RC 09-1354 RC Structural Elements

Prof.
Tavio
RC09-1354 RC Structural Elements 1
RC09-1354: RC Structural Elements
Lecture 5 - Flexure
Lecture Goals
Rectangular Beams
Loading and Resistance
Balanced Beams
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Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stressblock stress block.
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Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
haswhat isknownasa|
1
coefficient isproportionof has what is known as a |
1
coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers.
psi 4000 for 85 . 0
c 1
s = f |
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65 . 0
1000
4000
* 05 . 0 85 . 0
c
1
>
(
(

=
f
|
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Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium Internal
forces balances with
external forces
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Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setupequilibrium (1) Setup equilibrium.
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
n
c s s
x
M
2
T 0
85 . 0
C T 0
a
d M
ab f f A
F
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. \
2
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Flexural Stress
(2) Findflexural capacity (2) Find flexural capacity.
s s
c
s s
0.85
T A f
C f ab
A f
a
=
=
=
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c
0.85
a
f b
=
Flexural Stress
(2) Findfle ral capacit (2) Find flexural capacity.
( )
n
s s
M moment arm
2
T
a
A f d
=
| |
=
|
\ .
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\ .
Prof. Tavio
Flexural Stress
(3) Needtoconfirmc >c (3) Need to confirm c
s
>c
y
s
y
y
o
c
=
=
a
c
E
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( )
y c s
1
c c c
|
>
=
c
c d
c
Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example
Given a rectangular beam
f
c
=4000 psi
f
y
=60 ksi (4 #7 bars)
b=12in d=155in h=18in
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b =12 in. d =15.5 in. h=18 in.
Find the neutral axis.
Find the moment capacity of the beam.
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Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example
Determine the area of steel, #7 bar has 0.6 in
2
.
The | value is |
1
=0.85 because the concrete
( )
2 2
s
4 0.6 in 2.4 in A = =
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| |
1
has a f
c
=4000 psi.
1 c
0.85 for 4000 psi f | = s
Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example
From equilibrium (assume the steel has yielded)
C T =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
c s
2
s
c
0.85
60 ksi 2.4 in
3.53 in.
0.85 0.85 4 ksi 12 in
y
y
C T
f ba f A
f A
a
f b
=
=
= = =
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1
3.53 in.
4.152 in.
0.85
a
c
|
= = =
The neutral axis is
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Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example
Check to see whether or not the steel has yielded.
60k i
f
y
y
s
60 ksi
0.00207
E 29000 ksi
f
c = = =
Check the strain in the steel
( )
s
0.003
d c
c
c

| |
=
|
\ .
Steel yielded!
13 Prof. Tavio
( )
15.5 in. 4.152 in.
0.003 0.0082 0.000207
4.152 in.
c
\ .
| |
= = >
|
\ .
Steel yielded!
Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example
Compute moment capacity of the beam.
( )( )
n s y
2
2
3.53 in.
2.4 in 60 ksi 15.5 in.
2
a
M A f d
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
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2
1979 k-in. 164.8 k-ft.
\ .
=
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Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular Example
For thegivenbeamwithconcrete
For a non-rectangular beam
For the given beam with concrete
rated at f
c
=6 ksi and the steel is
rated at f
s
=60 ksi. d =12.5 in.
(a) Determine the area of the steel for a
balanced system for shown area of concrete.
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(b) Determine the moment capacity of the
beam. M
n
(c) Determine the NA.
Flexural Stress
Th f th t ti i
For a non-rectangular beam
The area of the concrete section is
( )( ) ( )( )
c
2
6 in. 3 in. 10 in. 2 in.
38 in
A = +
=
The force due to concrete forces.
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( )( )
c c
2
0.85
0.85 6 ksi 38 in
193.8 kips.
C f A =
=
=
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Flexural Stress
Using equilibrium, the area of the steel can be found
c c
s s c c s
s
2
0.85
0.85
193.8 kips
323i
T C
f A
f A f A A
f
A
=
= =
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2
s
p
3.23 in
60 ksi
A = =
Flexural Stress
Find the center of the area
f t of concrete area
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
i i
i
6in 3in 15in 10in 2in 4in
y A
y
A
=
+
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( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
6 in. 3 in. 1.5 in. 10 in. 2 in. 4 in.
6 in. 3 in. 10 in. 2 in.
2.8158 in.
+
=
+
=
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Flexural Stress
Themoment capacityof thebeamis The moment capacity of the beam is
( )
( )
n
193.8 kips 12.5 in. 2.8158 in.
1869k i 15575k ft
M T d y =
=
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1869 k-in. 155.75 k-ft. =
Flexural Stress
Computethe |
1
value Compute the |
1
value
c
1
4000 psi
0.85 0.05*
1000 psi
6000 psi 4000 psi
0.85 0.05*
1000 i
f
|
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
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1000 psi
0.75
|
\ .
=
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Flexural Stress
Find the neutral axis
1
5.0 in.
667in
a
c
|
=
= =
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6.67 in.
0.75
= =
Loading
The loading variations are taken into
considerationbyusingaseriesof loadfactors consideration by using a series of load factors
to determine the ultimate load, U.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
r
1.4
1.2 1.6 0.5 or or
U D F
U D F T L H L S R
= +
= + + + + +
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( )
r
1.2 1.6 0.5 1.0 or or
1.2 1.0 1.0 0.2
etc.
U D W L L S R
U D E L S
= + + +
= + + +
=
Prof. Tavio
Loading
The most general equation for the ultimate load,
U (M ) that youwill seeisgoingtobe: U (M
u
) that you will see is going to be:
1.2 1.6 U D L = +
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Resistance
The load factors will generate the ultimate load,
whichisusedinthedesignandanalysisof the which is used in the design and analysis of the
structural member.
M Ulti t M t
u n
M M | =
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M
u
Ultimate Moment
M
n
Nominal Moment
| Strength Reduction Factor
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Resistance
Thestrengthreductionfactor, |, variesfrommember The strength reduction factor, |, varies from member
to member depending whether it is in tension or
compression or the type of member. The code has
been setup to determine the reduction.
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Three possibilities in Inelastic
Behavior
CompressionFailure- (over-reinforced Compression Failure (over reinforced
beam)
Tension Failure - (under-reinforced beam)
Balanced Failure - (balanced reinforcement)
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Prof. Tavio
Inelastic Behavior
Compression Failure
h ill h The concrete will crush
before the steel yields.
This is a sudden
failure.
The beam is known as
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an over-reinforced
beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Tension Failure
The reinforcement
yields before the
concrete crushes. The
concrete crushes is a
secondary
compressionfail re
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compression failure.
an under-reinforced
beam.
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Inelastic Behavior
Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes
and the steel yields
simultaneously.
an balanced-
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reinforced beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Which type of failure is the most desirable?
The under-reinforced The under-reinforced
beam is the most
desirable.
f
s
=f
y
c
s
>>c
y
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s y
You want ductility
system deflects and
still carries load.
Prof. Tavio
Balanced Reinforcement Ratio,
bal
bal
=unique value to get simultaneous c
c
=0.003
& c =c & c
s
=c
y
Use similar triangles:
b
y
b
c d c
003 . 0
=
c
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Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio,
bal
The equation can be rewritten to find c
b
( )
( ) ( )
b y b
b y
b
b
y y
0.003d 0.003c c
c 0.003 0.003d
c 0.003d 0.003
c
d 0.003 0.003
c
c
c c
=
+ =
= =
+ +
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( ) ( )
( ) ( )
b s
s y y
c E 0.003 87000
d E 0.003 87000 f c
| |
| |
| = =
|
|
+ +
\ .
\ .
Prof. Tavio
Nominal Moment Equation
The equation can be rewritten in the form:
085 b A C T f f '
c s y
y s
c
0.85 ba A
A
a
0.85 b
a
A d
C T f f
f
f
M f
' = =
=
'
| |
|
33 Prof. Tavio
n s y
A d
2
M f
| |
=
|
\ .
The equation can be rewritten in the form:
A d f | |
| || | y s 2 s
n y
c
A d
A b
M d d
bd d 1.7 bd
f
f
f
| |
| || |
=
| | |
'
\ . \ .
\ .
Use the ratio r =b/d and
( )( )
y 2
d
M d d
f
f
| |
|
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( )( )
y 2
n y
c
M r d d
1.7
f
f
=
|
'
\ .
Prof. Tavio
Use e = f
y
/f
c
and
| |
Use the ratio r =b/d and R
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
n c c
M r d 1 r 1 0.59 d
1.7
f f
e
e e e
| |
' ' = =
|
\ .
2
n
M Rbd =
35 Prof. Tavio
( )
n
c
R 1 0.59 f e e ' =
Strain Limits Method for
Analysis
The strength
reductionfactor | reduction factor, |,
will come into the
calculation of the
strength of the beam.
36 Prof. Tavio
Prof. Tavio
Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio,
The selection of the steel will be determined by the
Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1
ACI Eqn. (10-3)
d b
f
d b
f
f
A
w
y
w
y
c
s(min)
*
200
*
3
>
'
=
37 Prof. Tavio
f
c
& f
y
are in psi
Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio,
Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1
Lower limit used to avoid Piano Wire beams.
Very small A
s
( M
n
<M
cr
)
y y
c
min
200

3
f f
f
>
'
=
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y
s
(
n cr
)
c
s
is huge (large deflections)
when beam cracks ( M
n
>M
cr
) beam fails right
away because M
n
<M
cr
Prof. Tavio
Additional Requirements for
Lower Limit on
Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement in structural
l b df ti (ACI 712) l di l t slabs and footings (ACI 7.12) place perpendicular to
direction of flexural reinforcement.
GR 40 or GR 50 Bars: A
s
(T&S) =0.0020 A
g
GR 60 or Welded Wire Fabric (WWF):
39 Prof. Tavio
A
s
(T&S) =0.0018 A
g
A
g
- Gross area of the concrete
Example
Given:
f
c
=3 ksi & f
y
=40 ksi
and A
s
=4 in
2
Determine:
(1) Determine if the beam will
i f ACI d
40 Prof. Tavio
(2)
satisfy ACI code.
If f
c
=6 ksi?
Prof. Tavio
Example
Given:
f
c
=3 ksi & f
y
=40 ksi and A
s
=4 in
2
( )( )
2
s
A 4 in
0.0333
bd 8 in. 15 in.
= = =
3 3000 200
The minimum steel ratio is
41 Prof. Tavio
min
3 3000 200
=0.00411 0.005
40000 40000
= > =
min
0.005 0.0333 >0.005 OK! =
Example
Given:
f
c
=3 ksi & f
y
=40 ksi and A
s
=4 in
2
8743in c 923in a
The neutral axis is
( ) ( )
( )( )
2
y s
c
40 ksi 4 in
A
a 8.743 in.
0.85 b 0.85 3 ksi 8 in
f
f
= = =
'
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1
8.743 in. c 9.23 in.
9.23 in. 0.615
0.85 d 15 in.
a
c
|
= = = = =
Prof. Tavio
Example
The strain in the steel is
( ) ( )
t
15 in. 7.843 in.
0.003 0.003
7.843 in.
0.0027
d c
c
c

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
=
Therefor thebeamisinthecompressionzoneand
43 Prof. Tavio
There for the beam is in the compression zone and
| would be 0.65, however c/d ratio is greater than
0.375 so the beam will need to be redesigned.
Example
c/d=0.615
44 Prof. Tavio
Prof. Tavio
Example
Given:
f
c
=6 ksi & f
y
=40 ksi and A
s
=4 in
2
( )( )
2
s
A 4 in
0.0333
bd 8 in. 15 in.
= = =
3 6000 200
The minimum steel ratio is
45 Prof. Tavio
min
3 6000 200
=0.00581 0.005
40000 40000
= > =
min
0.00581 0.0333 >0.00581 OK! =
Example
Given:
f
c
=6 ksi & f
y
=40 ksi and A
s
=4 in
2
3922in c 522in a
The neutral axis is at
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
y s
c
40 ksi 4 in
A
a 3.922 in.
0.85 b 0.85 6 ksi 8 in
f
f
= = =
'
46 Prof. Tavio
1
3.922 in. c 5.22 in.
5.22 in. 0.349
0.75 d 15 in.
a
c
|
= = = = =
Prof. Tavio
Example
The strain in the steel will be
( ) ( )
t
15 in. 5.22 in.
0.003 0.003
5.22 in.
0.0056
d c
c
c

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
=
47 Prof. Tavio
There for the beam is in the tension zone and | will
be 0.9.
Example
c/d=0.349
48 Prof. Tavio

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