Theory Of Machines - Part 1

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Chapter 2 : Lower Pairs

Chapters
Home Topics Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts of Machines Chapter 2 : Lower Pairs Chapter 3 : Belts, Ropes and Chains Chapter 4 : Cams Chapter 5 : Friction Devices Chapter 6 : Flywheels Chapter 7 : Governors Chapter 8 : Balancing

Q. 2.1. Explain universal joint briefly. Ans. This joint, also called Hookes joint or Cardon joint, is used .to connect two intersecting shafts. This joint can transmit power from one shaft to the other not only when their axes are at an angle but also when the angle between the axes is changing. Its most common use is to connect the horizontal output shaft of gear box to the inclined propeller shaft in an automobile. The angle between these shafts goes on changing when the rear axes moves over bumps.

Universal joint, as shown in Fig. 2.1 consists of two forks F1 & F2 formed at the ends of shafts s and 2 respectively. The vertical arms of the cross are free to turn in the two bearings provided in F1. Similarly due to the two bearings in F2, the F2 can turn about the horizontal arm of cross for the position shown in Fig. 2.1. The angle between the axes of the two shafts is ct. When the driving shaft takes one revolution, the driven shafts2 also gets rotated through one revolution. But within one revolution, the angular speed of s2 will become maximum and minimum twice although the shaft s1 is rotating at uniform angular speed w1. It can be proved mathematically that the maximum and the minimum speed of driven shaft are as under:

Thus greater the angle between the axes of the shafts, the more is the variation in speed of driven shaft. Q. 2.2 Derive expression, for angular velocity of driven shaft in case of Universal joint Ans. x1 Axis of driving shaft in top view. Axis of driven shaft a = angle between the axes. AD = Cross arm in the fork of driving shaft. Let it be horizontal in the beginning. Cl) = Cross arm in the fork of driven shaft. Let it be vertical in the beginning. The ends A, B, C and D move along circular path when the shafts rotate. But when seen in the direction of x1, the path of A & B appears to be circle ADBC and the path of 1) & C appears to be an ellipse. A bis the top view of path of A&B The dotted line at angle a to ab in the top view is The path of C&l) When the driving shaft rotates through angle 0, the cross arm AB takes the position AB
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and the cross arm CD appears to take position CD when seen in direction of x1. d1 is the top view of D in this position

CD has turned, we take ad2 ad1 and locate 2 at the vertical projection through d2 and horizontal projection through The point 1)2 will be on the circle ABCD

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Q. 2.3. Draw a polar diagram to show the velocity of driving shaft and driven shaft connected by universal joint.

where speed of driving shaft a = Angle between the axes of the shafts. = speed of driven shaft ot the instant when the driving shaft has turned through 0 from the position the cross arm in its fork was horizontal.

This equation gives four values of 0 for a given value of a. Thus the polar diagram is as shown in fig. 2.3

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Q. 2.4. Derive an expression for the coefficient of variation of speed of driven shaft in case of universal joint.

Q. 2.5. Speed of driving shaft is 240rpm, fluctuation of driven shaft is 24 rpm. The shafts are connected by universal joint. What is the angle between them?

Q. 2.6. Speed of driving shaft is 1000 rpm. Fluctuation of speed of driven shaft Is 150 rpm. Determine (i) Angle between the shafts (ii) Maxm. speed of driven shaft. (iii) Minm. speed of driven shaft.

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Q. 2.7 Derive an expression for the fluctuation in torque of driven shaft connected to driving shaft with universal joint.

Q. 2.8. Derive an expression for the acceleration of driven shaft of universal joint.

Q. 2.9 The angle between the axes of the two shafts joined by universal joint is 25 Driving shaft rotates of uniform speed of 180 rpm The driven shaft carries
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a steady load of 75 kW Calculate the mass of the flywheel of driven shaft if its radius of gyration is 150 mm and the output torque of driven shaft does not vary more than by 15% input shaft torque

Q. 2.10. Explain why two Hookes joints are used to transmit motion from the engine to the differential of an automobile.

(1) Gear box output shaft. (2) Propeller shaft the intermediate shaft. (3) Differential input shaft. By using two universal joints the speed of (3) is uniform although speed of (2) becomes maxm. of minm. twice in one rotation provided ) a1 = a2 (ii) The fork of (1) & the fork of (3) are in one plane, i.e. when the fork of (1) is vertical, the fork of (3) should also be vertical.

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Q. 2.11. Derive the fundamental equation for correct steering or explain the principle of steering gear mechanism.

When the vehicle is moving along a curve, all the four wheels should turn along one instantaneous centre I to avoid skidding that is, the angle 0 through which inner wheel axis turns must be greater than the angle cp through which the outer wheel axis turns.

If this condition is satisfied, there will be pure rolling Qfthe four wheels when the vehicle moves along a curve. V

Q. 2.12. Explain Davis steering mechanism. Ans.

The mechanism has the following links: V (i) Front axle AB V (n) Bell crank lever FAQ, pivoted to AB at A PA is stub axle and AQ is called track arm (iii) Bell crank lever RBU (iv) Bar ST which is to AB & can move to left or right m guides G1 & G2 (v) One slider pin-jointed to ST at S & free to slide over AQ (vi) Another slider pin-jointed to ST at r & free to slide over BU When the vehicle is moving straight, the arms AQ & BF are at angle a with the
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When the vehicle is to take left turn: (a) PAQ turns through 8and takes position PAQ (b) RBU turns through and takes position RBU (c) Bar ST slides is position S T such that SS = TT x.

Q. 2.13. In Davis steering mechanism of a vehicle calculate the inclination of track arms to the longitudinal axis when the vehicle is moving straight if the wheel base is 2.8 m and the distance between pivots is 1.4 m.

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Q. 2.14. With the help of neat sketch explain Ackermann steering mechanism. Ans.

Ackermann steering mechanism is based on four bar chain. It has four turning pairs. The four links are: (i) Front axle AB (ii) Bell crank lever LAC, pivoted to AB at A. LA is stub axle. (liz) Bell crank lever MBD (iv) Cross bar CD When the vehicle moves straight (Fig. 2.7) CD I AB AC & BD are inclined at angle c with longitudinal axis. When the vehicle takes left turn (Fig. 2.8) LAC turns through 8 and take posn. LAC MD turns through and take posn MBD 0>4) Though 6 > 4), yet the condition for correct steering i.e. cot 4) - cot 0 is satisfied in this mechanism for one particular val of 6 only. Thus this mechanism gires pure rolling only in three cases: * (a) When the vehicle is moving straight (b) When the vehicle takes left turn of a particular radius. (c) When the vehicle takes right turn of the same particular radius. Although this mechanism does not give pure rolling at curves of all radii even then this mechanism is most commonly used because of its simple construction and easy maintenance. Q. 2.15. What are the differences between Davis streering Mechanism and Ackermann steering mechanism. Ans.

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Q. 2.16. Explain pantograph with the help of diigram. Ans.

Pantograph is used to reproduce a given map or diagram to reduced or enlarged scale. It consists of four lines OAB, BCE, AD and DC. AD is pin-jointed to OB at A and to DC at U DC is pin-jointed to BE at C AD is equal and I I to is BC DC is equal and I I to AB Thus ABC1) is a parallelogram.

Q. 2.17. Explain engine indicator with the help of diagram. Ans.

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indicator is used for drawing pressure-volume diagram of Ic engine or steam engine The pressure of steam in steam engine cylinder acts on the and oritniso because the indicator cylinder is connected to engine cylinder A small change m pressure mengineiir gives rise to a small displacement of D This small displacement of D makes the end E to move vertically through a large distance. The displacement of E is iecbrded with a pencil on a paper.

Q. 2.18. With the help of a diagram explain a straight line mechanism.

Perpendicular straight line mechanism is shown in Fig. 2.11. In this mechanism when pin A is moved along circular path with centre Q, the pin B traces a straight line perpendicular to OQ. This mechanism consist of the following eight links:

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Now as CC, CB & OP are constant, therefore ON is constant. It means B traces a straight line passing through N and perpendicular to OQ. Q. 2.19. What is Hookes joint? Ans. It is a joint which is used to connect two shafts whose axes intersect at angle. It consists mainly of two forks and one cross. It is also called universal joint. Q. 2.20. What is the principle of steering gear mechanism? Ans. The principle states that for pure rolling of the wheels of a vehicle when moving on a curved path, the axes of all the wheels should meet at one point.

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