Musculoskeletal System Pathology

1.Age of Onset for Osteoarthritis: After age 40 2.Age of Onset for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Between ages 30 and 50 3.Avulsion Fracture: A portion of a bone becomes fragmented at the site of tendon attachment from a traumatic and sudden stretch of the tendon. 4.Causes of Osteoporosis: -Decreased Weight Bearing -Inactivity -Smoking -Family History -Drinking 5.Clinical Presentation of Osteoarthritis: -Pain present at the affected joint -Usually localized to a few joints -Increased pain after exercise -Increased pain with weather changes -Joints may become enlarged -Joint motion limited -Heberden's Nodes -Gradual Onset -Joint Crepitus -Joint Stiffness < 15 min -Bouchard's Nodes 6.Clinical Presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis: -Onset my be gradual or immediate -Symmetrical Polyarthritis -Pain and tenderness of the affected joints -Morning stiffness > one hour -Warm Joints -Decrease in Appetite -Boutonniere Deformity - DIP extension, PIP Flexion -Malaise and increased fatigue -Redness at joints -Swan Neck deformity - DIP flexion, PIP Extension 7.Closed Fracture: A break in a bone where the skin over the site remains in tact. 8.Comminuted Fracture: A bone that breaks into fragments at the site of the injury. 9.Common joints affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis: -Small joints of hand, foot, wrist, and

ankle 10.Compound Fracture: A break in the bone that protrudes through the skin. 11.Grade I Sprain: Mild pain and swelling, little to no tear of the ligament. 12.Grade I Strain: Localized pain, minimal swelling, and tenderness 13.Grade II Sprain: Moderate pain and swelling, minimal instability of the joint, minimal to moderate tearing of the ligament, decreased ROM 14.Grade II Strain: Localized pain, moderate swelling, tenderness, and impaired motor function. 15.Grade III Sprain: Severe pain and swelling, substantial joint instability, total tear of the ligament, substantial decrease in ROM. 16.Grade III Strain: A palpable defect of the muscle, severe pain, and poor motor function 17.Greenstick Fracture: A break on one side of a bone that does not damage the periosteum on the opposite side. (Often seen in children) 18.Myositis Ossificans: A condition of hetertopic bone formation that occurs three to four weeks after a contusion or trauma within the soft tissue. 19.Nonunion Fracture: A break in a bone that has failed to unite and heal after 9-12 months. 20.Osteoarthritis: A chronic disease that primarily involves the weight bearing joints. OA causes a degeneration of articular cartilage. Subsequent deformity and thickening of subchondral bone occurs with an outcome of impaired functional status. Men are affected more than women. 21.Osteoporosis: Thinning of bone matrix with eventual bone loss and an increased risk for fracture. (Usually found in post menopausal women). 22.Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: -Cartilage becomes soft and damaged -Osteophytes form -Subchondral bone thickens -Synovitis is mild to moderate 23.Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: -Thickening of synovial membrane in affected joints -Colonization of lymphocytes which synthesize the rheumatoid factor

-Subsequent erosion of cartilage and supporting structures 24.Q Angle: The degree of angulation present when measuring from the midpatella to the ASIS and to the tibial tubercle. Normal = 13 for a male, 18 for a female 25.Rheumatism: A condition found in a number of disorders characterized by inflammation, degeneration or metabolic derangement of the connective tissue, soreness, joint pain, and stiffness of muscles. 26.Rheumatoid Arthritis: A systemic autoimmune disorder or unknown etiology. The disease presents with a chronic inflammatory reaction in the synovial tissues of a join that results in erosion of cartilage and supporting structures within the capsule. Women are affected 3x more than men. 27.Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis: -Trauma -Repetitive Microtrauma -Obestisty 28.Spiral Fracture: A break in a bone shaped as an "S" die to torsion and twisting. 29.Sprain: An acute injury involving a ligament 30.Strain: An injury involving the musculotendinous unit that involves a muscle, tendon, or their attachments to bone. 31.Stress Fracture: A break in a bone due to repeated forces to a particular portion of the bone. 32.Tendonitis: A condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of a tendon. Symptoms may include gradual onset, tenderness, swelling, and pain. 33.What are the common joints affected by Osteoarthritis?: -Any synovial joint may be affected -Cervical Spine (C5-C6) -lumbar Spine -Hips -Knees 34.What conditions present with Rheumatism?: -Osteoarthritis -Rheumatoid Arthritis -Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis -Gout -Systemis Lupus Erythematosus

-Ankylosing Spondyliti