1. Anthropology: The study of humankind, past and present.

- Physical Anthropology: a branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species. - Cultural Anthropology: the study of cultural variation among humans - Archaeology: the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind - Linguistic Anthropology: the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life 2. Identify and briey discuss the 6 steps to humanness as discussed in the textbook. - 1.) Bipedalism - 2.) Nonhoning chewing - 3.) Complex Material Culture - 4.) Hunting - 5.) Speech - 6) Dependence on domesticated food 3. Discuss the process of the scientic method, distinguishing between scientic hypotheses, theories and laws as you do. - Observe - Develop Questions - Formulate Hypothesis - Test Hypothesis Concerning Theories: - Scientific theories are not conjectures, they explain how things work - Theories can be modified or even become laws - Scientific theories include evolution, germ theory, nuclear theory, gravitational theory - Evolution is both a theory and a fact, it is undisputed among scientists though they squabble about the details and our understating of it has changed through time. 4. What are the important ideas contributed to the theory of evolution by Linnaeus, Cuvier, Lamarck and Charles Darwin? - Georges Cuvier o Established the concept of extinction o Revealed abundance of variation in the fossil record - Carolus Linnaeus o Developed binomial nomenclature o Developed system of taxonomy still used today o Provided taxonomy for plants and animals - Jean-Baptiste de Lamark o First theory of evolution o Inheritance of acquired characteristics o Provided concept of physical traits inherited from parent to offspring - Charles Darwin o Survival of the fittest

o The great Origin of Species 1859 (Basically evolution in its true first stage) 5. Dene the terms of Mendelian genetics: gene, allele, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous - Gene: Special strand of DNA, tells a cell how to make a protein - Allele: is one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene - Genotype: is the genetic makeup for a particular trait - Phenotype: A physical or chemical expression of a genotype - Dominant: Alleles that will be expressed no matter what - Recessive: Alleles will only be expressed if there are two - Homozygous: Both alleles are the same (BB or bb) - Heterozygous: One Dominant and one recessive (Bb) 6. What is DNA and what are its functions? Deoxyribonucleic Acid - It provides the instructions for the making of proteins - It allows for these instructions to be passed on to the next generation - It copies itself so that your body cells can make more o Growth and repair 7. There will be a diagram of DNA and you will be asked to label it and dene its parts. The diagram is very similar to the one on page 46 of your textbook Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine A<->T C<->G

8. Dene, in general terms, mitosis and meiosis and how they differ. What are the end results of each process? - Mitosis: Cell division to make a new cell - Meiosis: Cell division to make a sex cell

9. You will be given a Punnett Square problem to work out. 10. Briefly discuss the process of protein synthesis, being sure to use appropriate key terms and vocabulary. 1. Transcription a.) Parental strands of DNA unzip revealing the two daughter strands. b.) Free-floating RNA nucleotides are attracted to their complements on one DNA daughter strand - No Thymine, instead Uricil c.) Once completed, the RNA strand leaves the nucleus 2. Translation a.) MRNA is read 3 nitrogen bases at a time - Series of three bases is a Codon b.) TRNA carries an amino acid and an anticodon - Complementary Codon c.) When the TRNAs anticodon matches the MRNAs Codon, the amino acid that the TRNA carries is inserted into the protein d.) As each amino acid is added to the chain the protein is created e.) Stop Codon is reached, the protein is completed 11. You will be given a Hardy-Weinberg formula question. So know the formula and how to use it to determine allele and genotype frequencies. - p2+2pq + q2=1 + p = dominant allele + q = recessive allele + Alleles will not change from generation to generation if mating is random and no forces of evolution are operating. + Allows us to measure rate and amount of microevolution in populations ex: N=16

12. List and define the four forces of evolution. Provide examples of each in humans as discussed in course materials (lecture, text, articles, films, etc.). - Mutation: Random changes to an organism's DNA that can impact all aspects of its life, from how it looks and behaves to its basic physiology. + Example: Blue eyes beginning in the Caucus region - Natural Selection: Natural selection is the process by which the bestadapted individuals produce the most offspring, which in turn carry forward to their offspring the genes that gave their parents the upper edge + Example: Peppered moth during industrial revolution in England - Genetic Drift: The change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling. The chances of alleles being carried into the next generation + Example: Founder effect, Syndactyly in Mozambique village - Gene flow: Gene flow occurs when genes are carried from one population to another. Also called migration, an example of gene is when pollen gets blown to a region where it previously did not exist, transporting new genetic material to that population. + Example: West African and European genetic groups mixing in the US. The malaria gene becoming mixed in 13. Explain the four main problems with race as a biological concept? 1. Lack of agreement on the number of human races 2. Human variation is continuous, Geographic Clines 3. Non-concordance of racial traits. - Some traits cut across groups - More genetic variation between individuals of a single race than between groups 14. Discuss genetic, developmental, physiological and cultural adaptations in humans to EITHER cold or heat stress. COLD: - Physiological: Vasoconstriction Shivering - Genetic Adaptation Large, wide body Short limbs - Cultural: Wearing fur/clothes - Developmental: Growing up in a cold or high altitude climate you develop a box chest with larger lung capacity 15. How does folate and vitamin D, melanin production and ultraviolet radiation explain the clinal distribution of human skin color? - Dark skin near the equator to protect folate from UV rays - Light skin away from equator to get vitamin D from lack of rays

16. You will be asked to label several bones on a diagram of the human skeleton. Use this diagram to study from (you will NOT be asked to label ALL of these bones)

17. What is the dental formula for an adult human? Explain it, noting the different types of teeth. - 2.1.2.3 incisors/canines/premolars/molars PER QUADRANT 18. Discuss the role of the forensic anthropologist in a death investigation. - Recover Human remains - Identify Human remains - Determine postmortem interval - Describe pathology and trauma on remains - Testify in Court

19. What information regarding the demographic or biological profile of a set of human remains will a forensic anthropologist include in his or her case report? - Ancestry -Sex - Age -Trauma - Pathology - Other 20. Discuss the three primary defining characteristics of the Order Primates. Give at least two specific examples of each. - Prehensile hands and feet, dermal ridges: fingerprints, toe prints - Shoulders and Hips, swinging arms greater overall motion - Brain, adapted for sight and social behaviors 21. List and define the six primate social structures and give examples of the types of primate species that live in each. 1. One-male, multifemale. (Harem) -Gorillas, some howler monkeys, some langurs, and some Old World monkeys 2. One-female, multimale. (Polyandrous) - Only some new world monkeys 3. Multimale, mutifemale. Promiscuous mating - Chimpanzees, Many Old World monkeys, a few New World monkeys 4. All-male. - Baboons (when seeking or starting new group) 5. One-male, one-female. (Monogamous) - Gibbons, siamangs, a couple of ceboids, and several species of prosimians 6. Solitary. - Only Orangutans and a few prosimians. 22. Explain what sexual selection is and how it relates to the reproductive strategies and outcomes in both males and female primates. - Sexual Selection: Patterns of mate choice other than total random mating that influence the distribution of genotypes and phenotype frequencies. + Inbreeding/endogamy +Exogamy + Assortative mating - Nonrandom mating changes the rate of allele requency change over time 23. Name and discuss the main four types of primates and their general characteristics, such as anatomy, behavior, and geographic distribution. SUBORDERS 1. Lemuriformes: - some arent even nocturnal - Frugivorous and insectivorous - Some only found in Madagascar, mostly found in tropical forests and woodlands of India, sri lanka, Southeast Asia, and Africa 2. Tarsiiformes: - Small, nocturnal - Islands of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Philippines - Insectes, vertebrates

- Leapers - Solitary or monogamous - More like anthropoids than lemurs/lorises 3. Platyyrhini: - New world monkeys CEBOIDIA - Arboreal, in Southern Mexico and Central and South America - Most have 2:1:3:3 dental formula except for 1 - Prehensile tail 4. Catarrhini: - Old world monkeys and Great Apes CERCOPITHECOIDIA and HOMINOIDIA 24. List the common names, genera and species for the four great apes and living humans. - Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) - Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) - Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) - Bonobos (Pan paniscus) - Humans (Homo sapiens) 25. You will be asked to reconstruct a simplified primate taxonomy chart very similar to the one on pages 140-141. However, please use this one to study from. You need to know the scientific names and spell them correctly.