6A02 FS 01e.doc6a02 FS 01e

2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences
2 Summation of Arithmetic
and Geometric Sequences
(c)
Activity
Activity 2.1 (p. 2.4)
S (5) =1 + (3) + (5) + (7) + (9)

S (5) = 9 + (7) + (5) + (3) + (1)
S (5) =1 + (3) + (5) + (7) + (9)
(b) +)
S (5) = 9 + (7) + (5) + (3) + (1)
(a)
2 S (5) =10 + (10) + (10) + (10) + (10)

(c) There is a total of (5) 10s in the above expression,
therefore
S (5) =
(5) (10)
= ( 25)
2
(d)
S (10) = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 +11 +13 +15 +17 +19

+)
S (10) = 19 +17 +15 +13 +11 + 9 + 7 + 5 + 3 +1

2 S (10) = 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20
10 20
2
=100
S (10) =
Activity 2.2 (p. 2.20)

1.
Range of r
r>1
2.
r
2
1 < r < 1
0.5
r < 1
n
8
15
50
101
8
15
50
101
8
15
50
101
rn
2.56 102
3.28 104
1.13 1015
2.54 1030
3.91 10-3
3.05 10-5
8.88 10-16
3.94 10-31
2.56 102
3.28 104
1.13 1015
2.54 1030
(a) very large

(b) very close to zero
(c) sign of rn alternates, the value of rn becomes very
large or very small.
Classwork
Classwork (p. 2.3)
S (3) =T (1) +T ( 2) +T (3)
1. (a)
=2 +5 +8
=15
(b)
S (6) =T (1) +T ( 2) +T (3) +T ( 4) +T (5) +T (6)
=2 +5 +8 +11 +14 +17
=57
S (10) = T (1) + T ( 2) + T (3) + T (4) + T (5) + T (6) +

T (7) + T (8) + T (9) + T (10)
= 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20 + 23 + 26 + 29
= 155
NSS Mathematics in Action 6A Full Solutions

S (3) =T (1) +T ( 2) +T (3)
2.
(a)
(b)
=1 +2 +4
=7
(b)
S (5) =T (1) +T ( 2) +T (3) +T ( 4) +T (5)
=1 +2 +4 +8 +16
=31
(c) The general term of the sequence is T(n) = 2n1.
T (8) =2 81
=128
S (8) =T (1) +T ( 2) +T (3) +T ( 4) +T (5) +T (6) +
T (7) +T (8)
=1 + 2 + 4 +8 +16 +32 +64 +128
= 255
Classwork (p. 2.21)
Geometric sequence
(a)
12, 4,
4 4
,
,
3 9
(b)
(c)
(d)
3, 6, 12, 24,
2, 6, 18, 54,
(e)
10, 2, 0.4, 0.08,
36, 18, 9,
Commo
n ratio r
1
3
2
3
9
,
2
1
2
0.2
S() exists?
(Y/N)
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 2.1 (p. 2.6)
(a) Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
the number of terms taken respectively.
a = 41, n = 11 and d = 34 41 = 7
11
S (11) =
[ 2( 41) +(11 1)(7)]
2
=66
(b) Let a, d, l and n be the first term, the common difference,
the last term and the number of terms respectively.
a = 9, d = 4 9 = 5, l = T(n) = 46
and T(n) = a + (n 1)d
46 = 9 + ( n 1)( 5)
55 = 5n + 5
n =12
12
[9 +( 46)]
2
= 222
S (12) =

(a) Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
a = 4, n = 15 and d = 9 4 = 5
15
S (15) =
[ 2( 4) +(15 1)(5)]
2
=585
25
[ 2( 4) +( 25 1)(5)]
2
=1600
S ( 25) =

(c)
S ( 25) = T (1) +T ( 2) +... +T (15) +T (16) +... +T ( 25)

and S (15) =T (1) +T ( 2) +... +T (15)
S ( 25) S (15) =T (16) + +T ( 25)
The sum from the 16th term to the 25th term

=T (16) +... +T ( 25)
= S ( 25) S (15)
=1600 585
=1015
(a) The multiples of 4 between 100 and 400 inclusive are 100,
104, 108, , 400.
Let k be the number of multiples of 4 between 100 and
400 inclusive.
400 =100 + ( k 1)(4)

k = 76
The sum of all the multiples of 4 between 100 and

400 inclusive
76
=
(100 + 400)
2
=19 000
(b) The multiples of 5 between 100 and 400 inclusive are 100,
105, 110, , 400.
Let m be the number of multiples of 5 between 100 and
400 inclusive.
400 =100 + ( m 1)(5)

m = 61

400 inclusive
61
=
(100 + 400)
2
=15 250
(c) The multiples of 20 between 100 and 400 inclusive are

100, 120, 140, , 400.
Let n be the number of multiples of 20 between 100 and
400 inclusive.
400 =100 + ( n 1)( 20)

n =16

400 inclusive
16
(100 + 400)
2
= 4000
=
The sum of all the multiples of 4 or 5 between 100

and 400 inclusive
=19 000 +15 250 4000
=30 250

(a) Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
S ( 4) = 46
4
[ 2a + ( 4 1) d ] = 46
2
2a + 3d = 23
S (22) = 847
......(1)
22
[ 2a + ( 22 1) d ] = 847
2
2a + 21d = 77
......(2)

(2) (1) : 18d = 54
d =3
By substituting d = 3 into (1), we have
(b)
2a + 3(3) = 23
a =7
The first term is 7 and the common difference is 3.
a = 7, d = 3 and S(m) = 472
m
[2(7) + (m 1)(3)] = 472
2
m
(3m + 11) = 472
2
3m 2 + 11m = 944
3m 2 + 11m 944 = 0
(m 16)(3m + 59) = 0
m = 16 or
59
(rejected)
3

Let a, r and n be the first term, the common ratio and the
number of terms taken respectively.
6 2
=
9 3
(a)
a = 9, n = 6 and r =
2 6
9 1
3
S (6) =
2
1
3
64
91
729
=
1
3
665
=
3
81
665
=
27
(b)
a =1, n = 7 and r =
5
= 5
1
1[1 ( 5) 7 ]
1 (5)
1 ( 78 125)
=
6
=13 021
S (7 ) =
(c) Let k be the number of terms of the given sequence.
a = 2, r =
2[1 ( 2) 7 ]
1 ( 2)
2[1 ( 128)]
=
3
= 86
S (7 ) =
4
= 2 and T ( k ) = ar k 1 =128
2
128 = 2(2) k 1
( 2) k 1 = 64
( 2) k 1 = (2)6
k 1 = 6
k =7
4

(a) Let a be the first term.
S (k ) =
S(4) = 1458
a[1 (3) 4 ]
= 1458
1 (3)
a = 1458
= 72.9
log 2001
log 3
k > 6.92 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
4
80
72.9[1 ( 3) 7 ]
( 1458)
1 ( 3)
=39 876.3 +1458
=
= 41 334.3
Let a be the first term.
T ( k ) =162
......(1)
a (3 k 1)
= 242
3 1
a (3 k 1) = 484
......(2)
k 1
3
162
=
3k 1 484
484 3k 1 = 162(3k 1)
162 3k 484 3k 1 = 162
(1) (2) :
486 3k 1 484 3k 1 = 162

2 3k 1 = 162
3k 1 = 81
3k 1 = 34
k 1 = 4
k =5

Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio respectively.
a = 4 and r =
log 3k > log 2001

k>
= S (7) S ( 4)
a (3) k 1 =162
S ( k ) = 242
3k > 2001
k log 3 > log 2001
The first term of the geometric sequence is 72.9.

(b) The sum from the 5th term to the 7th term
4(3k 1)
> 4000
3 1
3k 1 > 2000
12
=3
4
The minimum value of k is 7.

Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio respectively.
(a)
1
a = 1 and r = 4
1
S () =
0.7 = 0.7777
= 0.7 + 0.07 + 0.007 + 0.0007 +
1
4
0 .7
1 0.1
0.7
=
0.9
7
=
9
=
(a)
1
1
4
4
3
=
(b)
0.32 7 = 0.327 272 7
5
1
a =10 and r =
=
10
2
= 0.3 + 0.027 + 0.000 27 + 0.000 002 7 +
10
S (
) =
1
1
2
10
=
3
2
20
=
3
0.027
1 0.01
0.027
= 0 .3 +
0.99
18
=
55
= 0 .3 +
(b)

Let r be the common ratio.
x
r = 12
x
4
S () =
0.4 14 = 0.414 414 414
1
=
3
= 0.414 + 0.000 414 + 0.000 000 414 +
x
4
1
1
3
x
27
4
=
2
2
3
27 8
x=
2 3
= 36

The number of bricks in each step is 10 more than that in
the step above it.
The numbers of bricks in successive steps counting from
the top are in arithmetic sequence with common difference
10.
Let T(k) be the number of bricks in the kth step counting from
the top.

(a) k2 4, 2k + 4, 8 are in geometric sequence.
(2k + 4) 2 = (k 2 4) 8
4k 2 16k 48 = 0

(a) Let T(n) be the number of barrels of oil extracted in the
nth month since January 2009.
k = 6 or 2 (rejected)
T (1) = 124 000

T ( 2) = 124 000 (1 4%)
= 124 000 (0.96)
First term = k2 4 = 62 4 = 32
and common ratio =
The total number of bricks required
16
( 44 +194)
2
=1904
k 2 4k 12 = 0
(k 6)(k + 2) = 0
(b)
T (16) = 44 + (16 1)(10)

=194
4k + 16k + 16 = 8k 32
2
0.414
1 0.001
0.414
=
0.999
46
=
111
=
(c)
8
1
=
2(6) + 4
2
T (3) = 124 000 (1 4%) 2
32
S () =
1
1
2
= 64
= 124 000 (0.96) 2
T ( n) =124 000 (0.96) n 1
T (n)
124 000 (0.96) n 1
=
T (n 1) 124 000 (0.96) n 2
= 0.96, which is a constant.
(b) Let S(n) be the total number of barrels of oil extracted in

the n months since January 2009.
The total number of barrels of oil extracted between
January 2010 and December 2010 inclusive
T(1), T(2), T(3), is a geometric sequence with

common ratio 0.96.
The numbers of barrels of oil extracted each month
form a geometric sequence.
= T (13) +T (14) +T (15) +... +T ( 24)

= S ( 24) S (12)
124 000 (1 0.96 24 ) 124 000 (1 0.9612 )
1 0.96
1 0.96
12
24
124 000 (0.96 0.96 )
=
0.04
= 735 600 (cor. to the nearest hundred)
=

Let $x be the amount of money required to be deposited at the
beginning of each year.
The total amount obtained in 12 years time
=$[ x (1.04)12 + x (1.04)11 + x (1.04)10 +... + x (1.04)1 ]

Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first term
x(1.04)12, common ratio
1
and number of terms 12.
1.04
1 12
x(1.04)12 1

1.04
S (12) =
1
1
1.04
1 12
x(1.04)12 1

1.04
300 000 =
0.04
1.04
0.04
300 000
1.04
x=
12
1
12
(1.04) 1

1.04
= 19 200 (cor. to the nearest $100)
Mrs Yeung should deposit $19 200 at the beginning of

each year.

n
1
(a)
Tn =4 Pn Qn =32
2
cm
(b) T1, T3, T5, form a geometric sequence.

First term = T1 = 32 cm
2
2
cm
32
2
Common ratio
T3
1
=
=
=
T1
32 cm
2
The sum of T1 + T3 + T5 +
32
1
1
2
= 64 cm
=
498 = 300 + ( m 1)(3)

m = 67
Further Practice
Further Practice (p. 2.10)
1. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference
and the general term respectively.
a = 158 and d = 153 158 = 5
T ( n) =158 + ( n 1)(5)
=163 5n
Let T(k) be the last positive term.

T (k ) > 0
2.
163 5k > 0
5k < 163
k < 32.6
The first 32 terms are positive terms.
Sum of the positive terms
32
=
[ 2(158) +(32 1)( 5)]
2
=2576
(a) Let a, d, l and n be the first term, the common

difference, the last term and the number of terms
respectively.
a = 7, d = 2 (7) = 5, l = T(n) = 103 and
T(n) = a + (n 1)d
103 = 7 +(n 1)(5)

103 = 5n 12
n = 23
23
[(7) +103]
2
=1104
S ( 23) =
(b) Let a and d be the first term and the common

difference respectively.
a = 9, d = 2 (9) = 7 and S(m) = 1564
m
[2(9) + (m 1)(7)] = 1564
2
m
(7m 25) = 1564
2
7m 2 25m = 3128
7 m 2 25m 3128 = 0
(m 23)(7 m + 136) = 0
m = 23 or
m=
3.
136
(rejected)
7
Consider the arithmetic sequence: 300, 301, 302, , 500.

Number of terms
= 500 300 +1
= 201
Sum of all the integers between 300 and 500 inclusive
201
(300 + 500)
2
= 80 400
=
(a) The multiples of 3 between 300 and 500 inclusive are

300, 303, 306, , 498.
Let m be the number of multiples of 3 between 300
and 500 inclusive.
The sum of all the integers that are multiples of

3 between 300 and 500 inclusive
67
(300 + 498)
2
= 26 733
=
The sum of all the integers that are not multiples

of 3 between 300 and 500 inclusive
=80 400 26 733
=53 667
(b) The multiples of 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive are

300, 305, 310, , 500.
Let n be the number of multiples of 5 between 300
and 500 inclusive.
500 = 300 + ( n 1)(5)

n = 41

5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
41
(300 + 500)
2
=16 400
=

of 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
=80 400 16 400
=64 000
(c) The multiples of 15 between 300 and 500 inclusive

are 300, 315, 330, , 495.
Let p be the number of multiples of 15 between 300
and 500 inclusive.
495 = 300 +( p 1)(15)
p =14
3 or 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
14
(300 + 495)
2
= 26 733 +16 400 5565
= 37 568
= 26 733 +16 400
4.

of 3 or 5 between 300 and 500 inclusive
=80 400 37 568
=42 832
(a) Let a and d be the first term and the common

S ( 4) = 336
4
[ 2a + ( 4 1) d ] = 336
2
2a + 3d =168
S (12) = 816
12
[ 2a + (12 1) d ] = 816
2
2a +11d =136
(1)
(2)
(2) (1) : 8d = 32
d = 4
2a + 3( 4) =168
a = 90
9
The general term
=90 +( n 1)(4)
=94 4n

= S (30) S (19)
30
19
=
[ 2(90) +(30 1)(4)]
[ 2(90) +(19 1)(4)]
2
2
=960 1026
= 66
1. (a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
a = 81 and r =
1 n
811
3
S ( n) =
1
1
3
1
811 n
3
=
2
3
243
1
=
1 n
2
3
(b) The sum of the first 6 terms
= S (6)
243
1
1 6
2
3
243 728
=
2 729
364
=
3
=
(c) The sum from the 7th term to the 10th term
= S (10) S (6)
243
1 364
1 10
2
3
3
40
=
243
=
2.
(a) Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and
the number of terms respectively.
a = 2187, r =
1

3
k 1
1
243
k 1
1
1
=
3

3
k 1 = 5
k =6
27 1
=
81 3
1
9 = 2187
3
729
1
= and T ( k ) = ar k 1 = 9
2187 3
10
k 1

1. Let r be the common ratio.
S () = 20
1 6
2187 1
3
S (6) =
1
1
3
1
2187 1
729
=
2
3
3
= 2184
2
= 3276
4
= 20
1 r
4 = 20(1 r )
20r = 16
2.
r = 0 .8
The common ratio is 0.8.
(a)
S (n) = 3280
1
3
1
2187 1
3 9841
=
1
3
1
3
6561
1 9841
1 =
2 3n
3
1 19 682
1 n =
19 683
3
1
1
=
n
19 683
3
1
1
= 9
n
3
3
n=9
1
1
= (1)
4 +k
4 + k = (2 k ) 2
4 + k = 4 4k + k 2
3.
k 2 5k = 0
k ( k 5) = 0
k =0
S () =
1
1
= 2 0 =
1
2
1
1
1
2
=2
When k = 5,
1
1
first term = 1 and common ratio
= 2 5 =
1
3
The required number of terms is 9.
a ( 29 1)
= 4088
2 1
4088
a=
511
a =8
1
1
1
3
= 0.75
S () =
= 0.2222...
0.2
= 0.2 + 0.02 + 0.002 + 0.0002 + ...
The first term is 8.

3.
2 k > 1251
log 2 k > log 1251
k log 2 > log 1251
log 1251
log 2
k > 10.29 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
k>
first term = 1 and common ratio
8(2 k 1)
S (k ) =
> 10 000
2 1
2 k 1 > 1250
(b)
or
(b) When k = 0,
(a) Let a be the first term.

S (9) = 4088
1
1
,
are in geometric sequence.
2 k 4 +k
2
(b) Let n be the number of terms taken.
1,
11
(a)
0.2
1 0.1
0.2
=
0.9
2
=
9
=

1. The number of soft toys in each layer is 3 less than
that in the previous layer.
The numbers of soft toys in successive layers are in
arithmetic sequence with common difference 3.
Let k be the number of layers.
T ( k ) =1
0.2 4 = 0.242 424...

= 0.24 + 0.0024 + 0.000 024 + ...
(b)
0.24
1 0.01
0.24
=
0.99
8
=
33
=
2.
19 +( k 1)(3) =1
22 3k =1
k =7
The total number of soft toys needed
7
= (19 +1)
2
=70
(a) The $10 000 deposited at the beginning of 2009 has

earned a compound interest for 6 years. Hence, it
amounts to $[10 000(1 + 5%)6].
The $10 000 deposited at the beginning of 2010 has
earned a compound interest for 5 years. Hence, it
amounts to $[10 000(1 + 5%)5].
The total amount obtained at the end of 2014
=$[10 000(1.05) 6 +10 000(1.05) 5 +

10 000(1.05) 4 +10 000(1.05) 3 +
10 000(1.05) 2 +10 000(1.05)]
1 6
10 000(1.05) 6 1

1
.
05
=$
1.05
=$71 420 (cor. to the nearest dollar)

(b) Suppose the amount will first exceed $100 000 at the
end of the kth year after 2009.
The total amount at the end of the kth year after 2009
=$[10 000(1.05) k +1 +10 000(1.05) k +

10 000(1.05) k 1 +... +10 000(1.05)]
1 k +1
10 000(1.05) k +1 1

1
.
05
>100 000
S (k ) =
1
1
1.05
12
10 000[(1.05) k +1 1] > 100 000
3.
0.05
1.05
Perimeter of
10
21
31
>
21
(1.05) k +1 1 >
(1.05) k +1
A2 B2 C 2 =
1
(7 + 5 + 4) cm = 8 cm
2
Perimeter of
A3 B3C3 =
31
log (1.05) k +1 > log
21
31
( k +1) log 1.05 > log
21
1 1
(7 + 5 + 4) cm = 4 cm
2 2
The perimeters of A1B1C1, A2B2C2,

A3B3C3, are in geometric sequence with
common ratio
31
log
21
k +1 >
log 1.05
k > 6.98 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
(a) Perimeter of
A1 B1C1 = (7 + 5 + 4) cm =16 cm
1
.
2
The perimeter of triangle AkBkCk

k 1
1
=16 cm
2
4
=2 ( 2)1k cm
The amount will first exceed $100 000 at the

end of 2016.
=2 5k cm
(b) The sum of the perimeters of all the triangles formed
16
cm
1
1
2
=32 cm
=
Exercise
Exercise 2A (p. 2.10)
Level 1
1. Let a, d, and n be the first term, the common difference,
the last term and the number of terms respectively.
(a) a = 9, d = 12 9 = 3, = T(n) = 300
and T ( n) = a + ( n 1) d
(b)
(c)
13
300 = 9 +( n 1)(3)
291 = 3n 3
n = 98
98
S (98) =
(9 +300)
2
=15 141
a = 1, d = 2 (1) = 3, = T(n) = 95
and T ( n) = a + ( n 1) d
95 = 1 +( n 1)(3)
96 = 3n 3
n = 33
33
S (33) =
[(1) +95]
2
=1551
a = 49, d = 45 49 = 4, = T(n) = 1
and T ( n) = a + ( n 1) d
1 = 49 + (n 1)(4)
48 = 4n + 4
n = 13
13
( 49 +1)
2
=325
S (13) =
1
1 1 1
, d = = ,
3
2 3 6
5 11
= T ( n ) =1 =
and
6
6
T (n) = a +( n 1) d
(d)
2.
a=
(b)
11 1
1
= + ( n 1)
6
3
6
3
1
= ( n 1)
2
6
n = 10
10 1 11
+
2 3
6
65
=
6
S (10) =
Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and

(a) a = 2, d = 4 2 = 2 and n = 20
(b)
(c)
20
[ 2( 2) + ( 20 1)(2)]
2
= 420
S ( 20) =
a = 5, d = 2 (5) = 3 and n = 25
25
S ( 25) =
[ 2( 5) +( 25 1)(3)]
2
=775
a = 78, d = 72 78 = 6 and n = 27
27
[ 2(78) +( 27 1)(6)]
2
=0
S ( 27) =
(d) Common difference = (3a b) (a + b) = 2a 2b
10
[ 2( a +b) +(10 1)( 2a 2b)]
2
= 5( 20a 16b)
=100a 80b
S (10) =
3.
Let d be the common difference.
S(10) = 325
10
[ 2(7) + (10 1) d ] = 325
2
9d +14 = 65
d =
4.
17
3
17
T (10) = 7 + (10 1)
3
= 58
The 10th term is 58.
(a)
T (1) =6 5(1)
=1
T (12) =6 5(12)
=54
14
12
[1 +( 54)]
2
= 318
S (12) =

5.
(a) Let a, d, and n be the first term, the common

difference, the last term and the number of terms
respectively.
a = 14, d = 18 14 = 4, = T(n) = 154
and T ( n) = a + ( n 1) d
(b)
6.
36
(14 +154)
2
= 3024
S (36) =
(b)
T ( k ) = 72
24 4 k = 72
k = 24
24
[ 2( 20) +( 24 1)(4)]
2
= 624
S ( 24) =
T(4) = 10
8.
There are 36 terms in the sequence.
(a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common

difference and the general term respectively.
a = 20 and d = 16 20 = 4
T ( n) =20 +( n 1)(4)
=24 4n
(c)
7.
154 =14 + ( n 1)(4)

140 = 4n 4
n = 36
a + ( 4 1)( 2) =10
a =4
10
[ 2( 4) +(10 1)( 2)]
2
=130
S (10) =

T (4) = a + 3d = 55
T (8) = a + 7 d = 35
(2) (1) : 4d = 20
d = 5
(1)
(2)
a +3( 5) = 55
(b)
9.
a = 70
The first term is 70 and the common difference

is 5.
10
[ 2(70) +(10 1)(5)]
2
= 475
S (10) =
S(8) = 336
8
[2a + (8 1)( 4)] = 336
2
2a 28 = 84
a = 56
15

10. (a)
S ( k ) = 288
k
[50 +(18)] = 288
2
16k = 288
k =18
(b)
(b) Let d be the common difference.

T (18) = 18
(c)
The common difference is 4.
11. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
S (5) = 0
(a)
5
[ 2a + (5 1)d ] = 0
2
2a + 4d = 0
a + 2d = 0
a = 2d
Take d = 1, a = 2(1) = 2
The arithmetic series is
The arithmetic series is
m
[ 2( 27) + ( m 1)(3)] = 126
2
m
(57 3m) = 126
2
57 m 3m 2 = 252
( m 7)(m 12) = 0
m = 7 or 12
(d)
( 6) + ( 3) + 0 + 3 + 6 .
(or any other reasonable answers)

S (5) =15
(b)
5
[ 2a + (5 1) d ] = 15
2
2 a + 4d = 6
a + 2d = 3
a = 3 2d
Take d = 1, a = 3 2(1) =1
The arithmetic series is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 .
Take d = 2, a = 3 2( 2) = 1
The arithmetic series is ( 1) +1 + 3 + 5 + 7
1
4
6 = and S(m) = 2470
3
3
m
4
2(6) + (m 1) = 2470
2
3
a = 6, d = 7
m 4m 32
+ = 2470
2 3
3
2
2m 16m
+
= 2470
3
3
2m 2 + 16m = 7410
m 2 + 8m 3705 = 0
(m 57)(m + 65) = 0
m = 57 or
m = 65 (rejected)
13. (a) Let a and d be the first term and the common
S (14) = 406
.
Level 2
12. Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
(a) a = 7, d =10 7 = 3 and S(m) = 920
m
[2(7) + ( m 1)(3)] = 920
2
m
(3m + 11) = 920
2
3m 2 + 11m = 1840
14
[ 2a + (14 1) d ] = 406
2
2a +13d = 58
(1)
T ( 4) +T (5) = 34
(a + 3d ) + (a + 4d ) = 34
2a + 7 d = 34
(1) (2): 6d = 24
d =4
(2)
3m + 11m 1840 = 0
(m 23)(3m + 80) = 0
m = 23 or
2
m=
a = 27, d = 24 27 = 3 and S(m) = 126
m 2 19m + 84 = 0
( 2) + ( 1) + 0 + 1 + 2 .
Take d = 3, a = 2(3) = 6
m
[2(21) + (m 1)( 6)] = 60
2
m
(48 6m) = 60
2
24m 3m 2 = 60
m 2 8m 20 = 0
(m 10)(m + 2) = 0
m = 10 or m = 2 (rejected)
50 +(18 1) d = 18
17 d = 68
d = 4
a = 21, d =15 21 = 6 and S(m) = 60
80
(rejected)
3
16
2a + 7( 4) = 34
a =3
The first term is 3 and the common difference

is 4.
(b)
a = 5.5 and d = 7 5.5 =1.5
20
[ 2(3) +( 20 1)(4)]
2
=820
S ( 20) =
n
[ 2(5.5) + ( n 1)(1.5)]
2
=0.75n 2 + 4.75n
S ( n) =
(b)
T (11) +T (12) + +T ( 20)

= S ( 20) S (10)
=[0.75( 20) 2 +4.75( 20)] [0.75(10) 2 +4.75(10)

=395 122.5
=272.5
15. (a) First term =T (1) =22 2(1) =20
Common difference
=T ( n +1) T ( n )
=[ 22 2( n +1)] ( 22 2n )
= 2
(b) Let T(k) be the first negative term.
T (k ) < 0
22 2k < 0
2k > 22
k > 11
=T (12)
The first negative term =22 2(12)
=2
(c)
T(n) is negative for n 12.

S(n) is maximum at n = 11.
11
[ 2( 20) +(11 1)(2)]
2
=110
S (11) =
The maximum value of S(n) is 110.
16. (a) Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common
difference and the general term respectively.
a = 99 and d = 92 99 = 7
T ( n) = 99 +( n 1)(7)
=106 7 n
Let T(k) be the smallest positive term.
T(k) > 0
106 7k > 0
106 > 7k
106
k<
7
=T (15)
The smallest positive term =106 7(15)
=1
(b) The sum of all the positive terms
=S (15)
15
(99 +1)
2
= 750
=
17

17. Let a, d and T(n) be the first term, the common difference
and the general term respectively.
a = 49, d = 46 (49) = 3
S(6) = 124
T ( n) = 49 +( n 1)(3)
= 3n 52
Let T(k) be the last negative term.
T(k) < 0
3k 52 < 0
52
k<
3
9
[2a + (9 1)d ] = 132
2
88
2a + 8d =
3
=T (17)
The last negative term
=3(17) 52
124
3
92
a=
3
92
The first term is
and the common
3
2a + 5( 4) =
The sum of all the negative terms is 425.
18. (a) The integers between 200 and 500 inclusive that are
divisible by 5 are 200, 205, 210, ..., 500.
Let k be the number of integers between 200 and 500
inclusive that are divisible by 5.
500 = 200 + ( k 1)(5)

k = 61
difference is 4.
S(k) = 104
(b)
The sum of all the integers between 200 and 500

inclusive that are divisible by 5
k 92
2 + (k 1)( 4) = 104
2 3
61
=
( 200 + 500)
2
= 21 350
(b) The integers between 200 and 500 inclusive that are
divisible by 7 are 203, 210, 217, ..., 497.
Let m be the number of integers between 200 and 500
inclusive that are divisible by 7.
k 196
4k = 104
2 3
196k
4k 2 = 208
3
49k 3k 2 = 156
497 = 203 + (m 1)(7)

m = 43
3k 2 49k + 156 = 0
(k 12)(3k 13) = 0
k = 12 or

inclusive that are divisible by 7
43
( 203 +497)
2
=15 050
=
k=
(c) The integers between 200 and 500 inclusive that are
divisible by both 5 and 7 (i.e. 35) are 210, 245,
280, ... , 490.
Let n be the number of integers between 200 and 500
inclusive that are divisible by both 5 and 7.
13
(rejected)
3
k k 2 k 3 k 64
20. (a)
= k 1+2 +3 + +64
=k
490 = 210 + ( n 1)(35)
(2)
3d = 12
d = 4
(2) (1):
17
S (17) =
[ 49 + ( 1)]
2
= 425
S(9) = 132
= 1
6
[2a + (6 1)d ] = 124
2
124
2a + 5d =
(1)
3
64
(1+64 )
2
= k 2080
n =9

inclusive that are divisible by both 5 and 7
2 2 2 4 2 6 2128
9
( 210 + 490)
2
= 3 150
(b)
= ( 2 2 )1 ( 2 2 ) 2 ( 2 2 ) 3 ( 2 2 ) 64
= ( 2 2 ) 2080
=2
(d) The sum of all the integers between 200 and 500
inclusive that are divisible by either 5 or 7
=21 350 +15 050 3150
=33 250
(from (a))
4160
21. (a) First term = 2a + b

Common difference = (3a + 2b) ( 2a + b)
18
= a +b
26 = 2(10) +6
(b) 42 = 3(10) + 2(6)
58 = 4(10) +3(6)
18
[ 2( 2a + b) + (18 1)(a + b)]
2
= 9( 21a +19b)
S (18) =
=189a +171b
26, 42, 58, ... is an arithmetic sequence in the

given form with a = 10 and b = 6.
S(18)
=189(10) +171(6)
=2916
22. (a) In the 1st bracket, there is 1 term.

In the 2nd bracket, there are 2 terms.
In the 3rd bracket, there are 3 terms.
Number of terms in the nth bracket =n
(b) Total number of terms
=1 + 2 + 3 + + n
=
n ( n +1)
2
(c) Let a and be the first term and the last term
respectively.
a = 1 and = total number of terms in the first
n brackets
n(n +1)
2
The sum of the terms in the first n brackets
n( n +1)
2
=
2
n( n +1)
1 +
n( n +1)
n( n +1)
=
1+
4
2
(d) The sum of the terms in the first (n 1) brackets
( n 1)(n 1 +1)
( n 1)(n 1 +1)
1+
4
2
n( n 1)
n( n 1)
1+
4
2
The sum of the terms in the nth bracket

= the sum of the terms in the first n brackets
the sum of the terms in the first (n 1)
brackets
n( n +1)
n( n +1) n( n 1)
n( n 1
1+
1+
4
2
4
2
n
n( n +1) 2
n( n 1) 2
(
n
+
1
)
+
(
n
1
)
4
2
2
n
n
2
2
2 + [(n +1) ( n 1) ]
4
2
n
n
2 + ( 4 n)
4
2
n
= ( 2n 2 + 2)
4
n( n 2 +1)
=
2
=
19

Exercise 2B (p. 2.18)
Level 1
1. Let a, r and n be the first term, the common ratio and the
(a)
(b)
2.
2
a = 1, n = 10 and r = = 2
1
1( 2 10 1)
2 1
=1023
S (10) =
a = 27, n = 7 and r =
9
1
=
27 3
1 7
27 1
3
S (7 ) =
1
1
3
1
271
2187
=
2
3
2186 3
=
81
2
1093
=
27
Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and the
number of terms of the given series respectively.
(a)
a = 2, r =
6
= 3 and
2
T ( k ) = ar k 1 = 4374
4374 =2(3) k 1
3 k 1 =2187
3 k 1 =37
k 1 =7
k =8
The number of terms is 8.
2(3 8 1)
3 1
2(6561 1)
=
2
= 6560
S (8) =
(b)
a = 2, r =
8
= 4 and
2
T ( k ) = ar k 1 = 2048
2048 = 2( 4) k 1
2[1 (4) 6 ]
1 (4)
2(1 4096)
=
5
= 1638
S (6) =
( 4) k 1 = 1024
( 4) k 1 =( 4) 5
k 1 =5
k =6
20

3.
Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio

respectively.
(a)
a = 1 and r =
2
=2
1
1( 2 m 1)
= 511
2 1
2 m 1 = 511
2 m = 512
2 m =29
m =9
(b)
1
1
3 =3
a = and r =
1
9
9
1 m
(3 1)
4
9
= 40
3 1
9
1
364
(3 m 1) =
18
9
m
3 1 = 728
3 m = 729
3m = 36
m =6
4.
(a) Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and
the number of terms of the given series respectively.
a = 12 500, r =
2500
1
= and
12 500
5
T ( k ) = ar k 1 =0.8
1
0.8 = 12 500
5
1

5
k 1
k 1
1
15 625
k 1
1
1
=
5
5
k 1 = 6
k =7
1 7
12 500 1
5
S ( 7) =
1
1
5
(b)
1
12 5001 +
78
125
=
6
5
= 10 416.8
21

5.

T (3) = 27
31
S(k) = 4088
10
243 2
1
4 3
2
1
3
243
1024
1
4
59 049
=
5
3
58 025 3
=
972
5
11 605
=
324
6.
2
a = 27
3
4
a = 27
9
243
a=
4
S (10) =
8( 2 k 1)
= 4088
2 1
2 k 1 = 511
2 k = 512
2 k =29
k =9
7.

(a)
S(8) = 5780
(b)
8.
a[1 (2)8 ]
= 5780
1 ( 2)
255a
= 5780
3
a = 68
S(8) = 5780
a ( 28 1)
= 5780
2 1
255a = 5780
2
a = 22
3
2
The first term is 22
.
3
(a) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
a = 8 and r =
8[1 ( 2) 10 ]
1 ( 2)
8(1 1024)
=
3
= 2728
S (10) =
16
= 2
8
22

(b) Consider the given geometric series with positive
terms only, i.e. 8 + 32 + 128 + ...
respectively.
a = 8 and r =
10. Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
32
=4
8
8(410 1)
4 1
8(1 048 576 1)
=
3
= 2 796 200
S (10) =
9.
(a) Consider the given geometric sequence with negative
1
terms only, i.e. , 1, 9,
9
60 000 6
=
50 000 5
6 k
50 000 1
5
= 496 496
6
1
5
6 k
50 000 1
5
= 496 496
1
S(k) =
5
a = 50 000 and r =
31 031
6
1 =
15 625
5

respectively.
46 656
6
=
15 625
5
1
9
a = and r =
=9
9
1
1
(9 5 1)
S (5) = 9
9 1
1
(59 049 1)
= 9
8
1
= 820
9
Level 2
respectively.
S(3) = 12
(b) Consider the given geometric sequence with positive

terms only, i.e.
1
, 3, 27,
3

respectively.
a ( r 3 1)
...... (1)
=12
r 1
T ( 4) +T (5) +T (6) = 96
S (6) S (3) = 96
S (6) 12 = 96
S (6) = 84
3
r = =9
1
and
1
3
3
a=
1 5
(9 1)
S (5) = 3
9 1
1
(59 049 1)
= 3
8
1
= 2460
3
6
6
=
5

5
k =6
(2) (1):
...... (2)
a ( r 6 1)
= 84
r 1
r 6 1 84
=
r 3 1 12
r 6 1 = 7r 3 + 7
r 6 + 7r 3 8 = 0
(r 3 + 8)(r 3 1) = 0
r 3 = 8 or 1
r = 2 or 1 (rejected)
By substituting r = 2 into (1), we have
a[(2)3 1]
=12
2 1
3a =12
a =4
23
The first term is 4 and the common ratio is 2.

respectively.
2
r = =3
2
a = and
2
3
3
2 n
(3 1)
S ( n) = 3
3 1
2 n
(3 1)
= 3
2
1
= (3n 1)
3
(b) The sum from the 3rd term to the 8th term
= S (8) S ( 2)
1
1
= (38 1) (32 1)
3
3
6560 8
=
3
3
= 2184
13. Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and the
number of terms respectively.
(a)
(b)
32
= 3 and k = 12
3
3(312 1)
S (12) =
3 1
3(531 441 1)
=
2
= 797 160
a = 3, r =
a = 32,
r=
34
= 9 and k = 6
32
3 2 (9 6 1)
9 1
9(531 441 1)
=
8
= 597 870
S (6) =
(c)
a = 1, r =
1(27 5 1)
27 1
14 348 907 1
=
26
= 551 881
S (5) =
24
33
= 27 and k = 5
1

respectively.
a = 4 and r =
3 m
321
4 < 124
3
1
4
3 m
321
4 < 124
1
4
6 3
=
4 2
3 k
4 1
2
> 800
3
1
2
3 k
4 1
2
> 800
1
2
S(k) =
3
1 > 100
2
3
log > log 101
2
3
k log > log 101
2
log 101
k>
3
log
2
k > 11.38 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
1
log
32
m<
3
log
4
m < 12.05 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
respectively.
a = 32 and r =
1
3
>
32
4
1
3
log > log
32
4
1
3
m log > log
4
32

3
> 101
2
S(m) =
31
3
1 <
32
4
24 3
=
32 4
25
The maximum value of m is 12.

respectively.
T ( 2) = ar = 48
(1)
T (6) = ar = 768
( 2)
12
ar
768
=
48
(2) (1): ar
r 4 = 16
r = 2 or 2
a ( 2) = 48
a = 24
= 723.4
(cor. to 1 d.p.)
=S (12) S (6)
a ( 2) = 48
a = 24
723.3813 665
=58.4 (cor. to 1 d.p.)
The first term is 24 and the common ratio is 2

or the first term is 24 and the common ratio
is 2.
(b) When a = 24 and r = 2,
24( 2 8 1)
2 1
= 6120
S (8) =
When a = 24 and r = 2,
24[1 ( 2) 8 ]
1 ( 2)
24(1 256)
=
3
= 2040
S (8) =
17. (a) Let a be the first term.

S (6) = 665
2
12151
3
S (12) =
2
1
3
4096
12151
531 441
=
5
3
723.3813
2 6
a 1
3
= 665
2
1
3
64
a 1
729 = 665
5
3
133a
= 665
243
a = 1215
26

18. (a) Let r be the common ratio.
S (3) = 292
Number of terms in the first 3 brackets = 1 + 2 + 3
4( r 3 1)
= 292
r 1
r 3 1
= 73
r 1
( r 1)(r 2 + r + 1) = 73(r 1)
( r 1)[(r 2 + r + 1) 73] = 0
(r 1)(r + 9)(r 8) = 0
r = 1 (rejected) or 9 or 8
(b)
The possible values of the common ratio are 9

and 8.
Common ratio is negative.
r = 9
4[1 ( 9) 6 ]
1 ( 9)
4(1 531 441)
=
10
= 212 576
S (6 ) =
19. (a) First term in the 1st bracket = 1 = 20

First term in the 2nd bracket = 2 = 20 + 1
First term in the 3rd bracket = 23 = 20 + 1 + 2
First term in the nth bracket
= 2 0 +1 + 2 + + ( n 1)
=2
n ( n 1)
2
Last term in the nth bracket
1
first term in the (n +1) th bracket
2
1
2
2
=2
=2
( n +1)( n +11)
2
n ( n +1)
1
2
n 2 +n 2
2
(b) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
Number of terms in the 1st bracket = 1
Number of terms in the 2nd bracket = 2
Number of terms in the 3rd bracket = 3
Number of terms in the nth bracket = n
and a = 2
n ( n 1)
2
, r =2
The required sum
n ( n 1)
2
( 2 n 1)
2 1
= ( 2 n 1) 2
n ( n 1)
2
(c) Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio
respectively.
Number of terms in the first bracket = 1
Number of terms in the first 2 brackets = 1 + 2
27
Number of terms in the first n brackets
and a = 1, r = 2
The required sum
1( 2
=2
20.
n2 +n
2
1)
2 1
n2 +n
2
S1 = a + ar + ar 2 + + ar n1 =
a( r n 1)
r 1
a 2 [( r 2 ) n 1]
r 2 1
a 2 (r 2 n 1)
=
r 2 1
S 2 = a 2 + a 2 r 2 + a 2 r 4 + + a 2 r 2( n1) =
(r 1) S1 + 2aS1
2
a (r n 1)
a( r n 1)
= (r 1)
+
2
a
r 1
r 1
a 2 (r n 1) 2 2a 2 (r n 1)
=
+
r 1
r 1
2
n
a (r 1) n
=
(r + 1)
r 1
a 2 (r 2 n 1)
=
r 1
a 2 (r 2 n 1) (r + 1)
=
r 1
(r + 1)
a 2 (r 2 n 1)
r 2 1
= (r + 1) S 2
= (r + 1)
Exercise 2C (p. 2.25)

Level 1
respectively.
(a)
(b)
6 2
=
9 3
9
S () =
2
1
3
= 27
a = 9 and r =
a = 4 and r =
4
1
1
2
4
=
3
2
8
=
3
S () =
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + n
n( n +1)
=
2
2
n +n
=
2
2
1
=
4
2
28
(c)
2
2
a = 1 and
r= 5 =
1 5
S () =
1
1
2
5
a 2 24a + 144 = 0
(a 12) 2 = 0
a = 12
5
=
3
(d)
1
a = 5 and
r = 3 =
5
3
5
1
1
3
5
=
4
3
15
=
4
S () =
2.
Let r be the common ratio.
3.
4.
S () = 8
3
=8
1 r
3 = 8 8r
8r = 5
r = 0.625
The common ratio is 0.625.
S () = 90
a
= 90
1 0.2
a
= 90
0.8
a = 72

respectively.
T ( 2) = ar = 6
(1)
S () = 24
a
= 24
1 r
(2)
From (1), we have
r=
6
a
= 24
6
a
a 2 = 24(a 6)
(3)
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
29

5.

respectively.
S(3) = 21
a(1 r 3 )
= 21
1r
0.5 = 0.5555
= 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + 0.0005 +
(1)
(b)
S() = 24
a
= 24 (2)
1 r
7
1r 3 =
8
1
3
(1) (2):
r =
8
1
r=
2
1
By substituting r =
into (2), we have
2
a
= 24
1
1
2
a =12
6.
The first 3 terms are 12, 6, and 3.

respectively.
(a)
a = 1, r =
S () =
(b)
x
=x
1
1
1 x
S () =1
1
8
1
1
=1
1 x
8
8
=1 x
9
1
x=
9
0.4 = 0.4444
7.
(a)
= 0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004 + 0.0004 +

0.4
=
1 0.1
0.4
=
0.9
4
=
9
30
0 .5
1 0 .1
0 .5
=
0.9
5
=
9
=
0.4 7 = 0.474 747

= 0.47 + 0.0047 + 0.000 047 +
0.47
1 0.01
0.47
=
0.99
47
=
99
=
(c)
Level 2
8.
(a)
T (1) = a = 211 ar 11
T ( 2) = 2ar = 2 21 ar 2 1
T (3) = 4ar 2 = 2 31 ar 31
T ( n) =2 n 1 ar n 1
T ( n)
2 n 1 ar n 1
= n2 n 2
T (n 1) 2 ar
= 2r , which is a constant.
a, 2ar, 4ar2, are in geometric sequence.
(b) For the sum to infinity exists,
9.
1 < 2r <1
0 .5 < r < 0 .5
The required range of values of r is

0.5 < r < 0.5.
(a) Common ratio
0.2
0.04
=5
=
0.04(5 4 1)
5 1
0.04(625 1)
=
4
= 6.24
S ( 4) =
(b)
0.04(510 1)
5 1
0.04(9 765 625 1)
=
4
= 97 656.24
S (10) =
(c)
0.04(5 n 1)
5 1
n
5 1
=
100
S ( n) =
S(n) will become infinitely large when n tends to

infinity.
respectively.
a = 1 and
1
1
1
3
1
=
4
3
= 0.75
S () =
1
1
r = 3 =
1
3
31

(b) (i)
(ii)
Each term in the sequence is the negative of

the corresponding term in the sequence of
(a).
S (
) =0.75
(1) (2):
Each term in the sequence is the product of

4 and the corresponding term in the
sequence of (a).
S () =0.75 4
11. (a)
0.23 4 = 0.234 343 4

= 0.2 + 0.034 + 0.000 34 + 0.000 003 4 +
0.034
1 0.01
0.034
= 0.2 +
0.99
116
=
495
= 0.2 +
(b)
2.7 47 = 2.747 747 747

= 2 + 0.747 + 0.000 747 + 0.000 000 747 +
0.747
=2+
1 0.001
0.747
=2+
0.999
83
=2
111
(b)
12a
=a
12
S () = 84
12
= 84
1 a
12 = 84 84a
84a = 72
6
a=
7
Each term in the sequence is
1
times the
4
corresponding term in the given sequence.
S () =
84
= 21
4
respectively.
T ( 2) = ar =12
(1)
S () = 64
a
= 64 ............(2)
1 r
16r 2 16r + 3 = 0
(4r 1)(4r 3) = 0
1
3
r=
or
4
4
=3
12. (a) First term = 12 and common ratio =
3
16
16r 16r 2 = 3
r (1 r ) =
32

By substituting r =
1
into (1), we have
4
n 1
tn
tn 1
1
a = 12
4
a = 48
By substituting r =
3
into (1), we have
4
3
a = 12
4
a = 16
The first term is 48 and the common ratio is 0.25
or the first term is 16 and the common ratio is 0.75.
respectively.
T (5) = ar 4 = 48 (1)
sequence.
1
r =
8
(2) (1):
1
r=
2
1
By substituting r =
into (1), we have
2
3
(b)
1
a = 48
2
a = 768
The first term is 768 and the common ratio is
0.5.
768
1 0.5
=1536
S () =
(c) (i)
Let t1,t2, t3, be the given sequence.

11
1
t1 = T (1) =
2
T (1)
2 1
t2 =
1
1
T ( 2) =
2
2
T ( 2)
3 1
1
1
t3 = T (3) =
2

2
T (3)
n 1
1
tn =
2
1 1
=
2 2
1
= , which is a constant.
4
2
1
1
T(1),
T ( 2), T (3),
2
2
1
T ( 4), are in geometric
2
(2)
T (8) =ar 7 = 6
1
T ( n)
2
= n 2
1
T (n 1)
2
1 T ( n)
=
2 T (n 1)
T ( n)
33

1 + (1) + 1 + (1) + + 1 + (1) + 1= 1
S () does not exist.
T (1)
1
1
4
768
=
3
4
=1024
S () =
(ii)
respectively.
S () = 21
a
= 21 (1)
1 r
All the odd terms T(1), T(3), T(5), are in geometric

sequence with common ratio r2.
S () =
63
4
a
63
=
..........(2)
2
4
1 r
1 r 2 4
=
1 r 3
4(1 r ) = 3(1 r 2 )
4 4r = 3 3r 2
(1) (2):
3r 2 4r + 1 = 0
(3r 1)(r 1) = 0
1
r=
or 1 (rejected)
3
1
By substituting r = into (1), we have
3
a
= 21
1
1
3
a =14
The first term is 14 and the common ratio is
1
3
.
16. (a)
1,
1
1
,
, is a geometric sequence.
k k +2
2
1
1
= (1)
k
k + 2
1
1
=
2
k+2
k
k2 = k + 2
k2 k 2 = 0
(k + 1)(k 2) = 0
k = 1 or 2
(b) For k =1,

the geometric sequence is 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
when n is even,
1 + (1) + 1 + (1) + + 1 + (1) = 0
when n is odd,
34
For k = 2, common ratio
S () =
1
1
= 2 =
1 2
1
1
1
2
=2
Exercise 2D (p. 2.31)
Level 1
1. The number of cans in each layer is 2 less than the
previous layer.
The numbers of cans in successive layers counting
from the bottom are in arithmetic sequence with
common difference 2.
Let k be the total number of layers.
T ( k ) =1
2.
23 + (k 1)(2) =1
25 2k =1
k =12
12
Total number of cans = 2 ( 23 +1)
=144
The amount of money Angel saves in each week is
$10 less than the preceding week.
The amount of money Angel saves in successive
weeks are in arithmetic sequence with common
difference $10.
Total amount of money Angel saves after 7 weeks
= $ [ 2(100) +(7 1)( 10)]

2
= $490
> $480
3.
She has enough money to buy the watch.
(a)
(b)
The number of students in each row is 7 fewer

than the preceding row.
The numbers of students in successive rows are
in arithmetic sequence with common difference
7.
The total number of students
12
=
[ 2(88) +(12 1)( 7)]
2
=594
Boys are arranged in the even rows.
There are 6 rows of boys only.
The numbers of boys in successive (even) rows
are in arithmetic sequence with first row
88 7 = 81 and common difference
7 2 = 14.
The total number of boys
6
= [ 2(81) +(6 1)( 14)]
2
=276
35

4.
(a)
The number of seats in each row is 3 more than

the preceding row.
The numbers of seats in successive rows are in
arithmetic sequence with common difference 3.
Let T(k) be the number of seats in the last row.
T ( k ) =12 6
The total amount of money in his bank account at the

end of the nth year
= $[4000(1.035)n + 4000(1.035)n-1 + 4000(1.035)n-2
+ + 4000(1.035)]
4000(1.035)n, common ratio
12 +( k 1)(3) = 72
9 +3k = 72
k = 21
terms n.
The total amount of money at the end of the nth year
1 n
4000(1.035) n 1

1.035
= $
1.035
4000(1.035 n 1)
= $
0.035
1.035
There are 21 rows.
21
(b) Total number of seats = 2 (12 +72)
=882
5.
The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 1st year has

earned compound interest for 10 years. Hence, it amounts
to $[5000(1 + 6%)10].
The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 2nd year has
to $[5000(1 + 6%)9].
The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 3rd year has
to $[5000(1 + 6%)8].
The required increase in money

= the total amount at the end of the 10th year
the total amount at the end of the 5th year
4000(1.03510 1) 4000(1.0355 1)
=$
0.035
0.035
1.035
1.035
The $5000 deposited at the beginning of the 10th year has

earned compound interest for 1 year. Hence, it amounts to
$[5000(1 + 6%)].
The total amount received at the end of the 10th year
= $[5000(1.06)10 + 5000(1.06)9 + 5000(1.06)8 + +
5000(1.06)]
5000(1.06)10, common ratio
1.035
10
5
=$ 4000
(1.035 1.035 )
0.035
1
and number of terms
1.06
10.
The total amount received at the end of the 10th year
7.
10
1
5000(1.06)10 1
1.06
= $
1.06
10
1
5000(1.06)10 1
1.06
= $
0
.
06
1.06
8.
The output of the gold mine in each month is 80% of

that in the previous month.
The output of the gold mine in successive months are
in geometric sequence with common ratio 0.8.
The total possible output of the gold mine
1000
=
kg
1 0.8
=5000 kg
(a) (i)
Perimeter of A B C
1
=3 12 cm
=36 cm
1
A1 B1
2
= 6 cm
A2 B2 =
= $69 858 (cor. to the nearest dollar)

6.
1
and number of
1.035
At the end of the nth year:

The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the 1st year has
earned compound interest for n years. Hence, it amounts
to $[4000(1 + 3.5%)n].
The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the 2nd year has
earned compound interest for (n 1) years. Hence, it
amounts to $[4000(1 + 3.5%)n-1].
The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the 3rd year has
amounts to $[4000(1 + 3.5%)n-2].
(ii) Area of A B C
1
1
= (12)(12) sin 60cm 2
2
=36 3 cm 2
Area of A B C
2
1
= (6)(6) sin 60cm 2
2
=9 3 cm 2
36
=3 6 cm
Perimeter of A B C
2
The $4000 deposited on 1st January of the nth year has

$[4000(1 + 3.5%)].
(mid-pt. theorem)
=18 cm

(b) (i)
1 n
1000(1.04) n 1

1.04
S (n) =
> 15 000
1
1
1.04
1000(1.04n 1)
> 15 000
0.04
1.04
15
1.04n 1 >
26
41
1.04 n >
26
41
log 1.04 n > log
26
Similarly,
1
A2 B2
2
1
A4 B4 = A3 B3
2
A3 B3 =
(mid - pt. theorem)

(mid - pt. theorem)
The lengths of the side of the triangles formed

are in geometric sequence with common ratio
1
.
2
Sum to infinity of the perimeters of all

triangles formed
= (36 +18 +) cm
36
=
cm
1
1
2
= 72 cm
41
n log 1.04 > log
26
(ii) Similarly, the areas of the triangles formed are

also in geometric sequence with common ratio
41
log
26
n>
log 1.04
n >11.61
(cor. to 2 d.p.)
1
.
4
Sum to infinity of the areas of all triangles

formed
= (36 3 +9 3 +) cm 2
=
36 3
cm 2
1
1
4
10. The height reached by the ball just after the 1st rebound
=10 m 75%
= 48 3 cm 2
=7.5 m
Level 2
9. At the end of the nth year:
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the 1st year has
earned compound interest for n years. Hence, it amounts
to $[1000(1 + 4%)n].
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the 2nd year has
amounts to $[1000(1 + 4%)n1].
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the 3rd year has
amounts to $[1000(1 + 4%)n2].
The ball rebounds to 75% of the height it falls.

The distances travelled in successive upwards (or
downwards) are in geometric sequence with common
ratio 0.75.
Total distance travelled before the ball comes to rest
7.5
= 10 +
2 m
1 0.75
= (10 +60) m
= 70 m
11. (a) (i)
The $1000 deposited at the beginning of the nth year has

$[1000(1 + 4%)].
The total amount obtained at the end of the nth year
= $[1000(1.04)n + 1000(1.04)n1 + 1000(1.04)n2
+ + 1000(1.04)]
1000(1.04)n, common ratio
The minimum number of years needed is 12.
Total value at the end of the 1st year

=$ x (1 +4%)
=$1.04 x
(ii) Total value at the end of 2nd year

= $[ x(1 + 4%) 2 + x(1 + 4%)]
= $(1.0816 x +1.04 x)
= $2.1216 x
(b) Total value at the end of the nth year
= $[x(1 + 4%)n + x(1 + 4%)n1 + x(1 + 4%)n2 + +
x(1 + 4%)]
= $[x(1.04)n + x(1.04)n1 + x(1.04)n2 + + x(1.04)]
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first
1
and number of terms
1.04
n.
term x(1.04)n, common ratio
1
and number of
1.04
terms n.
Total value at the end of the nth year
37

12. (a) (i)
1 n
x (1.04) n 1

1.04
= $
1
1.04
The distance travelled in the nth second

=20 0.8n 1 m
(ii) The total distance travelled in the first n seconds

= (20 + 20 0.8 + 20 0.82 + + 20 0.8n1) m
Clearly, the sum is a geometric series with first
term 20, common ratio 0.8 and number of terms
n.
The total distance travelled in the first
n seconds
x (1.04 n 1)
= $
0.04
1.04
20(1 0.8n )
=
m
1 0.8
1.04
= $ x (1.04 n 1)
0.04
= $26 x(1.04 n 1)
20(1 0.8n )
=
m
0.2
n
=100(1 0.8 ) m
(c) Total value at the end of the 6th year
(b) The total distance travelled
20
=
m
1 0.8
20
=
m
0.2
=100 m
=$[ 26( 20 000)(1.046 1)]

(from (b))
<101 m
13. (a)
The train can stop successfully without hitting

the obstacle.
The angle formed in each swing is
2
of the
3
previous swing.
The angles formed in successive swings are in
geometric sequence with common ratio
2
.
3
The total angle the pendulum swings through

before it comes to rest
120
2
1
3
120
=
1
3
= 360
=
(b) The total distance the pendulum swings through

before it comes to rest
360
= 2 (10 cm)
360
= 20 cm
14. (a)
(b) (i)
BD = AB sin
d1 = x sin
DE = BD cos EDB
d 2 = x sin cos
d 3 = EF = DE cos FED = x sin cos 2

d 4 = FG = EF cos GFE = x sin cos3
38
d 2 x sin cos
=
= cos
d1
x sin
d 3 x sin cos 2
=
= cos
d2
x sin cos
d 4 x sin cos 3
=
= cos
d 3 x sin cos 2
d2 d3 d4
=
=
d1 d 2 d 3
d1, d2, d3, d4 are in geometric sequence with

common ratio cos .
x sin (1 cos 4 )
1 cos
x sin (1 cos 2 )(1 + cos 2 )
=
1 cos
= x sin (1 + cos )(1 + cos 2 )
d1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 =
(ii)
d 1 +d 2 +d 3 +d 4
= 20 sin 30(1 +cos 30)(1 +cos 2 30)
(c)
3
3
1
= 20 1 +
1+
2
2
2
35
2 + 3
=
2
2
35
=
(2 + 3 )
4
15. (a) (i)
1
The portion that P gets the first time = 4
(ii) The portion that P gets the second time alone

1
1 1
= =
4 4 16
(iii) The portion that P gets the nth time alone
n 1
1
=
4
1
= n
4
1

4
(b) The portion that P will get in the first n times
1 1
1
1
+
+
+ ... + n
4 16 64
4
1 1
1
1
= + 2 + 3 + ... + n
4 4
4
4
=
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with first

term
39
1
1
, common ratio
and number of terms n.
4
4
The portion that P will get if they divide the
cake an infinite number of times
1
4
1
1
4
3
4
1
4
16. (a)
1
3
ABC is an equilateral triangle.

ABC = 60
Area of ABC = 3 area of OAB
1
1
( AB )( BC )(sin ABC ) = 3 ( AB )(OD)
2
2
1
1
(8)(8)(sin 60) = 3 (8)(r1 )
2
2
4
r1 =
3
Consider OEF.
FOE = 60
OE = OF cos FOE
r1 r2 = (r1 + r2 ) cos 60
r2 =
r2 =
1
r1
3
4
3 3
1
4
Similarly, r3 = 3 r2 =
9 3
(b) From (a), we know that r1, r2, r3, are in geometric
sequence with first term
4
3
and common ratio
.
Sum of the circumferences of these circles
= ( 2r1 + 2r2 + 2r3 + ) cm

= 2 (r1 + r2 + r3 + ) cm
4
3
= 2
1
1
3
cm
= 4 3 cm
(c) Consider the sequence r12, r22, r32,
2
r
r2
= 2
2
r1
r1
1
=
9
r12, r22, r32, are in geometric sequence with

first term
16
1
and common ratio
.
3
9
Sum of the areas of these circles
40
1
3

2
Revision Exercise 2 (p. 2.36)

Level 1
1. Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
(a) a = 3, n = 20 and d = 2 (3) = 5
= (r1 + r2 + r3 + ) cm 2
2
= ( r1 + r2 + r3 + ) cm 2
16
= 3
1 1
= 6 cm
cm 2
(b)
(c)
2.
20
[ 2( 3) +( 20 1)(5)]
2
=890
S ( 20) =
a = 65, n = 15 and d = 62 65 = 3
15
[ 2(65) +(15 1)( 3)]
2
=660
S (15) =
a = 7, n = 12 and d = 4 7 = 3
12
[ 2(7) +(12 1)( 3)]
2
= 114
S (12) =
Let a, r and n be the first term, the common ratio and the
(a)
a =10, n = 6 and r =
1 6
101
2
S (6) =
1
1
2
1
101
64
=
1
2
11
= 19
16
(b)
a = 8, n = 8 and r =
5
1
=
10 2
24
= 3
8
8[1 ( 3)8 ]
1 ( 3)
8(1 6561)
=
4
= 13 120
S (8) =
(c)
41
a = 18, n =12 and r =
6
1
=
18
3
1 12
181
S (12) =
1
1
3
1
181
531 441
=
4
3
265 720
=
19 683

3.

respectively.
(a)
(b)
a = 28 and r =
14 1
=
28 2
28
1
1
2
= 56
S () =
a = 27 and r =
18
2
=
27
3
27
2
1
3
81
=
5
S () =
(c)
4.
3
a = and r =
5
9
25
3
5
3
5
3
5
S () =
3
1
5
3
=
8
(a) Let k be the number of terms in the sequence.
S ( k ) =10 100
k
( 200 + 2) =10 100
2
101k =10 100
k =100
There are 100 terms in the sequence.

(b) Let d be the common difference.
T (100) = 2
5.
200 + (100 1) d = 2
99d = 198
d = 2
The common difference is 2.

S (9) = 90
9
[ 2a + (9 1) d ] = 90
2
(2) (1):
a +4d =10
T (11) =14
a +10d =14
6d = 4
d=
(1)
(2)
2
3
42
The common difference is
2
.
3

(b) By substituting d =
2
into (1), we have
3
2 k
(4 1)
S (k ) = 3
< 3650
4 1
4 k 1 < 16 425
2
a + 4 = 10
3
22
a=
3
S (50) =
=
50 22
2
+ (50 1)
2
2 3
3
3550
3
6.
(a) The sum of all the integers between 1 and 50

inclusive
50
=
(1 +50)
2
=1275
(b) The sum of all the even integers between 1 and 100
inclusive
= 2 + 4 + 6 + +100
= 2(1 + 2 + 3 + + 50)
= 2(1275)
= 2550
7.
(from (a))

respectively.
a =1 and r =
S (k ) =
3
=3
1
1(3k 1)
> 2000
3 1
3k 1 > 4000
3k > 4001
log 3k > log 4001

k log 3 > log 4001
log 4001
log 3
k > 7.55 (cor. to 2 d.p.)
k>
8.

respectively.
a=
2
and r =
3
2
3
2
3
8
= 3
2
3
=4
43
4 k < 16 426
log 4 k < log 16 426
k log 4 < log 16 426
log 16 426
k<
log 4
k < 7.0018 (cor. to 4 d.p.)
The maximum value of k is 7.
= 0.5555...
0.5
9.
= 0.5 + 0.05 + 0.005 + 0.0005 + ...

0.5
=
1 0.1
0.5
=
0.9
5
=
9
(a)
S () =
(b)
2.41 4 = 2.414 141 4...

= 2.4 + 0.014 + 0.000 14 + 0.000 001 4 + ...
0.014
= 2.4 +
1 0.01
0.014
= 2.4 +
0.99
239
=
99
41
=2
99
(c)
10.4 14 = 10.414 414 414...

= 10 + 0.414 + 0.000 414 + 0.000 000 414 + ...
0.414
1 0.001
0.414
= 10 +
0.999
46
= 10
111
= 10 +
10. (a) First term = a b

Common difference
= (3a + b) (a b)
= 3a + b a + b
= 2a + 2b
10
[ 2( a b ) + (10 1)(2a + 2b)]
2
= 5( 2a 2b +18a +18b)
S (10) =
= 5( 20a +16b)
=100a +80b
(b) Consider a = 10 and b = 1.
9 =10 1
31 =3(10) +1
53 =5(10) +3(1)
a = 9 and r =
The sum of the first 10 terms

=100(10) +80(1) (from (a))
=1080
respectively.
44
9
1
27
2
1
3
3 1
=
9 3
1 5
9 1
3
S (5) =
1
1
3
1
91
243
=
2
3
121
=
9
= S () S (5)
27 121
=
2
9
1
=
18
(b) Percentage error
1
= 18 100%
27
2
= 0.412% (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
S1 (3) = T1 (1) + T1 ( 2) + T1 (3)
12. (a)
1 1 1
= + +
3 3 3
7
=
27
S 2 (3) = T2 (1) + T2 ( 2) + T2 (3)
1
2
3
1 1 1
= + +
3 3 3
13
=
27
S1 () =
(b)
1
3
1
1
3
1
=
4
1
3
S 2 () =
1
1
3
1
=
2
respectively.
45
18
5 = 3
6
5
6
3
1
5
15
=
4
S () =
The absolute error in her answer
a = 6 and r =

(b) Consider the even terms of the sequence:
18
162
,
, ...
5
125
Let T1(n) be the nth term of the given sequence and

T2(n) be the nth term of the new sequence with even
terms.
T2 (n)
T ( 2n )
= 1
T2 (n 1) T1 (2n 2)
2 n 1
3
6
5
= 2 n 3
3
6
5
2
3
=
5
9
25
The even terms of the sequence form a

geometric sequence.
(c) The sum of the even terms of the sequence
18
5
=
9
1
25
18
5
=
16
25
45
=
8
14. (a) Let a, r and k be the first term, the common ratio and
the number of terms of the given sequence.
a =1, r =
3
= 3 and T ( k ) = ar k 1 = 729
1
729 =(1)(3) k 1
3k 1 =729
3k 1 =36
k 1 =6
k =7
1(37 1)
3 1
2187 1
=
2
=1093
S (7) =
21 23 29 ... 2729 = 4 x
(b)
21+3 +9 +...+729 = ( 22 ) x
21093 = 22 x
2 x =1093
x = 546.5
(from (a))
46

respectively.
7
a
9
7
= a
9
7
=
9
9
=
7
2
=
7
S () =
a
1r
1
1r
1r
r
16.
The common ratio is
2
.
7
The time David spent on reading each day was

4 minutes more than that in the preceding day.
The time David spent on reading in successive days
are in arithmetic sequence with common difference 4.
Total time that David spent on reading in the first
3 weeks of the holiday
21
=
[ 2( 20) +( 21 1)( 4)] minutes
2
=1260 minutes
17.
The length of each part is 1 cm less than the

preceding part.
The lengths of successive parts are in arithmetic
sequence with common difference 1 cm.
Let a cm be the length of the longest part.
S ( 26) = 429
26
[ 2a + ( 26 1)(1)] = 429
2
2a 25 = 33
a = 29
The length of the longest part =29 cm

The length of the shortest part
=T ( 26)
=[ 29 +( 26 1)( 1)] cm
=4 cm
18.
The number of citizens infected each day is increased

by 7%.
The number of citizens infected in successive days
are in geometric sequence with common ratio
1 + 7% = 1.07.
The total number of citizens infected after one week
120(1.07 7 1)
1.07 1
=1038 (cor. to the nearest integer)
=
19. (a) 1, 2, 3 or 2, 4, 6 or 3, 6, 9
(b) By adding the corresponding terms of 1, 2, 3 and
2, 4, 6, we have 3, 6, 9, which is an arithmetic
sequence with common difference 3.
The common difference of the new sequence is equal
to the sum of the common differences of the two
former sequences.
47

20. (a) 1, 2, 4 or 1, 3, 9 or 1, 4, 16
(b) By multiplying the corresponding terms of 1, 2, 4 and
1, 3, 9, we have 1, 6, 36, which is a geometric
sequence with common ratio 6.
The common ratio of the new sequence is equal to
the product of the common ratios of the two former
sequences.
(b)
( 2 + log 2) + ( 4 + log 4) + (8 + log 8) + ... to 10 terms

= ( 2 + log 2) + ( 2 2 + log 2 2 ) + ( 23 + log 23 ) + ... to 10 terms
= ( 2 + log 2) + ( 2 2 + log 2 2 ) + ( 23 + log 23 ) + ... + ( 210 + log 210 )
= ( 2 + 2 2 + 23 + ... + 210 ) + (log 2 + log 2 2 + log 23 + ... + log 210 )
2( 210 1)
+ log(2 2 2 23 ... 210 )
2 1
= 2046 + log 255
(from (a))
=
Level 2
=T (1)
21. (a) The first term
=S (1)
= 2046 + 55 log 2
=16(1) 12
=15
10a
24. (a) (i)
T (2) = S (2) S (1)

= [16(2) 22 ] 15
= 28 15
= 13
=10
(ii)
=T ( 2) T (1)
The common difference =13 15

=
2
(b) (i)
=15 +( n 1)(2)
(b) The general term
=17 2n
a + (8 1)( 2d ) = 2( a + 4d )
a +14 d = 2a + 8d
a = 6d
100
S (100) =
[ 2a + (100 1)( 2d )]
2
= 50( 2a +198d )
(b)
= 50(12d +198d )
(ii)
n
[ 2 log a + ( n 1)(1)]
2
n( n 1)
= n log a +
2
S ( n) =
sin 2 cos 2
sin 2
= cos 2
sin 2
1 cos 2
sin 2
=
sin 2
=1
S () =
(b)
S (100) : S (50) =10 500d : 2750d

=42 : 11
26. Johns total savings at the end of 2019

= savings at the end of 2009 + savings at the end of 2010
+ savings at the end of 2011 + + savings at the end
of 2019
= $[156 000(20%) + 156 000(1 + 5%)(20%) +
156 000(1 + 5%)2(20%) + + 156 000(1 + 5%)10
(20%)]
$156 000(20%), common ratio 1.05 and number of
terms 11.
Johns total savings at the end of 2019
a a a a
10
= a1+2 +3 + +10
=a
log a, log 10a, log 100a, are in

arithmetic sequence.
25. (a) Common ratio =
= 25(110d )
= 2750d
23. (a)
Let T(n) be the nth term of the sequence.
= 50( 210d )
=10 500d
50
S (50) =
[ 2a + (50 1)(2d )]
2
= 25( 2a + 98d )
= 25(12d + 98d )
a (10 n 1)
10 1
a
= (10 n 1)
9
S ( n) =
T (1) = log a
T ( 2) = log 10a = log 10 + log a =1 + log a
T (3) = log 100a = log 100 + log a = 2 + log a
T ( n) = ( n 1) + log a
T ( n) T ( n 1)
=[(n 1) + log a ] [(n 2) + log a ]
=1, which is a constant.
22. (a) First term = a

Common difference = (a + 2d) a = 2d
T (8) = 2 T (3)
Common ratio = a
10 (1+10 )
2
= a 55
48

27.
The length of the pile driven into the ground in each

blow is 90% of that in the previous blow.
The lengths of the pile driven into the ground in
successive blows are in geometric sequence with
common ratio 0.9.
(a) The depth after 6 blows
156 000( 20%)(1.0511 1)

=$
1.05 1
= $443 000 (cor. to the nearest $1000)
=S (6)
2(1 0.96 )
m
1 0.9
2(1 0.96 )
=
m
0.1
= 9.37 m (cor. to 2 d.p.)
=
(b) The depth after 7 blows
=S (7)
2(1 0.97 )
m
1 0.9
2(1 0.97 )
=
m
0.1
=10.43 m (cor. to 2 d.p.)
>10 m
=
28. (a)
The pile can be completely driven into the

ground with one more blow.
The weight loss in each month is 80% of that in
the previous month.
The weight losses in successive months are in
geometric sequence with common ratio 0.8.
The weight loss in the nth month
1
=
2(0.8) n
kg
2
kg
1 0.8
(b) The total weight loss
2
=
kg
0.2
=10 kg
=
29.
She weighs (80 10) kg = 70 kg eventually.
The diameter of each semi-circle is 60% of that of the

previous semi-circle.
The diameters of successive semi-circles are in
geometric sequence with common ratio 0.6.
The lengths of successive semi-circles are in
geometric sequence with first term
1
(8 ) mm = 4 mm and common ratio 0.6.
2
Maximum length of the spiral curl of the snail shell
4
mm
1 0.6
4
=
mm
0.4
=10 mm
=
30. (a) (i)
From 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2019,

there are 20 half-years.
The 1st deposit has earned compound interest
for 20 times. Hence, it amounts to
20
6%
$ x1 +
49
= $ x (1.03) 20 .

The 2nd deposit has earned compound interest
19
6%
$ x1 +
= $ x (1.03)19 .
The 3rd deposit has earned compound interest

18
6%
$ x1 +
= $ x(1.03)18 .
The required sum
=$[ x (1.03) 20 +x (1.03)19 +x (1.03)18 ]

=$ x (1.0320 +1.0319 +1.0318 )
(ii) The last deposit has earned compound interest

for 1 time. Hence, it amounts to
6%
$ x1 +
= $ x (1.03) .
2
The total amount he will get
=$[ x(1.03) 20 + x(1.03)19 +

x (1.03)18 +... + x (1.03)]
Obviously, the sum is a geometric series with
the first term x(1.03)20, common ratio
1
1.03
and number of terms 20.

The total amount he will get
20
1
x(1.03) 20 1
1.03
= $
1
1.03
x(1.0320 1)
=$
0.03
1.03
=$
103 x(1.0320 1)
3
103 x(1.0320 1)
= 500 000
3
(b)
1 500 000
x=
103(1.0320 1)
x = 18 066 (cor. to the nearest integer)
31. (a)
C1C = B1C1 = b
AC1 = AC C1C = 3a b
AB1C1 ~ ABC (AAA)
AC1
BC
= 1 1
AC
BC
3a b b
=
3a
a
3a b = 3b
3a = 4b
b=
3
a
4
50

(b) (i)
From (a), we have B1C1 =
3
BC
4
= ( B1C1 ) 2 + ( B2 C 2 ) 2 + ( B3C3 ) 2 +
9 2
a
= 16
9
1
16
9
= a2
7
Similarly, we have
3
B1C1
4
3
= b
4
B2 C 2 =
3
B2 C 2 = b
4
3 3
(ii)
= a
4 4
9
= a
16
B1C1 =
3
a
4
2
9
3
a = a
16
4
3
B3C3 = B2 C 2
4
B2 C 2 =
(c) (i)
33
a
44
3
3
= a
4
n
3
BnCn = a
4
n
BnCn
Bn 1Cn 1
3
a
4
= n 1
3
a
4
3
4
B1C1, B2C2, B3C3, are in geometric

sequence.
4
(ii)
3
B4C4 = a
4
81
=
a
256
(iii) The areas of the squares are in geometric

sequence with first term
9 2
a and common
16
ratio
9
.
16
The required sum of areas
51

32. (a)
The speed of Ken is twice that of Angel.

The distance travelled by Ken is twice that of
Angel in the same time.
BC =
1
1
AB = (24 m) =12 m
2
2
Similarly,
1
1
BC = (12 m) = 6 m
2
2
1
1
and DE = CD = (6 m) = 3 m
2
2
BC 12 1
=
=
24 2
(b) AB
CD
6
1
=
=
BC 12 2
CD =
AB, BC, CD, are in geometric sequence with

common ratio
(c)
1
.
2
Ken can overtake Angel.

Total distance Ken must run
24
m
1
1
2
= 48 m
=
(d) Only with r > 1, Ken can eventually catch up with

Angel.
The speed of Ken is r times that of Angel.
The distance travelled by Ken is r times that of
Angel in the same time.
BC 1
=
AB
r
CD 1
=
BC
r
AB, BC, CD, are in geometric sequence with
common ratio
1
.
r
Total distance Ken must run
24
m
1
1
r
24
=
m
r 1
r
24r
=
m
r 1
=
They will meet at
24r
m away from A.
r 1
33. (a)
8
8
8
(9) = (10 1) = (101 1)
9
9
9
8
8
8
88 = (99) = (100 1) = (10 2 1)
9
9
9
8
8
8
888 = (999) = (1000 1) = (10 3 1)
9
9
9
8=
52
T ( n) =
8
(10 n 1)
9

(b)
T (1) + T (2) + T (3) + + T (n)

8
8
8
= (101 1) + (102 1) + + (10n 1)
9
9
9
8
= (101 1 +102 1 + +10n 1)
9
8
= [(101 +102 + +10n ) n]
9
8 10(10n 1)
=
n
9 (10 1)
geometric sequence with common ratio

cos .
The required sum
k
180
=
1 cos
k
=
180(1 cos )
1
(OB1 )(OA2 ) sin
2
(c) Area of OA B = 1 ( k )(k cos ) sin
2
2 1
1 2
= k cos sin
2
8 10(10n 1)
n
9
9
34. (a)
OA2 = OB1 cos

= OA1 cos
= k cos
OA3 = OB2 cos

= OA2 cos
= k cos 2
A1B1 = 2 (OA1 )
(b) (i)
k
180
360
360
k cos
=
180
A2 B2 = 2 (OA2 )
360
k cos 2
=
180
A3 B3 = 2 (OA3 )
(ii)
A1B1, A2 B2 , A3 B3 , is a
k cosn 1
An Bn =
180
k cosn 1
An Bn
= 180n 2
An 1Bn 1 k cos
180
= cos , which is a constant.
53
L = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + + n) 1
Area of OA B
3
1
(OB2 )(OA3 ) sin
2
1
= ( k cos )(k cos 2 ) sin
2
1 2
= k cos 3 sin
2
=
Area of OA B
4
1
= (OB3 )(OA4 ) sin
2
1
= (k cos 2 )(OB3 cos ) sin
2
1
= (k cos 2 )(k cos 2 cos ) sin
2
1 2
= k cos 5 sin
2
(d) The areas of the triangles are in geometric sequence
with first term
1 2
k cos sin and common
2
ratio
cos2 .
The sum to infinity of the series
=
=
=
=
1 2
k cos sin
2
1 cos 2
k 2 cos sin
2 sin 2
k 2 cos
2 sin
k2
2 tan
a 4 =1 + 2(1) +2( 2) +2(3)

35. (a) (i)
=13
a5 =1 + 2(1) +2( 2) +2(3) +2( 4)
= 21
(ii)
l =2( n
1)
an = 1 + 2(1) + 2(2) + + l
= 1 + 2(1) + 2(2) + + 2( n 1)
= 1 + 2[1 + 2 + + ( n 1)]
n( n 1)
= 1 + 2
= 1 + n(n 1)
(b) (i)
1 = 2(1) 1
5 = 2(1 + 2) 1
11 = 2(1 + 2 +3) 1
19 = 2(1 + 2 +3 + 4) 1
54
n(n +1)
= 2
1
2
= n( n +1) 1

(ii) The terms in bn are in arithmetic sequence with
first term = an = 1 + n(n 1) and common
difference = 2.
The number of terms = n
The sum of the terms in bn
n
{[1 + n(n 1)] +[n(n +1) 1]}
2
n
= (1 + n 2 n + n 2 + n 1)
2
= n3
=
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 2.41)

1. Answer: A
Let a, d and n be the first term, the common difference and
the number of terms in the sequence.
a = 3, d = 5 3 = 2 and T ( n) = a + ( n 1) d = 99
99 = 3 + (n 1)(2)
2n +1 = 99
n = 49
2.
3.
49
[ 2(3) +( 49 1)( 2)]
2
= 2499
S ( 49) =
Answer: C
T (1) =17 + 6(1)

= 23
T (50) =17 + 6(50)
= 317
50
( 23 +317)
2
=8500
S (50) =
Answer: C
Let a and d be the first term and the common difference
respectively.
S (8) =16
8
[2a + (8 1)d ] = 16
2
4(2a + 7 d ) = 16
2a + 7 d = 4 ......(1)
T (9) = a +8d = 16
......( 2)
(1) 8 ( 2) 7 : (16 a +56d ) (7 a +56 d ) =32 +112

9a =144
a =16
4.
=133 96
=37
= an + ( an + 2) + ( an + 4) + ... + L
T (7 ) =S (7) S (6)
Answer: C
S (7) = 3(7) 2 2(7)

=133
S (6) = 3(6) 2 2(6)
= 96
55

5.
Answer: C
101+ 2 + 3 + + n > 1050

1 + 2 + 3 + + n > 50
n(n + 1)
> 50
2
n(n + 1) > 100
n 2 + n 100 > 0
1 + 401 1 401
n
> 0
n

2
2

6.
n>
1 + 401
1 401
or n <
(rejected)
2
2
n>
1 + 401
9.51
2
The smallest value of n is 10.
Answer: D
92
= 92
1
2n
Number of terms =
+1 = n + 1
2
1[(9 2 ) n +1 1]
1 + 9 2 + 9 4 + + 9 2 n =
9 2 1
(32 ) 2 n+2 1
=
80
4 n +4
3
1
=
80
Common ratio =
7.
Answer: B
8.
Answer: D
S () =100
9.
a
=100
1 0.25
a
=100
0.75
a = 75
Answer: C
First term = a and common ratio =
a
1
1
a
a
=
1
1+
a
a
=
a +1
a
a2
=
a +1
S () =
10 102 103 10n > 1050
1
1
=
a
a
56

10. Answer: D
respectively.
25
3
25
a + ar =
(1)
3
S () =15
S ( 2) =
a
=15
1 r
(2)
25 1

3 15
5
1 r2 =
9
4
r2 =
9
2
2
r = or r =
3
3
2
2
The common ratio is
or
.
3
3
(1) ( 2) : 1 r 2 =
HKMO (p. 2.45)

1. Consider the triangular numbers.
The kth triangular number is
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k =
k (k + 1)
.
2
Let T(k) be the largest triangular number that is smaller

than or equal to 2003.
T ( k ) 2003
k ( k +1)
2003
2
k 2 +k 4006
k 2 +k 4006 0
1 12 4(1)( 4006)
1 + 12 4(1)( 4006)
k
2(1)
2(1)
1 16 025
1 + 16 025
k
2
2
1 5 641
1 +5 641
k
2
2
The largest value of k is 62.

The largest triangular number that is smaller than or
equal to 2003
62 (62 +1)
2
= 1953
=
2003 is in row (2003 1953) = 50 and column

[62 + 1 (50 1)] = 14.
x = 50 and y = 14
xy =(50)(14) =700
57

2.
x=
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
+ + + + + + + + + + ...
2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5
2
99
1
+
+
+ ... +
100
100
100
1 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 3 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
+
+
+
+ ...
2 3
4
5

1 + 2 + ... + 99
+
100
2
3
4
(1 + 2) (1 + 3) (1 + 4)
1 2
2
2
= +
+
+
+ ...
2
3
4
5

99
2 (1 + 99)
+
100
2
3
4
99
2 (100)
1 2 (3) 2 ( 4) 2 (5)
= +
+
+
+ ... +
2 3 4 5
100
1 2 3 4
99
+ + + + ... +
2 2 2 2
2
99 1 99
=
+
2 2
2
99
=
(50)
2
= 2475
=
3.
3
2
1
3
=
1 sin 2
2
1 sin =
3
1
sin =
3
1 + sin + sin 2 + ... =
Suppose the first term is n.

The sum of R consecutive positive integers
= n + (n + 1) + ( n + 2) + ... + ( n + R 1)
R
[n + ( n + R 1)]
2
R
= (2n + R 1)
2
R ( R 1)
= Rn +
2
R ( R 1)
Rn +
= 1000
2
R 1 1000
n+
=
2
R
(2 5)3 R 1
n=
,
R
2
which is a positive integer.
=
Obviously, the least value of R is 5.
58
4.

For 0 < < 90, consider the right-angled ABC as
shown.
BC 2 + AC 2 = AB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BC 2 +12 =3 2
BC = 9 1
=2 2
y = tan
1
2 2
5.
2
4
R =1 2 + 2 2 2 + 3 23 + ... +10 210
= ( 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ... + 210 ) +
(2 2 + 2 3 +... + 210 ) +
(2 3 + ... + 210 ) +
(2 9 + 210 ) +
210
2( 210 1) 2 2 ( 2 9 1) 2 3 ( 28 1)
2 9 (2 2 1)
+
+
+ ... +
+
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
210 ( 2 1)
2 1
11
= ( 2 2) + ( 211 2 2 ) + ( 211 2 3 ) + ... + ( 211 2 9 ) +
=
(211 210 )
=10( 211 ) (2 + 2 2 + ... + 210 )
2(210 1)
2 1
11
11
=10( 2 ) (2 2)
=10( 211 )
= 9(211 ) + 2
=18 434
59
60

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2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

S (5) =1 + (3) + (5) + (7) + (9)

2 S (5) =10 + (10) + (10) + (10) + (10)

S (10) = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 +11 +13 +15 +17 +19

S (10) = 19 +17 +15 +13 +11 + 9 + 7 + 5 + 3 +1

Activity 2.2 (p. 2.20)

(a) very large

S (10) = T (1) + T ( 2) + T (3) + T (4) + T (5) + T (6) +

NSS Mathematics in Action 6A Full Solutions

(c) The general term of the sequence is T(n) = 2n1.

10, 2, 0.4, 0.08,

Quick Practice 2.2 (p. 2.7)

2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

S ( 25) = T (1) +T ( 2) +... +T (15) +T (16) +... +T ( 25)

The sum from the 16th term to the 25th term

400 =100 + ( k 1)(4)

The sum of all the multiples of 4 between 100 and

400 =100 + ( m 1)(5)

The sum of all the multiples of 5 between 100 and

(c) The multiples of 20 between 100 and 400 inclusive are

400 =100 + ( n 1)( 20)

The sum of all the multiples of 20 between 100 and

The sum of all the multiples of 4 or 5 between 100

Quick Practice 2.4 (p. 2.10)

NSS Mathematics in Action 6A Full Solutions

By substituting d = 3 into (1), we have

Quick Practice 2.5 (p. 2.15)

(c) Let k be the number of terms of the given sequence.

2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

486 3k 1 484 3k 1 = 162

Quick Practice 2.8 (p. 2.17)

log 3k > log 2001

The first term of the geometric sequence is 72.9.

The minimum value of k is 7.

NSS Mathematics in Action 6A Full Solutions

Quick Practice 2.12 (p. 2.24)

0.32 7 = 0.327 272 7

= 0.3 + 0.027 + 0.000 27 + 0.000 002 7 +

Quick Practice 2.10 (p. 2.23)

0.4 14 = 0.414 414 414

= 0.414 + 0.000 414 + 0.000 000 414 +

Quick Practice 2.13 (p. 2.27)

Quick Practice 2.11 (p. 2.23)

Quick Practice 2.14 (p. 2.28)

T (1) = 124 000

and common ratio =

The total number of bricks required

T (16) = 44 + (16 1)(10)

T (3) = 124 000 (1 4%) 2

= 124 000 (0.96) 2

T ( n) =124 000 (0.96) n 1

2 Summation of Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

(b) Let S(n) be the total number of barrels of oil extracted in

T(1), T(2), T(3), is a geometric sequence with

= T (13) +T (14) +T (15) +... +T ( 24)

Quick Practice 2.15 (p. 2.29)

=$[ x (1.04)12 + x (1.04)11 + x (1.04)10 +... + x (1.04)1 ]

Mrs Yeung should deposit $19 200 at the beginning of

Quick Practice 2.16 (p. 2.31)

(b) T1, T3, T5, form a geometric sequence.

NSS Mathematics in Action 6A Full Solutions

498 = 300 + ( m 1)(3)