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JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
DATA CONVERSION
2.
3.
The voltage solution exists at a specific point within the system and is
made available to the operator in some form.
Generally, there are two types of analogue circuit arrangements in use. The first
is a 'general purpose' computing arrangement consisting of a large number of
networks, which are capable of providing solutions to a range of problems. The
second type is a 'special purpose' arrangement, which is capable of serving as a
model for, or simulating, a specific condition.
Since the analogue computer operates by a process of measurement, it is best
suited to applications where continually varying quantities are to be dealt with.
Although computation involving measurement usually introduces errors, it is
possible to attain accuracy of better than 0.1%. This is adequate for many
applications and, since small analogue computers can deal with relatively simple
problems, this type of computer will be met in some equipment carried in aircraft.
1.2 DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Digital computers are arithmetic machines: that is, they operate by a process of
counting numbers or digits (hence their name). The basic operation that a digital
computer can perform is addition.
The digital computer is, therefore, used when the problem to be solved is of an
arithmetical nature and where an exact answer is required. Digital processing
errors are very low, with accuracy in the order of 0.001% being possible, although
a digital computer operating in a controlling role will have inputs derived from
some form of measurement with consequent errors. For specific tasks, the
programme of instructions, which supplies the computer with the information on
which it operates, can be built in to the machine; digital computers of this type
have many aircraft applications.
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
uk
engineering
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
+5V
POSITION
2
POSITION
1
+5V
O/P A
+0V
TIME
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
uk
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
engineering
+5V
+5V
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
O/P A
+0V
TIME
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
uk
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
engineering
ANALOGUE SIGNAL
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
DIGITAL SIGNAL
3 BIT
WORD
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
uk
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
engineering
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
The levels at which the code changes are known as quantisation levels, and the
intervals between them as quantisation intervals. In the example given in Figure
5.3.3, the quantisation levels are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 volts, and the
quantisation interval is 1 volt.
Using a 3-bit word gives 23 = 8 different quantisation levels. With a 4-bit word we
would have 24 = 16 quantisation levels with 0.5 volt quantisation intervals giving
improved resolution over the same range of input voltage.
Thus the more bits available the greater the resolution for a given range of
analogue signal input. It can be seen from the above that an ADC using an n-bit
word would have a resolution of one part in 2 n.
1.5 ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERSION
In order to convert the analogue signal into a digital signal, an Operational
Amplifier is used as a comparator. Figure 4 shows an Op amp comparator.
+VE
VREF
+
VIN
VOUT
Comparator Circuit
Figure 4
The output of the comparator will be logic 0 when the reference voltage is
greater than the analogue input, changing to logic 1 when the analogue voltage
is greater than the reference voltage.
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
uk
engineering
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
Figure 5 shows the resultant digital waveforms from an analogue input signal
using an Op Amp comparator.
VREF
VIN
+VMAX
VOUT 0
-VMAX
WHEN VIN < VREF THEN VOUT = -V MAX
WHEN VIN > VREF THEN VOUT = +V MAX
Analogue/Digital waveforms
Figure 5
In the example in figure 3, the quantisation level was 0 7 with a quantisation
interval of 1 volt. To convert this range to digital a total of 7 comparator Op Amps
would be required. This however would give a word length of 7 bits. We know to
represent the range 0 7 with an interval of 1 volt will only require a 3-bit word.
uk
engineering
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
To convert the seven bit word to a 3-bit word an encoder circuit is used. The
circuit contains a number of logic gates that will convert the 7-bit word down to
the required 3-bit notation. Figure 6 shows the layout of an encoder circuit.
A
B
LSB
E
F
Z
MSB
Encoder Circuit
Figure 6
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engineering
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
D
E
C
I
M
A
L
I
N
P
U
T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
uk
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
engineering
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
DAC Output
Figure 8
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
uk
engineering
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
Similarly, an output voltage range of 0 to 10 volts with 10-bit word input will give
spacing between quantisation levels of approximately 0.01 volts. The stepped
nature of the output can of course be smoothed.
To change a digital word into an analogue signal we require a circuit capable of
carrying out this function. One method would be to apply the digital word to a
corresponding number of resistors (4-bit word 4 resistors), connected as a
potential divider. Figure 9 shows a circuit that would carry out the function of
Digital to Analogue conversion.
MSB
4
B
I
T
2R
V OUT
W
O
R
D
4R
LSB
8R
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
uk
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
engineering
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
V REF
S1
MSB
S2
2R
-
4 BIT
DIGITAL
INPUT
S3
S4
4R
ANALOGUE
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
8R
LSB
0V
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engineering
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
BLANK
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION
JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
MODULE 5
uk
engineering
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
MODULE 5.3
DATA
CONVERSION