrls wlll be spread over dlsLurbed areas for
eroslon conLrol as well as provlde a source of seeds and organlc maLLer.
8lce sLraw: lf sufflclenL quanLlLles of duff are noL avallable, rlce sLraw mulch (relaLlvely
lnerL and noL a source of nonnaLlve seeds) may be used.
Lroslon conLrol blankeLs and/or waLLles: Lroslon conLrol blankeLs and/or waLLles wlll
only be used on sLeep slopes (3:1 or greaLer) and ln unproLecLed dralnages. CoconuL
flber or rlce sLraw wlll be used.
SLones, boulders, llmbs and logs: ln con[uncLlon wlLh any oLher eroslon conLrol
meLhods, Lhese maLerlals (gaLhered from ad[acenL areas) may be placed on Lhe
surface Lo provlde mlcrocllmaLe for planLs and slow waLer flow.
$"3"!")%)* /#
1here ls a range of acLlons avallable Lo revegeLaLe an area wlLh naLlve planLs and a
comblnaLlon wlll provlde Lhe mosL successful resLoraLlon. lor any revegeLaLlon acLlvlLles wlLhln
Lhe grove, only locally gaLhered planL maLerlal wlll be used Lo reLaln geneLlc lnLegrlLy.
naLural regeneraLlon! 8ely on naLural regeneraLlon from ad[acenL seed sources and
duff
Seed collecLlon, seed lncrease and dlrecL seedlng: lanL Lhe area wlLh local naLlve
seed. lL may noL be pracLlcal Lo collecL enough seed for dlrecL seedlng of Lhe acreage
u13

lnvolved. lncreaslng seed can provlde necessary quanLlLles. 1hls process requlres Lhree
years.
Seed or cuLLlng collecLlon and nursery propagaLlon: Local naLlve seeds and cuLLlngs are
gaLhered and planLed ln a nursery seLLlng Lo provlde esLabllshed planLs for planLlng ln
resLoraLlon areas. lanLs are placed ln a way Lo mlmlc naLural dlsLrlbuLlon - noL
landscaplng. 1hls requlres 13 years.
lanL salvage and LransplanLlng: ln cases where planLs may be damaged or desLroyed
when lnfrasLrucLure ls removed, repalred or relocaLed, planLs can be salvaged and
replanLed when Lhe area ls reconLoured Lo more naLural condlLlons, or ln an ad[acenL
resLoraLlon slLe. Salvaged planLs wlll be sLored on slLe and proLecLed wlLh shade cloLh
and lrrlgaLed as necessary.
ClanL sequolas: nearly all resLoraLlon slLes lle wlLhln Lhe seed raln area of adulL glanL
sequolas so Lhe need for propagaLlng glanL sequolas ln a nursery seLLlng and planLlng
Lhese Lrees ls noL llkely Lo be necessary for germlnaLlon and recrulLmenL. 8aLher, slLes
wlll be prepared Lo faclllLaLe germlnaLlon lncludlng burnlng woody debrls Lo provlde
nuLrlenLs and a heaL source Lo open cones on Lhe Lrees. lf seed dlspersal does noL
occur (e.g. adequaLe heaL ls noL creaLed), some hand spreadlng of locally collecLed
glanL sequola seeds may occur.
(%#/'2 !%'+
Canopy gaps are lnLegral Lo successful glanL sequola recrulLmenL. 1he ClanL loresL 8esLoraLlon
ro[ecL focused on creaLlng and malnLalnlng gaps as parL of Lhe resLoraLlon because accordlng
Lo Lhelr assessmenLs of exlsLlng recrulLmenL and gaps, nelLher was adequaLe. Powever, based
on our assessmenL of Lhe glanL sequola populaLlon ln Lhe Marlposa Crove, we found LhaL many
gaps exlsL ln Lhe Marlposa Crove and recrulLmenL ls relaLlvely hlgh when compared Lo oLher
groves (kuhn 2011). 8ased on Lhls assessmenL, we wlll conLlnue Lo rely on flre Lo creaLe and
malnLaln Lhese canopy gaps and caplLallze on Lhe gaps creaLed by exlsLlng lnfrasLrucLure (e.g.
parklng areas) as areas for glanL sequola recrulLmenL.
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION ACTIONS COMMON TO ALL
Several resLoraLlon acLlons common Lo all acLlon alLernaLlves provlde an avenue lnLo resLorlng
processes and some sLrucLural componenLs Lo glanL sequola ecosysLem. 1hese acLlons are
organlzed by Loplc below.
u14

rescrlbed burnlng and lnvaslve planL removal are boLh ongolng acLlvlLles occurrlng ln Lhe
grove and wlll conLlnue. lnvaslve planL removal wlll follow Lhe guldellnes of Lhe lnvaslve lanL
ManagemenL lan. rescrlbed burnlng for resource beneflLs wlll follow Lhe llre ManagemenL
lan buL prlorlLlzlng burnlng ouLslde of Lhe grove ls key for effecLlve resLoraLlon. ManagemenL
of Lhe scenlc values of Lhe grove wlll be managed followlng Lhe 2010 Scenlc vlsLa ManagemenL
lan.
"#$%
lrequenL surface flres produce opLlmum condlLlons for glanL sequola reproducLlon and
perslsLence by: 1. removlng Lhlck layers of dead and downed woody debrls, 2. provldlng
nuLrlenLs Lo Lhe acLlve seed by exposlng bare mlneral soll wlLh a Lhln layer of ash, 3.
malnLalnlng an open canopy and creaLlng canopy gaps LhaL provlde sunllghL exposure and
reduce compeLlLlon, and, 4. heaLlng Lhe cones causlng a release of large numbers of seeds
(uSul 2004). rlor Lo flre suppresslon pollcy, frequenL flres regularly consumed accumulaLed
woody debrls, a crlLlcal role ln nuLrlenL cycllng, and burned smaller Lrees, malnLalnlng a more
open foresL and ofLen creaLlng canopy gaps from pockeLs of hlgher lnLenslLy flre (ParLesveldL
and Parvey 1967, Parvey eL al. 1980). 1hese canopy openlngs are requlred for successful
regeneraLlon of shade lnLoleranL specles such as glanL sequola (ParLesveldL and Parvey 1967,
Parvey eL al. 1980). ln Lhe absence of frequenL flre, lncreased denslLy of shadeLoleranL conlfers
(prlmarlly whlLe flr and lncense cedar) coupled wlLh unprecedenLed levels of accumulaLed fuels
leave Lhese foresLs suscepLlble Lo sLand replaclng flres (WebsLer and Palpern 2010).
Whlle summarlzed ploL daLa for Lhe Marlposa Crove are noL sLaLlsLlcally concluslve, Lrends
lndlcaLe LhaL prescrlbed flre ls very effecLlve aL reduclng denslLy of Lrees less Lhan 30 lnches ln
dlameLer whlle causlng llmlLed morLallLy ln Lrees larger Lhan 30 lnches ln dlameLer. Powever,
specles composlLlon daLa lndlcaLe a proporLlonal lncrease ln whlLe flr, lncludlng larger Lrees,
whlle plne (sugar and ponderosa) ls decreaslng. 1hls decllne ln large Lrees ls occurrlng aL a
landscape level ln ?osemlLe naLlonal ark as well as across Lhe Slerra nevada range (LuLz eL al.
2009).
AlLhough we may be approachlng LargeL foresL sLrucLural condlLlons (ln Lerms of denslLy) 456758
Lhe boundarles of Lhe Marlposa Crove, all foresLs surroundlng Lhe grove have noL burned ln
over 100 years and are far ouLslde LargeL condlLlons, leavlng Lhe grove vulnerable Lo hlgh
lnLenslLy flres orlglnaLlng ouLslde of Lhe grove. We are uncerLaln lf currenL burnlng ls sufflclenL
Lo lnfluence Lhe reslllence or llkellhood LhaL Lhe glanL sequola grove wlll wlLhsLand a large,
landscape wlldflre. 8urnlng and/or fuel LreaLmenLs around Lhe Marlposa Crove are essenLlal Lo
proLecL Lhls lmporLanL hablLaL and should be aL Lhe forefronL of our ob[ecLlves for resLoraLlon.
u13

ln conLlnulng Lo manage flre ln and around Lhe Marlposa Crove, lL ls lmporLanL Lo conslder Lhe
dynamlc naLure of flre as well as vegeLaLlon response and Lo emphaslze LhaL varlaLlon ln flre
frequency, slze and lnLenslLy, as well as looklng aL a landscape level, ls key for resLorlng and
malnLalnlng Lhe glanL sequolas ln Lhe Marlposa Crove.
lollowlng ls a llsL of proposed acLlons Lo resLore and malnLaln flre as a prlmary dlsLurbance
process.
ConducL prescrlbed flre (ad[usLlng season, lnLenslLy and frequency) Lo reach LargeL
condlLlons ouLllned ln Lhe ?osemlLe llre ManagemenL lan focuslng on heLerogenelLy
lncrease slze of burn unlLs Lo mlnlmlze hazard Lree cuLLlng and lmpacLs from
llne consLrucLlon
CreaLe and malnLaln canopy gaps Lo faclllLaLe glanL sequola and plne
recrulLmenL
ConLlnue Lo monlLor foresL sLrucLure and modlfy flre prescrlpLlon Lo promoLe
plne and glanL sequola germlnaLlon and esLabllshmenL
MalnLaln a mosalc foresL sLrucLure LhaL provldes some dense canopy ln Lhe
vlclnlLy of large Lrees for aclflc flsher hablLaL (8usklrk and owell 1994) buL
also opens up foresL canopy and reduces Lhe chance of large scale sLand
replaclng flre.
8eLaln foresL sLrucLure wlLh mulLllayered vegeLaLlon (verLlcal wlLhlnsLand
dlverslLy), (lreel 1991).
ConducL prescrlbed flres or fuel LreaLmenLs ouLslde of grove and around Lhe SouLh
LnLrance (requlres collaboraLlon wlLh uSlS) wlLhln flve years of lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe
Marlposa Crove 8esLoraLlon lan Lo reduce Lhe rlsk of caLasLrophlc flre orlglnaLlng
ouLslde of Lhe grove. 1hls ls a prlorlLy for ?osemlLe's rescrlbed llre rogram. 8aLher
Lhan resLrlcL LreaLmenL Lo a parLlcular area buffer, focus on Lhe landscape level ls
essenLlal Lo proLecL Lhe Marlposa Crove and any lnvesLmenL lnLo resLoraLlon.
&'($)*)+'
As wlLh mosL glanL sequola groves, lndepLh hydrologlc sLudles ln Lhe Marlposa Crove are
lacklng. 1hus, we are unable Lo quanLlfy changes Lo hydrologlc condlLlons ln Lhe Crove and are
llmlLed Lo Lhe assessmenL of currenL condlLlons ln relaLlon Lo lnferences on llkely condlLlons ln
Lhe pasL and from hydrologlc sLudles ln oLher glanL sequola groves.
LxlsLlng sLudles ln glanL sequola ecosysLems suggesL LhaL opLlmal hydrologlc condlLlons lnclude
adequaLe sollmolsLure for recrulLmenL of successlve glanL sequola cohorLs (8undel 1972), seed
u16

germlnaLlon (WeaLherspoon 1986), and seedllng survlval and growLh (ParLesveldL and Parvey
1967). Anderson (1993) quallfled LhaL avallable waLer was Lopographlcally drlven, and glanL
sequolas poslLloned ln Lopographlc lows would be less llkely Lo experlence droughL sLress due
Lo surface and shallow soll waLer lnpuLs from caLchmenL hlllslopes. ?ork eL al. (ln press)
descrlbed LhaL changes ln cllmaLlc waLer deflclL-waLer balance and droughL sLress-may be as
lmporLanL as alLered flre reglmes on glanL sequola ecosysLems.
Pydrologlc alLeraLlons ln Lhe Marlposa Crove lnclude surface flow lmpacLs, channellzaLlon, soll
compacLlon, and hardened surfaces. ChannellzaLlon of surface runoff wlLhln Lhe Crove
acceleraLes dralnage and reduces Lhe volume and Llmlng of waLer avallable for lnfllLraLlon, soll
molsLure, and subsequenL upLake by glanL sequolas. ln addlLlon, Lhe channellzed flow can
LransporL chemlcal polluLanLs dlrecLly Lo aquaLlc ecosysLems. Soll compacLlon affecLs hydrologlc
condlLlons of Lhe unsaLuraLed zone by alLerlng soll sLrucLure, aL boLh Lhe surface and wlLhln Lhe
soll proflle. Slmllar Lo Lhe presence of hardscape feaLures wlLhln Lhe Crove, compacLlon of Lhe
soll surface reduces lnfllLraLlon raLes and Lhereby augmenLs surface runoff. Surface compacLlon
lnhlblLs successful seed germlnaLlon of glanL sequola seedllngs (ParLesveldL eL al. 1973,
uemeLry 1997), and can alLer soll sLrucLure and assoclaLed poroslLy. 1hus, soll compacLlon may
affecL Lhe susLalnablllLy of Lhe Crove by llmlLlng waLer lnfllLraLlon, seed germlnaLlon, and rooL
developmenL of glanL sequola.
1he lower porLlon of Lhe maln 8aLLlesnake Creek channel (roughly 0.3 mlles upsLream from Lhe
brldge crosslng aL Lhe lower Crove parklng area Lo Lhe waLershed ouLleL) ls noLably enLrenched.
As Lhere ls noL a deflned headcuL, Lhe source of Lhls anomaly remalns undeLermlned. Powever,
boLh Lhe ouLer loop Lrall and Lhe waLer supply plpellne do cross Lhls channel roughly 200 feeL
downsLream from Lhe upper exLenL of Lhe enLrenched channel. Slgns of recovery (sLreambank
and floodplaln formaLlon) were observed buL raLes of sedlmenL accreLlon are llkely low and
reconnecLlons wlLh Lhe floodplaln wlll llkely Lake decades.
laclllLaLe surface waLer lnfllLraLlon lnLo soll subsurface horlzons
8educe soll compacLlon wlLhln Lhe grove waLershed, and especlally wlLhln Lhe
rooLlng zone of all exlsLlng glanL sequola Lrees and ln areas of llkely recrulLmenL
(l.e., foresL canopy gaps)
8emove or redeslgn roadways and Lrall sysLems such LhaL Lhey are ouLsloped
ellmlnaLlng Lhe need for culverLs and dralnage dlLches.
Mulch denuded areas Lo reduce eroslon poLenLlal and lncrease waLer holdlng
capaclLy
lnvesLlgaLe 8aLLlesnake Creek channel enLrenchmenL and replace or repalr Lrall
crosslng or oLher lmpedlmenLs Lo flow (may lnclude a brldge)
u17

,%-*./(0
1he Marlposa Crove and lLs weLlands are noL only unlque because of Lhe presence of glanL
sequolas buL also because of Lhe greaL dlverslLy of hablLaLs, planLs and wlldllfe. WeLlands ln Lhe
Crove form an almosL conLlnuous, dendrlLlc neLwork and make up a slgnlflcanL porLlon (12.3)
of Lhe waLershed. 1hese weLlands provlde lmporLanL hydrologlc supporL for Lhe Merced
WaLershed. Pydrologlc funcLlons provlded by such weLlands lnclude aqulfer recharge, sLorm
runoff abaLemenL, sedlmenL reLenLlon, prevenLlon of eroslon Lhrough sLreambank sLablllzaLlon,
and sLream/rlver LemperaLure moderaLlon.
Marlposa Crove weLlands have very hlgh bloLlc funcLlons and values. 1hls area conLalns a rlch
mosalc of old growLh foresL (wlLh Lrees of all age classes, sLandlng snags and large downed
Lrees), sLreams and weLlands. 1hese hablLaLs supporL a greaL varleLy of planL and wlldllfe
specles, lncludlng a number of speclal sLaLus specles. Area weLlands have hlgh naLlve planL
producLlvlLy, cover, and dlverslLy. ln addlLlon, several fens, whlch have a llmlLed dlsLrlbuLlon ln
Lhe Slerra nevada, are presenL.
Cverlaylng Lhe poslLlon of glanL sequolas ln Lhe Crove wlLh dellneaLed weLlands, roughly 82 of
glanL sequolas are locaLed wlLhln 200 feeL of dellneaLed weLlands (kuhn 2011). 1hls supporLs
concluslons by Palpln (1993) on Lhe lmporLance of Lopographlc flow accumulaLlon, and furLher
slgnlfles Lhe lmporLance of soll waLer avallablllLy wlLhln Lhe rooLlng zone for glanL sequola.
8oughly 0.42 mlles of paved road surfaces are locaLed wlLhln weLlands, as deLermlned by
spaLlal overlay Lhe of weLland exLenL on Lhe road neLwork wlLhln Lhe Crove area. ln Lhese
locaLlons, Lhe compacLed road prlsms may lnfluence weLland funcLlon wlLhln Lhe Crove,
lorman and Alexander (1998) reporLed Lhe hydroperlod (l.e., Lhe Llmlng and exLenL of
lnundaLed and saLuraLed condlLlons) of weLland hablLaLs ls ampllfled on upslope slde of Lhe
road and depressed downslope slde. ln oLher locaLlons along Lhe Crove 8oad, emergenL
weLland communlLles have formed ln dralnage dlLches aL Lhe base of road cuLslopes. WeLland
formaLlon ln Lhese areas ls mosL llkely due Lo Lhe lnLercepLlon of shallow percolaLlng soll waLer
by Lhe compacLed road prlsm and assoclaLed cuLslopes (Wemple 1998).
ln cases where roads, lnfrasLrucLure or Lralls are removed and opporLunlLles for weLland
resLoraLlon exlsL Lhe followlng resLoraLlon acLlon are proposed:
8econLour Lo faclllLaLe sheeL flow, hlgh groundwaLer levels and weLland planL
esLabllshmenL
Seed or planL wlLh local naLlve weLland planL specles
u18

Lnsure LhaL naLural hydrologlc condlLlons are presenL Lo susLaln weLland hydrology
8educe eroslon poLenLlal
8efer Lo ad[acenL weLlands for planL specles, funcLlons and values
revenL and remove lnvaslve planL specles (speclflcally velveL grass)
lnsLall fenclng or oLher deLerrenLs Lo decrease human lmpacLs
#/"$.0-$12-1$%
AlLhough lnfrasLrucLure ln Lhe Marlposa Crove Loday ls slgnlflcanLly dlfferenL from Lhe pasL, lL
sLlll has profound lmpacLs Lo ecosysLem funcLlons. CurrenLly, Lhere are [usL over Len mlles (16.1
km) of Lrall and 3.21 mlles (8.4km) of paved roads (lncludes grove road, road Lo Wawona olnL
and Lhe old road from Crlzzly ClanL Loward CoaL Meadow) LhaL provlde many access polnLs ln
Lhe Marlposa Crove. ln addlLlon, Lhe parklng area and shuLLle/Lram Lransfer areas cover
approxlmaLely Lhree acres ln Lhe lower porLlon of Lhe grove. 8ulldlngs ln Lhe grove lnclude Lhe
museum, resLrooms wlLh flush LolleLs and a plL LolleL ln Lhe upper grove, a cell Lower, repeaLer,
and generaLors aL Wawona olnL, a vaulL LolleL aL Lhe Crlzzly ClanL, and a baLhroom, glfL shop
and fuellng sLaLlon ln Lhe lower grove. uLlllLles Lo supporL Lhls lnfrasLrucLure lnclude a waLer
llne, sewer llnes from Lhe upper grove resLrooms, a waLer Lank ln Lhe mlddle grove and a
generaLor near Lhe glfL shop. lL ls also llkely LhaL many abandoned uLlllLy llnes LhaL once
supporLed Lhe hoLel and LenL cablns ln Lhe upper grove remaln. 1he lmpacLs from consLrucLlon
and use of roads, parklng loLs, Lralls, bulldlngs, sewer sysLems, and waLer llnes can have small Lo
large lmpacLs on Lrees and may Lake years, decades, or cenLurles Lo poLenLlally lead Lo Lree
morLallLy. 1hese lmpacLs may weaken Lrees and conLrlbuLe Lo Lree deaLh and fallure by
lnLroduclng rooL roL, compacLlng soll, depleLlng organlc maLLer, and lncreaslng soll eroslon
(ParLesveldL 1962, uemeLry 1997). 1he Marlposa Crove lan ouLllnes several common Lo all
acLlons LhaL wlll allow for some ecologlcal resLoraLlon and are descrlbed below.
1he grove road and parklng area has Lhe mosL profound lmpacL on glanL sequolas and oLher
naLural resources ln Lhe Marlposa Crove. SlxLy elghL percenL of adulL glanL sequolas are wlLhln
an esLlmaLed adulL rooLlng zone dlsLance (200 feeL or 61meLers) of Lhe grove road (kuhn 2011).
ulrecL observaLlons such as cuL rooLs, dlsLurbed and compacLed solls, bole damage, and alLered
hydrology ad[acenL Lo Lhe road lead Lo Lhe concluslon LhaL roads are llkely havlng a negaLlve
lmpacL on glanL sequolas. ln addlLlon, lnadequaLe culverLs, road cuLs, and Lhe lmpervlous road
surface alLer surface waLer flow and connecLlvely Lo subsurface waLer (LnLrlx 2007). 1he road
causes fragmenLaLlon of weLlands and many planL communlLles (lncludlng glanL sequola foresL)
ln numerous places and ellmlnaLes poLenLlal glanL sequola seedllng hablLaL.
u19

)1" !$/3" $/%- %#- (0&3"$)+
LnLrlx (2007) dellneaLed and assessed Lhe exlsLlng road dralnage neLwork and reporLed
condlLlons for slxLyLhree culverLs wlLhln Lhe dralnage area of Lhe Crove. 1he funcLlon of Lhe
ma[orlLy of Lhese culverLs (41 of 63 observed culverLs, or 63) was elLher dlmlnlshed or
compromlsed enLlrely due Lo lnadequaLe capaclLy, lncorrecL orlenLaLlon, or by Lhe accumulaLlon
of sedlmenL and debrls (LnLrlx 2007). ln addlLlon, runoff from an area LoLallng 88.3 acres,
roughly 12 percenL of Lhe Crove dralnage area, ls lnLercepLed and rerouLed ouL of Lhe of Lhe
Crove dralnage area, and ls no longer avallable for upLake by glanL sequola Lrees.
ln order Lo lmprove Lhe hydrologlc condlLlons, addlLlonal, larger and beLLerplaced culverLs
could mlLlgaLe many of Lhe observed lmpacLs. Cnce culverLs are enhanced and replaced, work
Lo resLore Lhe conLours ad[acenL Lo exlsLlng culverLs would help reduce Lhe lmpacLs and
llkellhood of furLher downcuLLlng, channellng and pondlng. 1he surface, wldLh and oLher
componenLs of Lhe road wlll vary beLween alLernaLlves buL culverL replacemenL and
lmprovemenLs are common Lo all. 1o mlLlgaLe Lhe road and culverL lmpacLs on hydrology Lhe
followlng resLoraLlon acLlons are proposed:
lnsLall larger (wlder), aL grade, beLLer placed, addlLlonal culverLs Lo faclllLaLe sheeL flow
raLher Lhan channellzed flow
8emove lnslde dlLches and ouLslope hlllslde above Lhe road Lo faclllLaLe sheeL flow
narrow road
llll ln dlLches assoclaLed wlLh culverLs wlLh naLlve soll
Apply woody debrls, naLlve mulch, and planL maLerlal (wlllows uslng hydrodrllllng
Lechnlques) Lo dlverL and dlsperse runoff, reduce eroslon, promoLe deposlLlon and llmlL
scour
lf approprlaLe, place rocks Lo dlsperse ouLflow energy and prevenL downcuLLlng
8econLour slope and landform Lo naLural condlLlons where posslble Lo encourage sheeL
flow
8evegeLaLe wlLh naLlve specles (planL or seed) Lo slow waLer veloclLy, reduce eroslon
and encourage sheeL flow and sedlmenL deposlLlon
roLecL and documenL culLural resources
$"9/3%&:$"-0()* /# /. 0''"$ &//' $/%-
1he removal or reducLlon of Lhe norLh and wesL secLlons Lhe upper Crove Loop road wlll
reduce Lhe exLenL of lmpervlous surfaces, allow for reconLourlng Lopography Lo more naLural
condlLlons and provlde poLenLlal glanL sequola seedllng hablLaL. 1hls work would occur when
solls are molsL and waLer Lable ls lower, ln mldsummer Lo fall over a perlod of 12 weeks.
u20

lanLlng wlll occur ln Lhe fall and planLs wlll be waLered as needed. 1he followlng resLoraLlon
acLlons are recommended:
Salvage any soll or vegeLaLlon lmpacLed by asphalL or lnfrasLrucLure removal
8emove all asphalL and oLher nonnaLlve maLerlal
uecompacL solls wlLh equlpmenL (skld sLeer or dozer wlLh rlppers)
8econLour Lo naLural slope Lopography and esLabllsh narrow Lrall where lmpacLs Lo
hydrology are mlnlmal (excavaLor, dozer, skl sLeer, loader)
Amend solls based on soll assessmenLs
Mulch, seed and revegeLaLe lmpacLed area
lanL any salvaged planLs
CollecL and broadcasL local naLlve herbaceous seed
Crow ouL naLlve planLs sparsely planLed Lo mlmlc naLural vegeLaLlon (noL llke a
landscaped park)
waLer planLs as necessary
LsLabllsh vegeLaLlon monlLorlng ploLs and phoLopolnLs (quallLaLlve and quanLlLaLlve)
lnsLall groundwaLer monlLorlng wells Lo assess subsurface waLer levels
$"9/3%& /. !* .) +1/' %#- '%$;* #! %$"%+
1he removal and/or reducLlon of Lhe exLenL of Lhe parklng area and Lhe removal of Lhe glfL
shop and parklng area wlll reduce Lhe acreage of lmpervlous surfaces, allow for reconLourlng
Lopography Lo more naLural condlLlons and provlde poLenLlal glanL sequola seedllng hablLaL.
1hls work would occur when solls are molsL buL when waLer Lable ls lower, ln summer Lo fall
over a perlod of up Lo 12 weeks. lanLlng wlll occur ln Lhe fall and planLs wlll be waLered as
needed. 1he followlng resLoraLlon acLlons are recommended:
Salvage any soll or vegeLaLlon lmpacLed by lnfrasLrucLure removal
8emove all asphalL and oLher nonnaLlve maLerlal
8econLour Lo naLural slope Lopography
uecompacL solls wlLh equlpmenL
Amend solls based on soll assessmenLs
u21

Mulch, seed and revegeLaLe lmpacLed area
CollecL, lncrease and broadcasL local naLlve herbaceous seed
Crow ouL naLlve planLs and sparsely planL Lo mlmlc naLural vegeLaLlon (noL llke a
landscaped park)
WaLer planLs as necessary
LsLabllsh vegeLaLlon monlLorlng ploLs and phoLopolnLs (quallLaLlve and quanLlLaLlve)
TRAI LS
1ralls Lyplcally have less lmpacL Lhan roads alLhough many Lralls ln Lhe grove are wlde (up Lo 8
feeL) and do lmpacL hydrology, weLlands and glanL sequolas. ln addlLlon, Lhe hlgh concenLraLlon
of Lralls ln Lhe grove requlres malnLenance and hazard Lree managemenL (for safeLy as well as
prescrlbed flre), Lhus lmpacLlng a large porLlon of Lhe grove area. 1he currenL Lrall sysLem and
lack of barrlers around mosL adulL Lrees allows for exLenslve dlrecL human dlsLurbances
(lncludes soclal Lralls) Lo many glanL sequolas LhaL can have a number of negaLlve ecologlcal
lmpacLs. 1o mlLlgaLe Lrall lmpacLs or remove secLlons of Lrall and resLore Lo naLural condlLlons,
Lhe followlng acLlons are proposed:
8eplace Lwo secLlons of Lrall wlLh boardwalk Lo reduce lmpacLs Lo weLlands
CuLslope Lhe uphlll slde of Lralls and remove any lnslde dlLches or lmpedlmenLs Lo
hydrology
lnsLall fence, planLs or oLher barrlers where necessary Lo malnLaln mlnlmal Lrall wldLh
8emove remnanL asphalL on Lhe wesLern porLlon of Lhe CuLer Loop 1rall (ln wllderness)
8emove Lrall segmenLs (naLure Lrall, souLhern Lrall ln upper loop road area and
redundanL Lrall llnklng Lhe grove road and ouLer loop Lrall wesL of Lhe museum) and
resLore Lo naLural condlLlons. ln wllderness areas, Lhls work wlll be compleLed wlLh hand
Lools and ln nonwllderness areas, a skld sLeer or mlnl excavaLor may be used. 1hls work
would occur ln laLe summer or fall when condlLlons are dryer over 8 weeks.
8emove Lhe llnear feaLure by reconLourlng naLural slope Lopography
Mulch and seed wlLh local naLlve planL specles.
UTI LI TI ES
A plpellne from 8lledo Sprlng, locaLed ln Lhe ad[acenL 8alnler waLershed, provldes domesLlc
drlnklng waLer for Lhe Crove and SouLh LnLrance. LongLerm evaluaLlon of Lhe rellablllLy of Lhls
waLer supply ls needed lf augmenLed waLer demands are requlred Lo supporL addlLlonal
lnfrasLrucLure (l.e., converslon from vaulL Lo flush resLroom faclllLles) for Lhe Crove or Lhe SouLh
LnLrance SLaLlon.
u22

?osemlLe uLlllLles sLaff pressure LesLed Lhese llnes ln !anuary 2012 Lo deLermlne Lhe locaLlon
and volumes of waLer leaked from Lhe aged lnfrasLrucLure. lrom Lhls assessmenL, Lhe LoLal
plpellne loss was esLlmaLed aL 39,304 gallons per day (or 44.28 acrefeeL per year), all of Lhls
loss occurs wlLhln Lhe upper Crove area beLween Lhe uppermosL waLer Lank and Lhe Marlposa
1ree, and llkely percolaLes lnLo Lhe upper Crove weLland. An addlLlonal 3001300 gallons per
day (0.61.7 acrefeeL per year), dependlng upon level of use, leak lnLo Lhe weLland from waLer
percolaLlon Lhrough Lhe upper Crove leach fleld. Leaks reporLed by ParLesveldL (1962)
cenLered on Lhe uppermosL waLer Lank, and were repalred by prevlous malnLenance efforLs.
AlLhough Lhls large amounL of waLer llkely augmenLs groundwaLer levels and avallable waLer for
glanL sequolas ln Lhe area, Lhese longllved Lrees are unllkely Lo be adversely affecLed ln Lhe
long Lerm by Lhe repalr of Lhese leaks. Some young sapllng glanL sequolas esLabllshed on Lhe
waLer llne may be adversely affecLed wlLh Lhe repalr buL we do noL wanL Lo creaLe or malnLaln
unsusLalnable (arLlflclal) condlLlons for glanL sequolas for longLerm managemenL.
Sllpllne Lhe enLlre lengLh of Lhe plpe (4" CasL lron) wlLh a 2" PuL (plasLlc) plpe Lo repalr
Lhe leak and mlnlmlze surface lmpacLs. Where access Lo Lhe llne ls necessary, use
currenLly lmpacLed areas (e.g. roadbed) and avold glanL sequola rooLs or rare planL
populaLlons.
Crush, flll (slurry), or remove all abandoned underground uLlllLles
Salvage any soll or vegeLaLlon lmpacLed by repalr or removal
8econLour area Lo naLural landform
uecompacL, mulch, seed and revegeLaLe lmpacLed area
MonlLor glanL sequolas and weLland vegeLaLlon affecLed by Lhe currenL leak
&#0-)$#2 (1340
1here are a number of hlsLorlc dumpslLes LhroughouL Lhe Marlposa Crove. ln some cases,
evldence of Lhe dump ls apparenL on Lhe surface, whlch ls characLerlzed by compacLed solls,
absence of vegeLaLlon and scaLLered meLal and oLher debrls. uependlng on archeologlcal
slgnlflcance of Lhese slLes, some surface or subsurface debrls wlll be removed and Lhe area
resLored Lo more naLural condlLlons. 1o accompllsh Lhls, exLenslve documenLaLlon may be
requlred and we musL ensure LhaL no hazardous maLerlals, such as asbesLos, are presenL.
CulLural resource sLaff wlll recommend mlLlgaLlons Lo ensure proper documenLaLlon of Lhe slLe
prlor Lo any removal.
uocumenL culLural resources
Lnsure LhaL maLerlals are noL hazardous
u23

uependlng on culLural resource documenLaLlon, remove surface (posslbly
subsurface) debrls and any nonnaLlve maLerlal
8econLour area Lo naLural Lopography
uecompacL solls
Mulch, seed and/or planL Lhe area Lo faclllLaLe planL recovery
5#0#-)$ 10%
1rampllng by fooL Lrafflc and Lhe resulLlng soll compacLlon negaLlvely affecL Lhe shallow rooLs of
glanL sequolas (ParLesveldL 1962, ParLesveldL eL al. 1973). Soll compacLlon decreases soll
poroslLy (whlch affecLs rooL resplraLlon), decreases waLer sLorage, lncreases eroslon of Lopsoll
(loss of organlc maLLer and nuLrlenLs) and affecLs conLlnued rooL growLh (ParLesveldL 1962,
uemeLry and Manly 2001). A decrease ln rooL growLh as well as acLual physlcal damage Lo rooLs
decreases Lhe Lrees ablllLy Lo obLaln nuLrlenLs and waLer, exacerbaLed by decreases ln
mycorrhlzal fungl and beneflclal soll mlcroblal populaLlons unable Lo survlve ln compacLed solls
(uemeLry and Manly 2001). uamage Lo Lhe shallow rooL sysLem and assoclaLed reducLlons ln
nuLrlenL and waLer upLake can weaken boLh Lhe sLrucLure and healLh of Lhe Lree, maklng lL
more suscepLlble Lo oLher paLhogens or physlcal damage. lences, removlng lnfrasLrucLure and
rerouLlng Lralls and roads away from glanL sequola rooLs, has mlLlgaLed many of Lhese lmpacLs
buL ofLen can dlverL aLLenLlon Lo a prevlously undlsLurbed glanL sequola.
roLecL easlly accesslble glanL sequolas. Some Lrees may requlre fenclng. ln addlLlon,
raLher Lhan fence every Lree, wellplaced Lralls and lmproved educaLlon dellverlng a
conslsLenL message ls necessary for effecLlve proLecLlon of Lhe enLlre grove populaLlon.
MONITORING AND LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AND
MANAGEMENT
Lcologlcal resLoraLlon ls Lhe process of asslsLlng Lhe recovery of an ecosysLem LhaL has been
degraded, damaged, or desLroyed and ls Lyplcally very successful. Powever, successful
ecologlcal resLoraLlon should lnclude conLlnued proLecLlon and managemenL of Lhe pro[ecL slLe
lnLo Lhe lndeflnlLe fuLure (Clewell eL al. 2003). lrequenLly, ecologlcal resLoraLlon pro[ecLs are
noL funded for subsequenL managemenL LhaL may be requlred Lo prevenL recurrenL
degradaLlon of resLored ecosysLems. 1o ensure success and Lo faclllLaLe learnlng (someLlmes
u24

from mlsLakes), lL ls crlLlcal Lo lnclude monlLorlng and uLlllze adapLlve managemenL ln ecologlcal
resLoraLlon plannlng.
MonlLorlng can help Lo deLermlne Lhe efflcacy of Lhe resLoraLlon efforLs and provlde guldance
for fuLure resLoraLlon pro[ecLs ln slmllar envlronmenLs. MonlLorlng meLhods may lnclude
vegeLaLlon LransecLs, quadraLs or ocular esLlmaLlons, groundwaLer monlLorlng wells, and phoLo
polnL esLabllshmenL.
1he Marlposa Crove of ClanL Sequolas comprlses Lhe largesL grove of glanL sequolas ln
?osemlLe naLlonal park and ls a complex and dynamlc ecosysLem. Any alLeraLlons can effecL
cascadlng changes Lo Lhe complex physlcal, chemlcal and blologlcal lnLeracLlons and condlLlons.
MonlLorlng Lhe efflcacy of resLoraLlon efforLs and Lhe condlLlons sLemmlng from Lhose acLlons
can feed lnLo adapLlve managemenL and help avold unwanLed resulLs. Lcologlcal resLoraLlon ls
a longLerm process of lnlLlaLlng auLogenlc repalr buL when Lhe degree of degradaLlon ls hlgh,
furLher lnLervenLlon may be necessary. luLure ecologlcal resLoraLlon acLlons and monlLorlng
wlll also be gulded by ongolng and fuLure research as undersLandlng of Lhe causal facLors for
ecosysLem damage lncreases.
LongLerm monlLorlng coupled wlLh lnvesLlgaLlve research sLudles could faclllLaLe an lndepLh
undersLandlng of pasL and presenL hydrologlc condlLlons ln Lhe Crove and lnform managemenL
of poLenLlal approaches Lo enhance Lhe susLalnablllLy of Lhe Crove over Llme. Such efforLs are
especlally lmporLanL conslderlng poLenLlal envlronmenLal changes assoclaLed wlLh cllmaLe
change. 8esearch needs Lo enhance our undersLandlng and managemenL of glanL sequola
susLalnablllLy ln Lhe Crove, lnclude:
luLure monlLorlng of resLoraLlon acLlons wlll be dependenL on ark sLaff Lo secure fundlng
Lhrough proposal processes.
MalnLenance of resLoraLlon slLes ls also requlred Lo ensure planL recovery and successful glanL
sequola recrulLmenL. Ceneral managemenL and malnLenance recommendaLlons should follow
an ecosysLem approach cenLered on Lhe followlng.
Mlnlmlze anLhropogenlc dlsLurbance and lnfrasLrucLure near all glanL sequolas and
weLlands
MalnLaln naLural resource proLecLlon buffers for weLlands and sLreams, rare planL
populaLlons, glanL sequolas and wlldllfe
u23

laclllLaLe surface waLer lnfllLraLlon lnLo soll subsurface horlzons
Mlnlmlze hardscaplng wlLhln Lhe grove waLershed
Mlnlmlze soll compacLlon wlLhln Lhe grove waLershed, and especlally wlLhln Lhe
rooLlng zone of all exlsLlng glanL sequola Lrees and ln areas of llkely recrulLmenL
(l.e., foresL canopy gaps)
Mlnlmlze lnduced channellzaLlon of runoff.
Mlnlmlze vehlcular Lrafflc ln Lhe Crove
ConLlnue an acLlve prescrlbed flre program
MalnLaln, proLecL and enhance weLland exLenL and condlLlon
Mlnlmlze Lhe need for hazard Lree removal Lo proLecL and resLore vegeLaLlon and
wlldllfe hablLaL
ConLlnue nonnaLlve planL survey and LreaLmenL Lo conLrol lnfesLaLlons and llmlL spread
roLecL easlly accesslble glanL sequolas. 8aLher Lhan fence every Lree, wellplaced Lralls
and lmproved educaLlon dellverlng a conslsLenL message ls necessary for effecLlve
proLecLlon of Lhe enLlre grove populaLlon.
(.-. +.40
luLure sLudles needed Lo flll lnformaLlon gaps
CompleLe glanL sequola survey Lo map and measure all Lrees ln Lhe grove.
use daLa collecLed ln (1) Lo consLrucL a populaLlon model LhaL can be compared Lo
expecLed populaLlon sLrucLure
ConducL an analysls of flre hlsLory and glanL sequola morLallLy, survlval, and recrulLmenL
Lo more fully undersLand Lhe relaLlonshlps
Measure gap slze and dlsLrlbuLlon Lo deLermlne lf currenL flre lnLenslLy and paLLerns are
congruenL wlLh glanL sequola regeneraLlon and wlldllfe hablLaL requlremenLs
LongLerm monlLorlng and research Lo lncrease undersLandlng of Lhe waLer reglme ln
Lhe grove and Lo faclllLaLe managemenL acLlons Lo susLaln Lhe grove over Llme ln llghL of
changlng snow llne due Lo cllmaLe change.
u26

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lreel, M. 1991. A llLeraLure revlew for managemenL of Lhe marLen and flsher on naLlonal
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u27

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n!.
arsons, u. !. and P. 1. nlchols. 1986. ManagemenL of glanL sequola ln Lhe naLlonal arks of Lhe
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naLlonal ark, pro[ecL reporL prepared for 1he ?osemlLe lund, ?osemlLe, Callfornla.
llrLo, u. u. and 8. 8. 8ogers. 1999. An ecologlcal foundaLlon for managemenL of naLlonal
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