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Gerunds and Infinitives ...

and what Precedes them Gerunds and infinitives are forms of verbs that act like nouns. Ali quit smoking in 1977. He just decided to quit one day.

A gerund is a verb + -ing. An infinitive is to + the verb. n both the e!am"les above# the gerund and the infinitive are the objects of the verbs in the sentence. Ho$ever# as noun substitutes# gerunds and infinitives can also be the subject of a sentence. Smoking is hard habit to To quit takes a lot of give u". $ill "o$er. %his lesson $ill focus "rimarily on verbs that "recede infinitives and gerunds $hen they are used as objects in a sentence. &lick here for a list of verbs that are follo$ed by gerunds# verbs that are follo$ed by infinitives# and verbs that can be follo$ed by either. 'ome common verbs are al$ays follo$ed by a gerund( )eannie admitted taking the money from the desk. %he teacher considered calling the "olice. )eannie said she $as so embarrassed that she felt like dying. %he teacher finally said she $ould recommend giving )eannie a light "unishment. 'ome verbs are al$ays follo$ed by infinitives. %he "resident said he aimed to bring do$n ta!es. He asked &ongress to pass a ta! reduction bill. %he "resident*s "arty consented to lower the ta!es. Ho$ever# the o""osition refused to cooperate. %he "resident "romised to fight for lo$er ta!es in the ne!t term. 'ome verbs can be follo$ed by either a gerund or an infinitive. +dina*s husband# ,ob# began taking cooking lessons last month. 'oon he began to try out all his ne$ creations on her. +dina said she likes eating as much as ,ob likes to cook. 'he loves to sample his ne$ reci"es and she loves not

cooking herself. Ho$ever# she told me she regrets eating so much rich food. 'he*s going to try eating less of his great food...and# she*s going to try not to hurt ,ob*s feelingsGo, go, go A common e!"ression in +nglish is go + an activity .e go s$imming# $e go sho""ing# $e go fishing# $e go jogging# $e go sightseeing# and $e go bar-ho""ing /or# so *ve heard0. !ot always e"actly the same... 'ome verbs have the same meaning $hen follo$ed by an infinitive or a gerund( like going to the races. like to go to the races. %he same( hate going to the dentist. hate to go to the dentist. %he same( t began raining. t began to rain. Ho$ever# some verbs have a slightly different meaning $hen follo$ed by an infinitive as o""osed to a gerund. %he same(

remember, forget, stop

%he difference is often in the sequence of events. 'ee $hat you think about the follo$ing "airs of sentences( remembered to feed the dog this morning. -----first--------- second / remembered and then fed him.0 forgot to go to the bank. ----------------/ didn*t remember and didn*t go to the bank.0 sto""ed to smoke. ---first----- second / "aused $hat $as doing to have a cigarette.0 #ne more difference 1ou can also use either an infinitive or a gerund after go on. Ho$ever# note the difference( told ,illy to sto"# but he $ent on putting his fingers in the sou". /%he use of a gerund after go on indicates a continuing or "ersistent activity.0 $as very "roud of ,illy. He $ent on to become a famous chef. /%he use of an infinitive after go on indicates a note$orthy or notorious future activity.0 remember feeding him his favorite food. ---second----first / fed him and later remembered the action.0

forgot going to the bank. second first / $ent to the bank# but later forgot that did.0 sto""ed smoking. --second-- first / $as a smoker# but no$ *m not.0

2ractice 31 4erunds and nfinitives

Complete the sentence with the correct form (infinitive or gerund) of the verb. 1. intend 555555555 to ,ra6il in August. /go0

7. arranged 555555555 my vacation during the last t$o $eeks. /take0 8. considered 5555555555 to 9ene6uela or Argentina first. /go0 decided 555555555 them for ne!t year. /leave0

:. ,ut

;. %he government has demanded me 55555555 a visa to go to ,ra6il. /get0 <. %hat involves 555555555 in a long line at the consulate. /stand0 7. didn*t mind 55555555 the =:; fee. /"ay0 hate 5555555 in lines. /$ait0

>. ,ut 9. 1?. 11.

also detest 555555555 "ass"ort "hotos. /get0 really $ant 55555555 the country# so haven*t begun 555555555 yet. /"ack0 can*t stand 55555555 in a rush. /"ack0 did it. /see0

17. *ll start soon because

18. remembered 555555555 my neighbor to take care of my dog. /ask0 1:. He doesn*t really mind 555555555 behind. /stay0 1;. ,ut he al$ays loves 55555555 us come back- /see0

2ractice 31 4erunds and nfinitives Ans$er @ey

Complete the sentence with the correct form (infinitive or gerund) of the verb. 1. intend 5to go5 to ,ra6il in August. /go0

7. arranged 5to take5 my vacation during the last t$o $eeks. /take0 8. considered 5going5 to 9ene6uela or Argentina first. /go0 decided 5to leave5 them for ne!t year. /leave0

:. ,ut

;. %he government has demanded me 5to get5 a visa to go to ,ra6il. /get0 <. %hat involves 5standing5 in a long line at the consulate. /stand0 7. didn*t mind 5"aying5 the =:; fee. /"ay0 hate 5$aiting or to $ait5 in lines. /$ait0

>. ,ut 9. 1?. 11.

also detest 5getting 5 "ass"ort "hotos. /get0 really $ant 5to see5 ,ra6il# so did it. /see0

haven*t begun 5to "ack or "acking5 yet. /"ack0 can*t stand 5"acking5 in a rush. /"ack0

17. *ll start soon because

18. remembered 5to ask5 my neighbor to take care of my dog. /ask0 1:. He doesn*t really mind 5staying5 behind. /stay0 1;. ,ut he al$ays loves 5to see5 us come back- /see0

2ractice 37 4erunds and nfinitives

Complete the sentences with the correct form (infinitive or gerund) of the verb. Early automobiles Aany inventors $ere trying 55555555 gas-"o$ered# self-"ro"elled build vehicles in the late 1>??*s. A Brench inventor succeeded in 55555555 a steam-"o$ered tricycle in 17<9. A 4erman engineer# create Cikolaus August Dtto# is kno$n for 555555555 the four-stroke invent gas-"o$ered engine in 1>7<. ,oth 4ottlieb Eaimler and &arl ,en6 managed 55555555 and 5555555 autos in 4ermany in the 1>>?s. build sell ,y 1>9> there $ere ;? com"anies res"onsible for 55555555 cars in market the Fnited 'tates alone. %hat number ha""ened 5555555555 to e"pand 7:1 by 19?>. t $as in 19?> $hen Henry Bord started 55555 make history. t $as in that year that he managed 55555555 together the put first assembly line and 5555555 the "rice of automobiles so that lower everyone could buy one. He began 55555555 arrange $orkers so that they could each do a small "art of the job in sequence. %his "revented 55555555 repeat a lot of unnecessary ste"s in the assembly "rocess. ,y 1918 he managed 55555555 7;?#??? cars a year. His first mass-"roduced car# the produce 6

Aodel %# guaranteed 555555 modest-incomed Americans decent give trans"ortation for a reasonable /=;?? F'E-0 "rice. Henry Bord $ent on 55555555 the F.'. automobile industry for lead many years. %hough he tried# he failed 55555555 elected to get the F.'. 'enate in 191>. His com"any $as started $ith just =7>#??? and# by 1918# managed 55555555 dividends of =11 million. pay .hile Bord declined 5555555 a$ay more than a modest amount give during his lifetime# the Bord Boundation arranges 55555555 donate millions of dollars each year to deserving causes.

2ractice 37 4erunds and nfinitives Ans$er @ey Complete the sentences with the correct form (infinitive or gerund) of the verb. Early automobiles Aany inventors $ere trying 5to build5 gas-"o$ered# self-"ro"elled build vehicles in the late 1>??*s. A Brench inventor succeeded in 5creating5 a steam-"o$ered tricycle in 17<9. A 4erman engineer# create Ciklaus August Dtto# is kno$n for 5inventing5 the four-stroke invent gas-"o$ered engine in 1>7<. ,oth 4ottlieb Eaimler and &arl ,en6 managed 5to build5 and 5sell5 autos in 4ermany in the 1>>?s. build sell ,y 1>9> there $ere ;? com"anies res"onsible for 5marketing5 cars in market in the Fnited 'tates alone. %hat number ha""ened 5to e!"and5 to e"pand 7:1 by 19?>. t $as in 19?> $hen Henry Bord started 5to make DG making5 automotive make history. t $as in that year that he managed 5to "ut5 together the put first assembly line and 5lo$er5 the "rice of automobiles so that lower everyone could buy one. He began 5to arrange DG arranging5 $orkers so that they could arrange each do a small "art of the job in sequence. %his "revented 5re"eating5 repeat

a lot of unnecessary ste"s in the assembly "rocess. ,y 1918 he managed 5to "roduce5 7;?#??? cars a year. His first mass-"roduced car# the produce Aodel %# guaranteed 5to give5 modest-incomed Americans decent give trans"ortation for a reasonable /=;?? F'E-0 "rice. Henry Bord $ent on 5to lead5 the F.'. automobile industry for lead many years. %hough he tried# he failed 5to get5 elected to get the F.'. 'enate in 191>. His com"any $as started $ith just =7>#??? and# by 1918# managed 5to "ay5 dividends of =11 million. pay .hile Bord declined 5to give5 a$ay more than a modest amount give during his lifetime# the Bord Boundation arranges 5to donate5 donate millions of dollars each year to deserving causes.

4erunds and nfinitives $erb % $erb &e $erb % $erb

Gerund

%'d(ective %Preposition %Preposition %Inifinitive Infinitive %Gerund or Gerund %Gerund be accustomed agree to be afraid of aim attem"t begin canHcan*t bear canHcan*t stand cease continue forget go on hate like love neglect "refer regret "ro"ose remember see start

ackno$ledge ada"t to admit advise antici"ate a""reciate avoid consider defend defer delay deny detest discuss dislike endure enjoy esca"e e!cuse feel like finish go imagine involve kee" adjust to agree /$ith0 on

be angry about afford

a"ologi6e for be ashamed of a""ear a""rove of argue about ask about believe in blame for care about com"lain about consist of decided on de"end on discourage from engage in forgive for give u" hel" $ith inquire about insist on be ca"able of be certain about be concerned $ith be critical of arrange ask care choose

be discouraged claim from be enthusiastic consent about be familiar $ith dare be famous for be fond of be glad about decide decline demand deserve

disa""rove of be good at

be ha""y about desire be interested in e!"ect be kno$n for be nervous about be "erfect for be "roud of fail

guarantee sto" ha""en ho"e try

be res"onsible intend for kno$ learn be successful in

interfere $ith be sad about kee" on

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mention

look for$ard to

be suitable for manage be tired of be tolerant of need offer

mind /object object to to0 miss need /"assive0 omit "ost"one "ractice "revent quit recall recollect regret resent resist resume risk suggest tolerate understand "artici"ate in "ersist in "lan on "re"are for "rofit from "rohibit from "ut off result from succeed in talk about take "art in there*s no "oint in think about $arn about $ork on $orry about

be u"set about "lan be used to be useful for be $orried about "ledge "re"are "retend "romise refuse resolve seem tend struggle s$ear volunteer $ait $ant $ish $ould like

recommend suffer from

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