h.

ko t. I L '

Molar volumes and the universal gas constant, the determination of molar mass
A liquid which has a low boiling point and which evaporates without decomposing is required for this experiment, e.g. diethyl ether. A mass of it, determined by weighing, is evaporated and the volume of vapour, the temperature and the pressure are measured. There are two possible ways of evaluating the experiment: It is generally carried out to determine the molar mass of the evaporated substance from the ideal gas law. The other way around is to use the known molar mass to determine the universal gas constant. Cannula 0.6 x 60 mm, Luer. 20 off Glass tubes, straight, 80 mm, 10 Funnel, plastic, dia. 50 mm Silicone hose, i.d. 7 mm Graduated vessel, 1 I, w. handle Heating apparatus Thermocouple NiCr-Ni, sheathed Hand-held measuring instrument 2xNiCr-Ni Hand-held measuring instrument pressure Digital large-scale display Data cable RS 232, SUB-D/USB Laboratory balance w. RS 232, 310 g Diethyl ether 250 ml 02599.04 36701.65 36890.00 39296.00 36640.00 32246.93 13615.01 07140.00 07136.00 07157.93 07157.01 45025.93 30007.25

r r:

Materials Demo-Board Physics Clamp with magnetic base Clip, d = 26 ... 36 mm, with magnetic base Holder for hand-held measuring instruments, magnetic Holder for burner, with magnetic base Universal clamp with joint Gas syringe, 100 ml Glass jacket Rubber caps, pack of 20 Erlenmeyer flask, wide neck, 100 ml Stirring bar, magnetic, / = 30 mm Magnet, d = 10 mm, / = 200 mm Syringe, 1 ml, Luer, 10 off Fig. 1

02150.00 02151.01 02151.06 02161.00 02162.00 37716.00 02614.00 02615.00 02615.03 36428.00 46299.02 06311.00 02593.03

1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Experimental set-up Position the holder for the burner on the lower half of the board and place the heating apparatus on it. Place the two clamps next to the holder for the burner, one to the left and the other to the right of it (see Fig. 1), and fix a universal clamp in each of them. Fit the gas syringe in the glass jacket; ensure that the gas syringe is clean and that the plunger can be easily turned. Place the glass jacket on the heating apparatus and hold it with the universal clamps.

:.crc
p J

h
-.(J

ii

n J"

-JB
Phywe Series of publications Demonstration Exp. Physics Heat on the Magnetic Board PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH D-37070 Gttingen 12927

49

Molar volumes and the universal gas constant, the determination of molar mass
Fit a glass tube in one of the vertical glass jacket adapters and the thermocouple in the glass tube. Fill the glass jacket with water and slip a stirring bar into it. Fit the Erlenmeyer flask in position with a magnetic clip, so that water of condensation can run off into it through the tube. Fit the hand-held measuring instrument onto the board by means of the magnetic holder. Connect the instrument to the large-scale display. Measure the ambient pressure with the pressure measuring instrument. Briefly connect it to the large-scale display to demonstrate the value of this pressure. Adjust the initial volume in the gas syringe , e.g., to V, = 3 ml. Close the capillary tube end of the gas syringe with a rubber cap. Results Cannula with liquid Cannula without liquid Evaporated liquid Initial volume Final volume Vapour volume Vapour temperature Ambient pressure

m2 m V, ^2 V T P

m,
= =
=

= = = =

3.138 g 3.302 g 0.164 g 3 ml 75 ml 72 ml 82C = 355 K 981 h Pa

Evaluation According to Avogadro's Hypothesis, all ideal gases contain the same number of particles, i.e. the same amount of substance, under the same conditions of pressure, temperature and volume. This is described in the Ideal Gas Law in the following form: pV=nRT
(1)

Procedure Note the initial volume Vy Switch on the heating apparatus and heat the water up to about 80C (diethyl ether boils at 36C under standard conditions). Hold the magnet near to the outside of the glass jacket and move it to and fro, so that the stirring bar thoroughly mixes the water in the water bath. Switch off the heating apparatus. Draw about 0.1 to 0.2 ml of diethyl ether in the 1 ml syringe, free of bubbles. Note: Try to avoid touching the syringe in the region of the liquid, as even a slight warming causes expansion and running out of liquid. Draw in the liquid, hold the syringe upwards and press out air bubbles. Wipe the outside of the cannula, so that there is no liquid on it. Weigh the cannula with liquid (read to an accuracy of 1 mg) and note the value m l . Pierce the rubber cap with the cannula and lead it in so that the tip is in the 3 ml air volume. Inject liquid into the air volume (it must not remain in the capillary tube of the gas syringe), but do not yet remove the cannula! Gently turn the plunger of the gas syringe, so that the expansion can take place as frictionless as possible. Stir the water bath again. When the volume no longer changes, the liquid has completely evaporated. Draw out the cannula, weigh it and note the value m 2 . Measure T, the final volume V2 and the ambient pressure p.

t Whereby n is the amount of substance and R is the universal gas constant R = 8.31 J// (K-mol) The molar mass M is given, from the relationship m M (2)
ft.

fc. E E

n = and equation (1) as

r
M = m-R-T (3) p-V E From the values measured for diethyl ether P M = 69 g/mol The value given in the literature is 74 g/mol (H5C2-0-C2H5). E The other way around, if you take the value M = 74 g/mol as known, enter it in equation (3), and use this to calculate R, then you obtain a universal gas constant of R = 8.98 J/K mol. t Note The gas syringe can be heated up to a temperature of 150C when the glass jacket is filled with silicone oil (order no. 31849.50) instead of with water. C e

E
E E E E E E

50

Phywe Series of publications Demonstration Exp. Physics Heat on the Magnetic Board PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH D-37070 Gttingen1292749