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The study of forces that develop when an object moves through a fluid medium. Two fluids of interest
Water Air
Fluid forces
Four major fluid forces of interest:
Weight Buoyant Force rag !ift "ther Forces
Floatation
Equilibrium: weight of object = buoyant force Floatation: specific gravity < 1 weight of object < max. buoyant force
Specific gravity: # $ Wbody Wwater Center of buoyancy: The point that is %& of volume of water e'ual to the volume and shape of the submerged body CB is closer to the chest region CG is closer to the pelvic region
(atural floater
True floater
True sin)er
Buoyant Force
Archimedes Principle:
"bject in a fluid is acted on a buoyant force. buoyant force $ weight of the fluid displaced by the object
A body that is partially or totally immersed in a fluid will experience an upward buoyant force that is equal to the weight of the volume of fluid displaced by that body
Vw a te r Vboat $Vw a te r
!"# # $ "# $
Vw a te r Vboat $Vw a te r
Vw a te r Vboat $Vw a t e r
# "# $ # "#
Drag Force
Along the direction of motion Opposite of relative flow lows down the speed
Affected by cross"section area Affected by surface smoothness
!esistance
#$ = % &$A '(
Wa e Drag
0esistance at the interface, due to wave
!ift
.erpendicular to the direction of motion
%reated by different pressures on opposite sides of an object due to fluid flow past the object Bernoulli1s principle: velocity is inversely proportional to pressure
Bernoullis Law
Where the flow velocity is fast, the pressure is low; where the flow velocity is slow, the pressure is high
F! $ 2 %!A 34
"op Spinning
3elocity of superior boundary layer decrease 3elocity of inferior boundary layer increase (-T Force5 ownward
Back Spinning
'elocity of superior boundary layer increase 'elocity of inferior boundary layer decrease +,- #orce. upward !ebound
flow
Side Spinning
%t& spin Rt side ! low pressure "one #t side ! high pressure "one (-T Force5 to 0t. side 't& Spin #t side ! low pressure "one Rt side ! high pressure "one (-T Force5 to !t. side