Lesson One: Introduction

Ukrainian is one of Slavonic languages (others include Polish, Russian, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.). It shares quite a few things with its closest neighbors, Belorussian, Russian, and Polish, but it also has its own unique gra ar rules, !ocabular", and usage. #s an" other language, Ukrainian has its !arieties and dialects that are s$oken in different $arts of the countr". # ost co onl" recognized distinction is between the language of %estern Ukraine (roughl" west bank of the &ni$ro ri!er), which is a bit closer to Polish, and that of 'astern Ukraine (roughl" east bank of the &ni$ro) ore influenced b" Russian. 'astern Ukraine and southern $eninsula Cri ea also ha!e a large $ercent of the Russian s$eaking $o$ulation. Please note that the "linguistic" geographic line between the "East" and the "West" is much finer. These language differences have very deep historical roots. (his $aragra$h should gi!e "ou a general idea about Ukrainian language !ariations. #nother i $ortant difference is between )$o$ular Ukrainian) and )standard Ukrainian.) *anguage influences ha!e $la"ed their roles here, too, but for our $ur$oses it is i $ortant to know that )$o$ular Ukrainian) significantl" de!iates fro the standard nor s described in gra ar books and dictionaries and a" in fact be a i+ture of Russian and Ukrainian, or diluted with a good an" Polish words. (his is of course a natural $rocess found in an" language. ),tandard Ukrainian,) which is taught in this course, does not e+clude colloquial for s, but generall" adheres to language nor s. In other words, "ou won-t be taught belles lettres Ukrainian, which would sound irrele!antl" fine in e!er"da" s$eech. .ou will find here lessons of )educated s$eech) that will be uni!ersall" understood in Ukraine. (he author of this course li!es in /"i! (the ca$ital of Ukraine) and will tr" to teach "ou standard Ukrainian as defined b" her en!iron ent and, of course, Ukrainian language rules. 0a1or differences of the Ukrainian language fro

'nglish include2

C"rillic writing two for s of )"ou) address2 for al and infor al (3er an, 4rench, ,$anish, Russian and other languages also ha!e that) absence of articles a relati!el" loose word order in sentences three genders of nouns (co $are with 3er an, which also has three genders) nouns change their endings (cases) de$ending on their functions in the sentence (co $are with 3er an (four cases) or Russian (si+ cases)) besides gra atical tenses ($resent, $ast, future), for s of !erbs e+$ress the idea of co $leted or $rogressi!e action.

,$ecial gra ar lessons that "ou-ll take u$on astering so e si $le !ocabular" will fa iliarize "ou with ost of these differences. .ou will learn so e basic rules for nouns, !erbs, and sentence structure, as well as new !ocabular". ,o, off we go. 'n1o" and good luck5

Lesson Two: Letters and Sounds

Ukrainian has a Cyrillic alphabet al ost identical to so e other ,la!onic languages (Russian, Bulgarian). ,o e of its letters look e+actl" like those of the *atin al$habet used in 'nglish6 howe!er, ost of these are $ronounced differentl" than in 'nglish and a" in fact rese ble other 'nglish sounds. 4or instance, letter )B) in Ukrainian re$resents a sound si ilar to the 'nglish )!). 7ther Ukrainian letters look quite different. (here are 88 letters altogether. Please re!iew the following transliteration table to get an idea about Ukrainian letters and their sounds.

Source: Ukrainian Transliteration Table.

,o e i $ortant $oints2 9) .ou-!e seen that the 'nglish y in transliterated words (these are usuall" geogra$hic and $eo$le-s na es) a" in fact re$resent two quite different sounds2 the one is si ilar to the !owel y in ) "th,) and the other to the consonant y in )"olk.) :ow can "ou know when it-s the one and when the other; <ust like in 'nglish2 when y is the first letter of a word or acco $anies another !owel, either

before or after it, it-s a consonant like in )"olk,) )"acht,) )"ou,) or )"ield,) and when y is surrounded b" consonants, it is a !owel like in ) "th.) =) (he soft sign, unlike all other letters, does not re$resent an inde$endent sound but rather affects the consonant before it, softens it. .ou can listen to $airs of hard and soft consonants2
(9)

,ounds ya, yu, ye ha!e a si ilar softening effect on the consonant that $recedes the . It is eas" to see that although re$resented b" one letter, each of these sounds in fact co bines two sounds $ronounced fast one after the other. (he first is the short consonant y discussed abo!e, and the second is a regular !owel a, o, or e. (he y sound is distinctl" $ronounced after a !owel, but if it follows a consonant, the y softens it and $racticall" disa$$ears itself. *isten to the following co bination of sounds6 there will be hard>soft $airs again.
(=)

In transcriptions, the soft sign will be indicated with an apostrophe '. In transliteration for other purposes, since transliteration rules vary, it ay or ay not be used, depending on the transcriber's preferences. !"a, yu, ye# will be transcriptions of respective Ukrainian letters after vowels$ after consonants, their softening effect will be again indicated by the apostrophe !'a, 'u, 'e#. ?ote that we-ll use the - in transcri$tion for stud" $ur$oses onl". %hen transliterating Ukrainian na es for other $ur$oses (e.g., docu ents), "a, "u, "e should be s$elled so throughout. 8) 4or us the a$ostro$he will onl" be a transcri$tion trick that has beco e custo ar". (he Ukrainian language also uses the a$ostro$he, but for different $ur$oses2 it se$arates "a, "u, "e, "i fro the $receding consonant, in which case the consonant is not softened, and the y sound in these letters is distinctl" heard. .ou will see the a$ostro$he in Ukrainian originals6 in transcri$tions it will be indicated b" a quotation ark ). .es, it is co $licated but nonetheless i $ortant. :owe!er, once "ou-!e learned Ukrainian letters, tr" to refer to the transcri$tion in this course as little as $ossible and listen hard to the acco $an"ing sound files instead. .ou should learn the transliteration rules because the" will hel$ "ou to read transcri$tion and will also be "our ke" to reading and writing Ukrainian $eo$le-s and geogra$hic na es in the 'nglish al$habet. ,light !ariations in transliteration that a" occur are discussed in lesson 99. %&ercise. #fter "ou ha!e well fa iliarized "ourself with the Ukrainian al$habet and transliteration, listen to the following $assage. It is also gi!en below in Ukrainian, as well as transcribed. (r" re$eating it sentence b" sentence after the s$eaker. .ou will hear the line nu ber, which will hel$ "ou identif" the res$ecti!e lines in the te+t $rinted on "our screen. &o this e+ercise se!eral ti es, until "ou learn to follow the $rinted te+t and identif" b" ear (without referring to the 'nglish transcri$tion) which word is being $ronounced b" the s$eaker. 'or your convenience, fro syllable words in red.
(8)

now on we will

ark the accented (stressed) vowels in

ulti*

*isten to the whole $assage

(@)

*isten sentence b" sentence and re$eat

A(9) /""i! stol"ts-a Ukra"in". (=) (se na"bil-she ukra"ins-ke isto. (8) U n-o u eshka"ut- $onad d!a z $olo!"no"u il-"on" cholo!ik. (@) /""i! roztasho!an"" na berehakh richk" &ni$ro. (B) ,hchoroku isto !id!idu"ut- bahato ukra"ins-k"kh ta inoze n"kh tur"sti!. (C) (ut "e, na shcho $od"!"t"s-a. (D) Ch" alo $a )"atn"kh ists- nahadu"ut- $ro zna enni $odi"i z istori"i /""e!a ta !si"e"i kra"in".E (9) /"i! is the ca$ital of Ukraine. (=) It is the largest Ukrainian cit". (8) 7!er two and a half illion $eo$le li!e there. (@) /"i! is located on the banks of the &ni$ro ri!er. (B) '!er" "ear an" Ukrainian and foreign tourists !isit the cit". (C) (here are things to see here. (D) Fuite a few e orable $laces re ind of outstanding e!ents in the histor" of /"i! and the whole countr".

(his is not a wordGb"Gword translation, so "ou should ?7( tr" to learn !ocabular" fro this e+ercise. It-s $ur$ose is to solidif" "our abilit" to recognize C"rillic letters and associate the with their sounds. (hat is, "ou-re actuall" beginning to read in Ukrainian5 7n the other hand, "ou now ha!e a good idea about what Ukrainian sounds like.

Lesson Three: +asic ,hrases

Everyday courtesy words

(B)

:ello6 good da"6 good afternoon. :i. (Use this onl" with $eo$le who "ou know well and feel to be "our $eers. 7r better still, sa" it to those who sa" it to "ou. (hus "ou can be sure to a!oid i $ro$er infor alit".) B"e. Please6 "ou are welco e. Please6 "ou are welco e. '+cuse '+cuse e. e6 sorr".

A&obr"" den-E
(C)

APr"!itE

(D)

A&o $obachenn-aE
(H)

ABud- laskaE
(I)

AProshuE
(9J)

APere$roshu"uE
(99)

AK"bachteE
(9=)

(hank "ou.

A&-aku"uE

Introductions and formalities

(98)

%hat is "our na e; %hat is "our na e; %hat is "our last na e; 0" na e is Richard , ith. 0" last na e is , ith. Please show docu ents. Please show $ass$ort. e "our e "our

A.ak !ashe i )"a;E

(9@)

A.ak !as z!at";E

(9B)

A.ak !ashe $riz!"shche;E

(9C)

A0ene z!at" Richard , itE

(9D)

A0o"e $riz!"shche , itE

(9H)

APokazhit- bud- laska doku ent"E

(9I)

AProshu $okazat" $as$ortE

(=J)

.our docu ents ($ass$ort)

AKashi doku ent" (!ash $as$ort) bud- laskaE

$lease.

In a store
Besides %esternGt"$e su$er arkets where "ou ha!e access to goods, choose what "ou need and bring the to the cashier to $a" on "our wa" out, there are still an" o!erGtheGcounter stores in Ukraine where "ou ha!e to ask the sales$erson to gi!e "ou the thing "ou want to see closer. In this situation the following $hrases a" be useful2
(=9)

Please let e see the black u brella that costs B8 hr"!n"as.

APokazhit- bud- laska chornu $arasol-ku za $)"atdes-at tr" hr"!niE

(==)

:ow

uch does it cost;

A,kil-k" tse koshtu"e;E

(=8)

I-ll bu" this.

A.a tse ku$u"uE If "ou si $l" want to ask to sell "ou so ething without looking at it closer, "ou sa"2
(=@)

Please gi!e Please gi!e card.

e a cit" e a IJ

a$. inute tele$hone

A&a"te bud- laska kartu

istaE
(=B)

A&a"te bud- laska telefonnu kartku na $i!tor" hod"n"E #nd a s all but i $ortant e+$ression in a restaurant>cafe2
(=C)

Bring the bill $lease.

AProshu rakhunokE

Taxi and public transportation

If "ou need a ride, "ou don-t ha!e to necessaril" look for a regular cab but )hitchGhike) instead. %hen a car sto$s, o$en the door and sa", for instance2
(=D)

A#ero$ort Bor"s$il- bud- laskaE

(=H)

Bor"s$il air$ort $lease. (It is the largest international air$ort in Ukraine (close to /"i!)). &ni$ro hotel. (&ni$ro hotel, fro what I heard, is one of the best hotels downtown /"i!, which foreign !isitors often $refer. If "ou-re sta"ing in a different hotel, 1ust re$lace the word Dnipro with the

A:otel- &ni$roE

a$$ro$riate hotel na e. ,o e dri!ers a" tr" to negotiate the $rice right awa", but an" will take whate!er "ou offer when getting out. If "ou are $lanning to use ta+is often, tr" to find out first what the regular )hitch hike) rates in the cit" of "our sta" are. ,o e dri!ers ight tr" to na e an o!erl" high $rice if the" see that "ou-re a foreigner. .ou a" also wish to check out local ta+i co $anies that take $hone orders. If "ou need to use $ublic trans$ortation, there a" often be $eo$le in "our wa" when getting out. In this case, it is custo ar" to sa" when "ou know the bus>trolle"bus>tra is a$$roaching "our sto$,
(=I)

#re "ou getting off at the ne+t sto$; Please let e through. (.ou can sa" it if the $erson in front of "ou res$onded negati!el" to the $re!ious question but still hasn-t o!ed to gi!e wa".)

AK" !"khod"te na nastu$ni" zu$"ntsi;E

(8J)

A&oz!ol-te $ro"t"E

Exchanging money
(89)

A&e "a

ozhu $o in-at" !al-utu;E

(8=)

%here can I e+change currenc");

one" (foreign

Aob in !al-utE

CURR'?C. 'LC:#?3' ((his is the usual sign "ou often see in urban areas.) one" in the

(hese e+change offices are bank outlets and are co $letel" safe. #!oid changing streets e!en if "ou-re offered a higher $rice.

Other needs
(88)

'+cuse

e, where is the restroo

here;

APere$roshu"u de tut tualet;E

(8@)

I need a doctor.

A0eni $otribn"" likarE To view the ne&t lessons properly, you to the -yrillic fonts enu ite . ust have -yrillic fonts installed. If you need help, go

Lesson 'our: .ender of /ouns. 0ingular and ,lural /ouns

To view this page and all other lessons properly, you ust have -yrillic fonts installed. If you do not see -yrillic letters in the table below and need help, go to the -yrillic 'onts enu ite . Ukrainian nouns are distinguished b" gender2 asculine, fe inine, and neuter6 therefore the" can be re$laced with $ronouns he she or it, de$ending on their gender. 'ach noun is of a $articular gender regardless of whether it-s a li!ing creature, a thing, or an abstract idea. 'ndings of nouns, which change as required b" their $ositions in a sentence, can ser!e as an indicator of gender. :owe!er, generall" endings are ?7( entirel" gender s$ecific. %hen "ou learn nouns, "ou ust e orize their gender as well. (his will at first be tedious, but with ti e "ou will de!elo$ a feel for the language and will be able to guess the gender of unfa iliar nouns in an" cases. :owe!er, whene!er $ossible, "ou should check "our guesses in the dictionar". 'ndings of Ukrainian nouns can also indicate whether the noun is single or $lural. (his is si ilar to 'nglish, where letter )s) is added to ost nouns to ake the $lural. #nd, 1ust like in 'nglish, not all nouns can be $lural. 4or instance, there are no )tendernesses) or )goodnesses.) In gra ar ter s, nouns that can for a $lural are called countable and those that can-t are called uncountable. :owe!er, nouns that are countable in Ukrainian a" not necessaril" be such in 'nglish and !ice !ersa. #lso, there are so e nouns that are alwa"s $lural. Please re!iew nouns in the following table $a"ing s$ecial attention to their endings (blue letters) or lack of such. Re e ber that a gra atical ending is the last letter or s"llable that changes de$ending on its connection with other words in the sentence. ?ouns in their basic for ("ou will learn other for s later) ha!e onl" one*vowel endings (one last letter) or no changeable endings at all. ?7('2 !s in the previous lesson red letters show which syllable is stressed. "lue letters identify changeable noun endings. #f there$s no red in a word it either has only one syllable or the stress falls on the ending mar%ed in blue. .ender 0ingular nouns Their plural for s MNOPQV Akra"in"E RSTUVWi Astol"tsiE QoZi AnochiE (so e words also change ste for ) [TUONV Adolar"E Translation countr" ca$ital cit" night !owels in the $lural dollar

MNOPQa Akra"inaE RSTUVWX Astol"ts-aE 4e inine QYZ AnichE (no changeable ending) [TUON AdolarE 0asculine (no changeable ending) ?euter \TN] A oreE ^YMQT A!iknoE T_UVZZX Aobl"ch-aE

\TNX A or-aE (note the stress change) ^YMQa A!iknaE (note the stress change) T_UVZZX Aobl"ch-aE (no changes)

sea window face

&our rule of thumb can be that feminine nouns normally end in a12 masculines have bare consonants at the end 'no changeable endings( and usual neuter endings are e1o. :owe!er, "ou-!e seen that fe inine nouns can also end with a bare consonant and 2 can be the ending of neuters. In

fact, a12 can also be the endings of asculine nouns, in $articular, na es (e.g., a an-s na e )*+o,-), but these nouns are not an". #gain, for best results "ou should consult the dictionar" and learn the gender of a noun when "ou learn the noun itself. %&ercise 3. Use our )rule of thu b) to identif" the gender of the following nouns. (r" reading the out loud without transcri$tion. .ou should know so e of the nouns fro the $re!ious lesson. `]SNT (subwa"), \OaVQO (car), [Y^ZVQO (girl, "oung wo an), bNV^QX (the name of .%rainian currency), cORcTNS ($ass$ort), cNYd^Ve] (last na e), cONORTUfMO (u brella), S]U]gTQ (tele$hone), O^ST_hR (bus), ^hUVWX (street), MONSMO (card), dhcVQMO (sto$), RTQW] (sun), QT\]N ( eans both )nu ber) and )hotel roo )), bTS]Uf (hotel), O]NTcTNS (air$ort).
(8B)

/e" to the e+ercise %&ercise 4. 7ur rule of thu b won-t work for the followng nouns since so e of the fall out of the general $attern. Use a dictionar" to translate and identif" the gender of the following nouns. If "ou don-t ha!e a UkrainianG'nglish dictionar", use our 3lossar". i\-X Ai )"aE, _OSfMT Abat-koE, M^VSTM Ak!"tokE, RY\-X Asi )"aE, ^TUTRRX A!olos-s-aE. /e" to the e+ercise %&ercise 5. Please re!iew the table that e+$lains gender endings again noting how singular endings are changed in the $lural for . ?ow tr" for ing the $lural of the following nouns. %e ha!e chosen words that follow our rule of thu b, so "ou should be able to identif" noun genders easil". j]STQ (subwa" tocken), TgYR (office), MT\c-kS]N (co $uter), NhZMO ($en), R]UT (!illage), MY\QOSO (roo ), UYlMT (bed), X_UhMT (a$$le), MONSO ( a$), cTU] (field).
(8C)

/e" to the e+ercise

Lesson 'ive: -ases Of /ouns

In the last lesson "ou ha!e learned that a Ukrainian noun can ha!e different endings in its singular and $lural for s, which in fact hel$ to distinguish whether the noun is $lural or singular. ?ow "ou will see that endings of a noun also change de$ending on the function of the noun in sentences. :ere-s a si $le e+a $le. In 'nglish sentences, )(he girl sees the bo") and )(he bo" sees the girl,) we can easil" understand who does the action of seeing and who is )being seen.) (he word order hel$s us to understand it without confusion, while the words )bo") and )girl) do not change in an" wa" regardless of whether the" are the ob1ect or the doer of seeing. It-s different in the Ukrainian language, which has a fle+ible word order. (he word )bo") (and the word )girl,) too) in Ukrainian translations of the two sentences will ha!e different endings indicating that in the first sentence it is the sub/ect and in the second one the ob/ect. In gra ar ter s, a change in the ending indicates that the noun has changed its case, that is, it has occured in a different situation. Ukrainian nouns ha!e se!en different cases (we-!e 1ust re!iewed two of the GG )sub1ect case) and )direct ob1ect case), or nominative and accusative). .ou a" be wondering wh" we need so an" while the 'nglish language has none. %ell, a$art fro it being a feature of the Ukrainian language, which it, b" the wa", shares with so e other languages (e.g., 3er an with four cases and Russian with si+), there are two good reasons. 7ne was alread" entioned2 the word order in 'nglish hel$s to identif" the sub1ect and the ob1ect easil", while a fle+ible word order in Ukrainian can be of no use here. #nd secondl", where Ukrainian has changeable endings that identif" cases the 'nglish lanugage a" ha!e $re$ositions that basicall" do the sa e. 4or instance, in $hrases like )he hit the knife) (it sounds awkward but is gra aticall" correct) and )he hit with a knife) the word )knife) is first the ob1ect and then the instru ent of action, and the difference is clearl" arked b" the $re$osition )with) in the second sentence. Ukrainian equi!alents will ha!e different endings instead of the $re$osition. (he Ukrainian language has $re$ositions as well, and a good deal of the . (he e+a $le abo!e illustrates that, besides $re$ositions, endings of nouns in Ukrainian also ha!e their eanings. *et-s take a look at s$ecific e+a $les. %e will decline the noun R]RSNO (sister). Please note how the endings change and $a" attention to the !erbs and $re$ositions that govern (i.e., require, regulate) the case of the noun. ?7('2 !s in the previous lesson red letters show which syllable is stressed. "lue letters identify changeable noun endings. #f there$s no red in a word it either has only one syllable or the stress falls on the ending mar%ed in blue. -ase ?o inati!e %&a ples in Ukrainian R]RSNO sister Translation -o ents

(his is the case of the sub1ect in a sentence and the for in which nouns are listed in the dictionar". ?ouns "ou-!e learned in the $re!ious lesson were also gi!en in this for . .ou should learn the )m \]Q] Q]\O) (I don-t ha!e...) co bination as a whole since it has a different structure (not a word b" word translation b" far). (he geniti!e case is often used

3eniti!e

m \]Q] Q]\O R]RSNV. I ha!e no sister. n cNVPoO^ _]d R]RSNV. I ca e without ( ") (8D) sister.

with negati!e !erbs. It can also follow so e $re$ositions, as in the second e+a $le here. &ati!e #ccusati!e n S]U]gTQhk R]RSNY. I(8H)

calling ( ") sister.

n dhRSNYQh R]RSNh QO ^TMdOUY. n ahMOk R]RSNh. n [V^UkRX QO R]RSNh.

(8I)

I-ll eet ( ") sister at (his case is used with (8rd e+a $le the train station. here) and without (9st p =nd I- looking for ( ") e+a $les) $re$ositions. sister. I- looking at ( ") sister.

Instru ental n dOoTcUkkRX I ad ire ( ") sister. (his case often indicates the eans of R]RSNTk. I will co e with ( ") doing so ething, e.g., n P[h cTPd[T\ G n cNVP[h Yd R]RSNTk. sister. I- going b" train G the asculine (@J) noun )train) is in the instru ental case. It is also used with so e $re$ositions (e+a $le =). Pre$ositional qO R]RSNY MNORV^O RhMQX.
(@9)

0" sister is wearing a beautiful dress. (literall"2 (here-s a beautiful dress on 'my( sister.) ,ister5

Used onl" with $re$ositions. #lso called )locuti!e,) this case often describes a $lace in its broadest sence2 location, destination, etc. Used to address $eo$le.

Kocati!e

r]RSNT5 (@=) 0ote the stress shift

%&ercise 3. (he following nouns are gi!en in the no inati!e case. %rite down in "our notebook the re aining si+ cases. Refer to the table abo!e6 the nouns in the e+ercise follow e+actl" the sa e declination $attern (ha!e the sa e endings). 0e orize the new nouns. `O\O ( o ), M^ONSVNO (a$art ent), MO^O (koffee), mMNOPQO (Ukraine). (@8) /e" to the e+ercise #lthough we-ll re!iew !erbs a bit later, the i $ortant thing is to re e ber that when "ou use a !erb (e.g., see) and want to use a noun with it (e.g., see a girl), ideall" "ou should know what case that noun has to be in. (herefore cases are not onl" about e orizing the correct endings, but also knowing what !erbs (and $re$ositions5) the" go with. .ou should tr" to e orize !erbGnoun co binations rather than single words and $a" attention to cases of nouns that follow this or that !erb ($re$osition) whene!er "ou can figure it out. %&ercise 4. Re!iew the e+a $les in the table again and translate the following $hrases. It will basicall" in!ol!e inserting new nouns ("ou-!e learned the in the $re!ious or this lesson) in the e+a $les abo!e. %ords in $arentheses are used in 'nglish but should be o itted in the Ukrainian translations. 0ake sure the nouns ha!e correct case endings5 9. I don-t ha!e an a$art ent. =. I- calling ( ") o . 8. Ieeting ( ") girlfriend at the train station. @. I a going b" car. B. I- looking for an a$art ent. /e" to the e+ercise

%&ercise 5.%ithout looking at the table, tr" to re e ber the na es of cases "ou ha!e used in e+ercise =. /e" to the e+ercise Unfortunatel" there are quite a few $atterns of noun declension. ?ouns of different genders and endings decline differentl"6 $lural nouns also ha!e their rules and e+ce$tions. 0oreo!er, there are !ariations in the $attern for the nouns that end in *a gi!en abo!e (besides a change in the ending, other letters a" dro$ out, a$$ear or change). .es, it is co $licated, but "ou reall" don-t ha!e to know it all now. #t this $oint it is i $ortant to know that cases e+ist and how the" are anifested.

Practice to spea
Read the following dialogue, listen to it se!eral ti es and learn it b" heart. &on-t forget to use a ta$e recorder for $racticing. 0ake sure "ou learn whole $hrases rather than indi!idual words.
(@@)

1y%ola2 G iNT, cTdQOsT\RX2 W] tiZON[. tiZON[], W] \TX R]RSNO iNO. #ra2 G uhl] cNVv\QT. w^i[MV ^V cNVPoOUV; 2ichard2 G w x\]NVMV.

Ira, eet Richard. Richard, this is " sister Ira. 'note the vocative case( ?ice to eet "ou. %here did "ou co e fro ;

4ro # erica 'often used in collo3uial .%rainian instead of "the .nited States"(. #ra2 G yV ^l] [O^QT ^ zVv^Y; :a!e "ou been long in /"i!; 2ichard2 G qY, RfTbT[QY cNVU]SY^. ?o, I-!e co e b" $lain 'literally4 #$ve "flown in"( toda". #ra2 G whcVQVUVRX ^ bTS]UY; #re "ou sta"ing in a hotel; '0ote that the sub/ect "you" is omitted in the .%rainian phrase as it can be easily understood from the conte5t. The masculine noun "hotel" is used in the prepositional case 66 note the ending.( 2ichard2 G {OM, ^ bTS]UY )uQYcNT). .es, in Dnipro hotel. 0"kola has booked a roo for e `VMTUO dO_NTQk^O^ \]Qi SO\ QT\]N. there. 'The name of the hotel is also the name of a ma/or .%rainian river. 7yiv is located on its ban%s.( #ra2 G yV ShS h RcNO^Oo ZV cNTRST :a!e "ou co e on business, or 1ust tra!elling; cT[TNTlhvS]; 2ichard2 G yY[NX[l]QQX. xU], XMeT (It-s) a business tri$. But, if there-s ti e, I would like to see _h[] ZOR, oTSY^ _V TbUXQhSV \iRST. the cit".

Lesson 0i&: ,erfective and I perfective 6erbs

'ndings of Ukrainian !erbs also change, de$ending on whether "ou-re taking about $resent, $ast or future and what the sub1ect of the sentence is (I, "ou, he>she>it, we, the" or res$ecti!e nouns). Kerbs in the infinitive for end with *786 the" can be found in the dictionar". %&ercise 3. .ou ha!e learned the following !erbs in the $re!ious lessons. ,o far "ou-!e seen the in so e other for s (with different endings), ostl" the for s that agree with the IGsub1ect. (he infiniti!es below should be recognizable des$ite the change in the ending. Please translate the . 9) zhch^OSV, cT[TNTlh^OSV, S]U]gTQh^OSV, ahMOSV, [V^VSVRX, dOoTcUk^OSVRX. =) |NVPoOSV, cNVU]SYSV, dhRSNYSV, cTdQOsT\VSVRX, dO_NTQk^OSV. /e" to the e+ercise (he !erbs in the e+cercise are di!ided into two grou$s for a reason2 the first grou$ includes imperfective !erbs, and the second one GG perfective. 4or an 'nglish s$eaker, this is so ething co $letel" new. I $erfecti!e !erbs denote inco $lete, continuous, or re$etiti!e action6 $erfecti!e !erbs, on the contrar", indicate that the action has been>will be co $leted. Perfecti!e !erbs can ne!er be in the $resent tense. 4or each i $erfecti!e !erb, there-s usuall" a $erfecti!e counter$art (or e!en se!eral counter$arts with !ariations in eaning). 4or instance, the !erbs )to bu") and )to write)2 I perfective 9:;:<=78 (@B) n Mhchk M^VSTM. (I- b"ing a ticket) } c-XSYs X Mhch^OSV\h M^VSTM. (I-ll be bu"ing a ticket at fi!e o-clock.) } c-XSYs X Mhch^O^ M^VSTM. (I was bu"ing a ticket at fi!e o-clock.) ;8>=78 (@D) n cVah UVRSO. (I- writing a letter.) y^]Z]NY X cVROSV\h UVRSO. (I-ll be writing a letter in the e!ening.) yZTNO X cVRO^ UVRSO. (.esterda" I was writing a letter.) 9:;878 (@C) n MhcV^ M^VSTM. (I bought a ticket.) n MhcUk M^VSTM. (I-ll bu" a ticket) ,erfective

?=;8>=78 (@H) rfTbT[QY X QOcVah UVRSO, O dO^SNO ^Y[cNO^Uk. (I-ll write a letter toda" and ail it to orrow.) n ^l] QOcVRO^ UVRSO. (I-!e written a letter alread".)

(he usage of $erfecti!e and i $erfecti!e !erbs is regulated b" an" rules, and a feel for it co es onl" with lots of $ractice. .our rule of thu b for distinugishing when to use an i $erfecti!e !erb and when its $erfecti!e counter$art can be outlined as follows2 I0P'R4'C(IK' focus on the process2 the action is inco $lete, continuous, or re$etiti!e6 whether it was co $leted or not is not the issue here P'R4'C(IK' focus on the action as so ething that produces certain results

In other words, if I bu" a ticket and re$ort about it as )} c-XSYs X Mhch^O^ M^VSTM) (#t fi!e I was bu"ing a ticket), I- e $hasizing the $rocess, the fact that I was bu"ing tickets rather than doing so ething else. I ha!en-t deli!ered an" infor ation about whether I got that ticket into " $ossession or not6 indeed, in this sentence the focus is on )bu"ing) rather than )ticket.) But if I describe the sa e e!ent as )} c-XSYs X MhcV^ M^VSTM) (#t fi!e I bought a ticket), the focus schifts to the result (ticket). (his e+$lains wh" $erfecti!e !erbs can ne!er be in the $resent tense2 in the $resent, while the action is still under wa", we can e+$ress neither its )co $letedeness) nor a!ailabilit" of the result.

%&ercise 4. Read the following two $assages. (he" are al ost identical, e+ce$t that one describes a usual work da" (re$etiti!e action) and the other 1ust one da" ("esterda"). (r" to deter ine which $aragra$h does what using our UkrainianG'nglish glossar" to look u$ so e ke" words. *earn the te+t b" heart. @AB CDEDFGB HIJK n cNTMV[OkRX T RfT\Ys bT[VQY NOQMh, cNVs\Ok [ha, RQY[Ok SO P[h QO NT_TSh. |NOWkk ^YRY\ bT[VQ. r]N][ [QX T_Y[Ok ^ RhRY[QYs MO^-XNQY. y^]Z]NY cT^]NSOkRX [T[T\h O^ST_hRT\. y[T\O ^]Z]NXk, [V^UkRX S]U]^YdTN, ZVSOk bOd]SV. rcOSV UXbOk NOQT, _T QORShcQTbT [QX dQT^h NOQT ^RSO^OSV.
(@I)

yZTNO X cNTMVQh^RX T RfT\Ys bT[VQY NOQMh, cNVsQX^ [ha, cTRQY[O^ SO cTPoO^ QO NT_TSh. |NTcNOWk^O^ ^YRY\ bT[VQ. r]N][ [QX cTT_Y[O^ h RhRY[QYs MO^-XNQY. y^]Z]NY cT^]NQh^RX [T[T\h O^ST_hRT\. y[T\O cT^]Z]NX^, cT[V^V^RX S]U]^YdTN, cNTZVSO^ bOd]SV. rcOSV UYb NOQT, O QORShcQTbT [QX dQT^h NOQT ^RSO^.
(BJ)

L" MONO PQ" I wake u$ at se!en a. ., take a shower, ha!e breakfast, and go to work. I work eight hours. In the iddle of the da" I ha!e lunch in the cafe ne+t door. In the e!ening I return ho e b" bus. #t ho e I ha!e dinner, watch (K, read news$a$ers. I go to bed earl" since I ha!e to get u$ earl" again the ne+t da". .esterda" I woke u$ at se!en a. ., took a shower, breakfasted, and went to work. I worked eight hours. In the iddle of the da" I had lunch in the cafe ne+t door. In the e!ening I returned ho e b" bus. #t ho e I had dinner, watched (K, read news$a$ers. I went to bed earl" and got u$ earl" again the ne+t da". /e" to the e+ercise %&ercise 5. Below are all the !erbs fro the $re!ious $assages $aired u$ (i $erfecti!e>$erfecti!e), this ti e in the infiniti!e for . .ou should also e orize the 2 the" are a useful bunch $er se, but the" will also be used in the ne+t lesson. I perfective cNTMV[OSVRX cNVs\OSV ([ha) RQY[OSV PoOSV cNOWk^OSV T_Y[OSV ,erfective cNTMVQhSVRX cNVsQXSV ([ha) cTRQY[OSV cTPoOSV cNTcNOWk^OSV cTT_Y[OSV Translation to wake u$ to take (a shower) to breakfast to go (b" a !ehicle) to work to ha!e lunch

cT^]NSOSVRX ^]Z]NXSV [V^VSVRX (S]U]^YdTN) ZVSOSV UXbOSV RcOSV ^RSO^OSV

cT^]NQhSVRX cT^]Z]NXSV cT[V^VSVRX (S]U]^YdTN) cNTZVSOSV UXbSV RcOSV ^RSOSV

to return to ha!e dinner to watch ((K) to read to go to bed 'literally4 to lie down to sleep 66 here you have two verbs in a row8( to get u$ their i $erfecti!e counter$arts in a

.ou a" ha!e noticed that $erfecti!e !erbs either differ fro cou$le of letters in the ste or add prefi5es.

,o e !erbs end with*>2. (hese are so called refle+i!e !erbs. 3ra aticall" the" function si ilarl" to nonGrefle+i!e !erbs, so if "ou see *78 right before the *>2, "ou know that it-s a co on infiniti!e.

Lesson 0even: Tenses of 6erbs

Ukrainian !erbs ha!e onl" three basic tenses2 $resent, $ast, and future. .ou can e+$erss>identif" tenses through !erb endings. 7ne !erb ending "ou alread" know2 it-s *786 howe!er, since it-s the infinitive ending, it con!e"s no eaning of tense. .ou-!e also co e across so e tenseGrelated !erb endings in e+a $les and dialogues, and we will now e+$lore these endings in greater de$th. The present tense. Re e ber that it-s onl" i $erfecti!e !erbs that can be in the $resent tense. *et-s re!iew the following e+a $les2 '+a $le 92 RSTU=78 ** to have lunch (B9) n T_Y[Ok I ha!e>a ha!ing lunch {V T_Y[Ova yYQ yTQO T_Y[Ov yTQT `V T_Y[Ov\T yV T_Y[OvS] .ou ha!e>are ha!ing lunch 'familiar you( :e ,he has>is ha!ing lunch It %e ha!e>are ha!ing lunch .ou ha!e>are ha!ing lunch 'formal and plural you(

yTQV T_Y[OkSf (he" ha!e>are ha!ing lunch (wo essential things to learn fro this e+a $le2 Ukrainian $ersonal $ronouns and si+ !erb endings to atch si+ $ossible sub1ect $ersons. ?ote that 'nglish !erbs in the si $le $resent tense do not change regardless of the sub1ect $erson e+ce$t in third $erson singular (I>"ou>we>the" have, but he>she>it has)6 howe!er, the !erb to be has ore for s (a >is>are) and is therefore so ewhat closer to the $rinci$le of conVugation (ending changes according to the sub1ect $erson) that we-re now e+$loring in Ukrainian. If "ou know 3er an, !erb ending changes should be quite fa iliar to "ou since the 3er ans con1ugate their !erbs as well. :ere-s a slight odification of the ending !owels gi!en abo!e2 '+a $le =2 ;8>=78 ** to write (B=) I write>a writing .ou write>are writing 'familiar you( :e ,he writes>is writing It %e write>are writing .ou write>are writing 'formal and plural you(

n cVah {V cVa]a yYQ yTQO cVa] yTQT

`V cVa]\T yV cVa]S]

yTQV cVahSf (he" write>are writing .ou a" recall fro *esson = (*etters and ,ounds) that : and W are $arts of twoGsound letters X and Y. (herefore *:1*X, *WZ1*YZ... *:7[1*X7[ are essential" the sa e endings. ?ote that the endings gi!en in the first e+a $le follow a vowel, while endings fro the second $attern follow a consonant. ,te changes, like in e+a $le =, take $lace in so e !erbs. .ou will ha!e to e orize ost of these.

%hile the e+a $les abo!e a" be considered to belong to the sa e $attern (it is called )Con1ugation 9) in gra ar books), con1ugation = !erbs ha!e another !owel in their endings. 4or instance2 '+a $le 82 <\878 ** to learn1teach (B8) To save space we$ll use only "learn" in translations. n ^Zh {V ^ZVa I learn>a learning

.ou learn>are learning 'familiar you(

yYQ :e yTQO ^ZVSf ,he learns>is learning yTQT It `V ^ZV\T %e learn>are learning yV ^ZVS] .ou learn>are learning 'formal and plural you( yTQV ^ZOSf (he" learn>are learning If the ste ends with a !owel, the endings in this $attern take a different letter2 '+a $le @2 >7R278 ** to stand (B@) I stand>a standing .ou stand>are standing 'familiar you(

n RSTk {V RSTPa

yYQ :e yTQO RSTPSf ,he stands>is standing yTQT It `V RSTP\T yV RSTPS] %e stand>are standing .ou stand>are standing 'formal and plural you(

yTQV RSTXSf (he" stand>are standing ,o uch for the $resent tense. %e won-t elaborate on irregularities at this $oint but will draw "our attention to the as we go along. The future tense. 7nce "ou ha!e learned the $resent, the future tense will be eas". In fact, future perfective verbs take on the sa e endings which i perfective verbs take in the present tense. %&ercise 3. Practice con1ugating !erbs2 for the future tense of the following $erfecti!e !erbs for all the si+ $ersons (refer to the e+a $les abo!e for correct endings). (4ollow '+a $le 9)2 cTT_Y[OSV, cNTZVSOSV, cT^]Z]NXSV. (4ollow '+a $le =)2 cNTMVQhSVRX 'two things to remember4 9( this pattern applies to verb stems that end in consonant: therefore person6specific endings in this case will replace not only the regular *786ending but the vowel before it will also drop out4 ;( *>2 will remain as is in refle5ive verbs such as this one so changeable endings should be inserted right before it(, ^RSOSV 'a bit irregular4 add letter ? before all endings(. /e" to the e+ercise

I $erfecti!e !erbs in the future tense can ha!e two for s2 ;W]W9^=U=78 ** to translate (BB) I will translate> will be translating .ou will translate> will be translating :e ,he will translate> will be translating It %e will translate> will be translating .ou will translate> will be translating 'formal and plural you(

n _h[h c]N]MUO[OSV {V _h[]a c]N]MUO[OSV yYQ yTQO _h[] c]N]MUO[OSV yTQT `V _h[]\T c]N]MUO[OSV yV _h[]S] c]N]MUO[OSV

yTQV _h[hSf c]N]MUO[OSV (he" will translate> will be translating (his for is $racticall" identical to 'nglish si $le future (e.g., I will translate), e+ce$t that the !erb )will) also has $ersonGs$ecific endings (sa e as in '+a $le = abo!e). or else
(BC)

n c]N]MUO[OSV\h {V c]N]MUO[OSV\]a yYQ yTQO c]N]MUO[OSV\] yTQT `V c]N]MUO[OSV\]\T yV c]N]MUO[OSV\]S]

I will translate> will be translating .ou will translate> will be translating :e ,he will translate> will be translating It %e will translate> will be translating .ou will translate> will be translating 'formal and plural you(

yTQV c]N]MUO[OSV\hSf (he" will translate> will be translating :ere "ou see '+a $le = $resent tense endings again, but the" are added to the whole infiniti!e (the GSV ending doesn-t disa$$ear) $lus letter _. 'ach !erb can ha!e both for s. :owe!er, usage leans towards the latter6 use the willG$attern with longer !erbs that would sound too bulk" with e+tra endings. The past tense. .ou~ll ha!e to re e ber onl" four endings for the $ast tense, but the con1ugation $rinci$le has changed2 endings here are genderG and nu berGs$ecific rather than $ersonGs$ecific, as it is for the $resent and future tenses. (here are no differences between $erfecti!e and i $erfecti!e $ast tense for ation. ,o e irregularities, like elsewhere, do occur, so $a" attention when "ou see new !erbs in sentences. (ake a look2 ^W`=78 ** to lie (i.e., be in a horiaontal position) (i perfective) (BD) U]lO^ n U]lOUO I la" U]lOUT {V U]lO^ U]lOUO U]lOUT .ou la" 'familiar you(

yYQ U]lO^ yTQO U]lOUO yTQT U]lOUT `V yV U]lOUV U]lOUV

:e>,he>It la" %e la" .ou la" 'formal and plural you( (he" la"

yTQV U]lOUV

#s "ou see, genders are not anifested in $lural. :owe!er, the !erb that agrees with the 2 sub1ect in the $ast tense will take one of the two endings, de$ending on the gender of the s$eaker (the neuter ending gra aticall" is also $ossible but is unlikel" conte+tuall" since hardl" an"one will s$eak of hi self as <R?R). ,i ilarl", !erb that agrees with the $ronoun 78 should take one of the rele!ant endings as required b" the gender of the addressee.

%&ercise 4.(his could be a standard tele$hone con!ersation with an office rece$tionist. :owe!er, "ou can use standard $hrases fro it in a $ri!ate con!ersation as well. *earn the following dialogue b" heart. ?ote the odal !erbs ( a", ust, etc.)2 the" are followed b" the infiniti!e.
(BH)

<=+>=?O>+-2 G xUT5

Secretary2 G :allo5 '#f it@s an office you can often hear the name of the organiAation instead.(

)*+T,-2 G uT_NVs []Qf5 V \Tlh X bT^TNVSV d 1y%ola2 G 3ood afternoon (3ood da")5 0a" I |]SNT\ i^Oa]QMT\; s$eak with Petro I!ashenko; 'The first and last names in .%ranian also decline: here they are in the instrumental case. The English translation always uses the nominative for all nouns and names.( <=+>=?O>+-2 G ST sTbT cVSOv; )*+T,-2 G `VMTUO TsZhM. <=+>=?O>+-2 G ^VUVQMh, _h[f UORMO.... |]N]cNTahk, ^YQ eTsQT ^VsaT^. T\h eTRf c]N][OSV; <=+>=?O>+-2 G `TlUV^T, dO bT[VQh. )*+T,-2 G x ^ QfTbT v \T_YUfQVs S]U]gTQ; n \hah S]N\YQT^T d QV\ cTbT^TNVSV. %ho wants to s$eak with hi ; 'Biterally4 Who@s as%ing himC( 0"kola Bo"chuk 7ne inute $lease... ,orr", he~s 1ust left. %ould "ou like to lea!e a essage;

)*+T,-2 G yV Q] dQOvS], MTUV ^YQ cT^]NQ]SfRX; &o "ou ha$$en to know when he~ll be back; Perha$s in an hour. &oes he ha!e a obile $hone; I hi i ediatel" (urgentl"). ust s$eak with

<=+>=?O>+-2 G w[OvSfRX, ^YQ Q] ^dX^ S]U]gTQO d It see s he hasn~t taken the $hone with hi . RT_Tk. )*+T,-2 G x Mh[V ^YQ cTPoO^; <=+>=?O>+-2 G qO ^TMdOU. yYQ Rc]Nah \Ov MhcVSV M^VSMV, O cTSY\ dOP[] QO cTaSh. )*+T,-2 G ONOd[. |]N][OsS], _h[f UORMO, |]SNT^Y, eT \V Q] d\Tl]\T RfTbT[QY dhRSNYSVRX. #nd where did he go; (o the train station. :e has to bu" tickets first and then he~ll sto$ b" at the $ost office. 7/. Please tell Petro that we won~t be able to eet toda".

<=+>=?O>+-2 G |T^STNYSf, _h[f UORMO, ^Oa] Y\~X. )*+T,-2 G `VMTUO TsZhM. uXMhk. uT cT_OZ]QQX.

Please tell e "our na e again. (Please re$eat "our na e.) '0ote a new verb form 66 imperative( 0"kola Bo"chuk. (hank "ou. B"e.

Lesson %ight: /u bers (,rices)

4irst let-s learn to count in Ukrainian. ?ote that )one) and )two) in Ukrainian with the noun that follows the 2
(BI)

ust agree in gender

9 T[VQ 'for masculine nouns( 9 T[QO 'for feminine nouns( 9 T[Q] 'for neuter nouns( = [^O 'for masculine D neuter nouns( = [^Y 'for feminine nouns( 8 SNV @ ZTSVNV B c-XSf C aYRSf D RY\ H ^YRY\ I []^-XSf 9J []RXSf 99 T[VQO[WXSf 9= [^OQO[WXSf 98 SNVQO[WXSf 9@ ZTSVNQO[WXSf 9B c-XSQO[WXSf 9C aYRSQO[WXSf 9D RY\QO[WXSf 9H ^YRY\QO[WXSf 9I []^-XSQO[WXSf =J [^O[WXSf

=9 [^O[WXSf T[VQ == [^O[WXSf [^O =8 [^O[WXSf SNV =@ [^O[WXSf ZTSVNV =B [^O[WXSf c-XSf (and so on GG 1ust like in 'nglish) ... 8J SNV[WXSf 89 SNV[WXSf T[VQ 8= SNV[WXSf [^O ... @J RTNTM BJ c-XS[]RXS CJ aYRS[]RXS DJ RY\[]RXS HJ ^YRY\[]RXS IJ []^-XQTRST 9JJ RST 9J9 RST T[VQ ... 9B@ RST c-XS[]RXS ZTSVNV ... 9JJJ SVRXZO 9 JJJ JJJ \YUfsTQ 9 JJJ JJJ JJJ \YUfXN[

(he bad news is that nu erals also decline (change their endings to agree with acco $an"ing nouns). (he good news is that in ost usual situations where "ou would use nu bers (e.g., sho$$ing) "ou don-t ha!e to know how to decline the since the" are used in cases that don-t ha!e changes. (here-s 1ust a few nu erals that do, and "ou will learn how to change the in this lesson. Prices in Ukrainian would look as follows2 T[QO bNV^QX GG one hr"!n"a (b]8<?2 is a fe inine noun). u^O l]STQV QO \]SNT MTaShkSf T[Qh bNV^Qk. GG (wo etro tokens cost one hr"!nia. (:ere "ou ha!e both )one) and )hr"!n"a) in the accusati!e case required b" the !erb 9RZ7:X7[) n MhcV^ M^YSV dO T[Qh bNV^Qk. GG I bought flowers for one hr"!n"a. (#gain the accusati!e.) (he nu ber 78>2\= is in fact a noun and therefore declines si ilarl" to other nouns that end in *a (go back to lesson @ if "ou need to reca$). @T^[cR? and _T^[2]U are also nouns, but the" follow a different declination $attern, and since the" are not so co onl" used, we won-t re!iew the here. 0asculine and neuter )one) (e.g., T[VQ [TUON GG one dollar), both for s of )two) and the rest of nu bers do not change in si ilar sentences, that is, when used with the !erb 9RZ7:<=78 or $re$osition d=.

4or nu bers that end in =, 8 or @, use the acco $an"ing noun in the no inati!e $lural. 4or e+a $le2 U<T b]8<?T, >R]R9 7]8 b]8<?T, >7R UW<'2?R>7R \R78]8 b]8<?T. ,i ilarl", U<=Ue27[ U<= UR^=]8, U<T>7T ZT>7UW>27 7]8 UR^=]8, \R78]8 UR^=]8.
(CJ)

#ll other nu bers take the geniti!e $lural, for e+a $le2
(C9)

9) c-XSf bNV^]Qf, aYRSf bNV^]Qf, RY\[]RXS RY\ bNV^]Qf, [^O[WXSf ^YRY\ bNV^]Qf, RTNTM []^-XSf bNV^]Qf, ^YRY\[]RXS bNV^]Qf, etc. =) c-XSQO[WXSf MTcYsTM, SNV[WXSf aYRSf MTcYsTM, ^YRY\ MTcYsTM (ko$i"ka is oneGhundriedth of a hr"!n"a6 1ust like cents, the" e+ist onl" in coins.) 8) RST c-XSf [TUONY^, aYRSQO[WXSf [TUONY^, []RXSf [TUONY^, SVRXZO [TUONY^, etc. %&ercise 3. Practice to count in Ukrainian. %rite down the nu bers cited in the two $re!ious e+a $les in figures. /e" to the e+ercise In colloquial Ukrainian, words )hr"!n"a) and )ko$eck) are often o itted in na ing $rices, es$eciall" if the $rice includes both hr"!n"as and ko$ecks. (herefore it is custo ar" to sa", for instance, )uOsS], _h[f UORMO, aO\chQf dO T[VQO[WXSf bNV^]Qf) ()Please gi!e e the sha $oo that costs 99 hr"!n"as)) and )uOsS], _h[f UORMO, aO\chQf dO T[VQO[WXSf SNV[WXSf c-XSf) ()Please gi!e e the sha $oo that costs ele!en thirt"Gfi!e,) where )ele!en) is the nu ber of hr"!n"as and )thirt"Gfi!e) the nu ber of ko$ecks). /ee$ this in ind when doing the following e+ercise. %&ercise 4. (o do this e+ercise successfull", "ou should be able to )fluentl") count. .ou will hear a )sho$$ing) dialogue with an" nu bers. .our task is to recoginze the nu bers and write the down in the order in which the" co e in the dialogue (write the figures when listening and later s$ell the out in Ukrainian). # few nu bers a" be with a different ending (in the geniti!e case which we ha!en-t re!iewed), but "ou should be able to recognize the fro the ste . .ou will also hear an" unfa iliar words6 focus on the nu bers onl", don-t stri!e to understand the eaning.
(C=)

/e" to the e+ercise

Lesson /ine: Ti e and Pates

4or ti e and dates Ukrainian use ordinal nu bers, i.e., first, second, third, etc. In sentences these nu bers functions as ad1ecti!es, which eans that the" decline to agree with the noun the" acco $an". 4or e+a $le, in a $hrase, )n dOS]U]gTQhk T c]NaYs bT[VQY) (I will $hone at one o~clock), the Ukrainian for )one o~clock) is in fact )first hour) and both )first) and )hour) are in the $re$ositional case. If we take the $hrase, )whRSNYZ cNVdQOZ]QT QO c]Nah bT[VQh) ((he eeting is scheduled for one o~clock), "ou see the )first hour) again, but his ti e in the accusati!e. Co $aring the two sentences, "ou can easil" notice a change in the endings of both the noun and the ordinal nu ber. ,i ilar changes take $lace in the endings of ad1ecti!es2 the" will also be in the case of the governing noun. ,ince ordinal nu bers (as well as ad1ecti!es) agree with nouns, the" are also distinguished b" gender and nu ber. #gain, the distinction is arked b" the ending. (ake a look at and listen to the nu bers fro first to tenth2
(C8)

Lasculine c]NaVs [NhbVs SN]SYs Z]S^]NSVs c~XSVs aTRSVs RfT\Vs ^TRf\Vs []^~XSVs []RXSVs

'e inine c]NaO [NhbO SN]SX Z]S^]NSO c~XSO aTRSO RfT\O ^TRf\O []^~XSO []RXSO

/euter c]Na] [Nhb] SN]Sv Z]S^]NS] c~XS] aTRS] RfT\] ^TRf\] []^~XS] []RXS]

It is eas" to discern the ste s of cardinal nu bers, which "ou learned in the $re!ious lessons. #lso, $a" attention to the endings2 *8c for asculine, *= for fe inine and *W for neuter (these are of course endings for the no inative case). (woGdigit nu bers will add the sa e ending dro$$ing the final [2 T[VQO[WXSVs (T[VQO[WXSO, T[VQO[WXS]), SNV[WXSVs (SNV[WXSO, SNV[WXS]), etc. :igher nu bers will also ha!e the sa e endings, but there are slight changes in the ste 2 RTSVs (9JJth), [^ToRTSVs (=JJth), SNfToRTSVs (8JJth), ZTSVNfToRTSVs (@JJth), c~XSVRTSVs (BJJth), a]RSVRTSVs (CJJth), ^TRf\VRTSVs (HJJth), []^~XSVRTSVs (IJJth), SVRXZQVs (9JJJth), \YUfsTQQVs (9,JJJ,JJJth), \YUfXN[QVs (9,JJJ,JJJ,JJJth), etc. ((his is 1ust asculine6 fe inine and neuter will ha!e *= and *W endings res$ecti!el".)

(he onl" nu ber to ha!e a slightl" different ending is )third) (see abo!e). 'ach ad1ecti!al gender and the $lural for ha!e their own declension $atterns. #s with nouns, "ou don~t ha!e to learn all these now. %e will show "ou the ost co on usage of ordinal nu bers instead.

Time
#sking ti e is $rett" si $le2 G zTSNO bT[VQO; (%hat ti e is it;) G ]S^]NSO RTNTM SNV. (@2@8) (C@) (hat~s the no inati!e case. ?ote that the nu ber of hours is ordinal while the nu ber of inutes is cardinal (these "ou learned in the $re!ious lesson). (he words )o~clock) and ) inutes) are nor all" o itted in colloquial Ukrainian. (o sa" that so ething will ha$$en at a certain hour, use $re$osition o followed b" a$$ro$riate ordinal nu ber and the fe inine noun bRU8?= (hour6 o~clock) GG although the noun is o$tional,GG both in the $re$ositional case)2 `V dhRSNYQ]\TRX T SN]SYs (RfT\Ys, [NhbYs) bT[VQY. (%e will eet at three (se!en, two) o~clock.) ar

#ll other nu bers in si ilar e+$ressions of ti e will also ha!e the ending *Tc (again, in gra ter s, it~s the ad1ecti!al fe inine ending in the $re$ositional case6 it~s used for all )fe inine $re$ositional) ad1ecti!es as well). If "ou need to inutes2 ention inutes as well, dro$ the word bRU8?T and add the cardinal nu ber of eet at three twent"Gfi!e.)

`V dhRSNYQ]\TRX T SN]SYs [^O[WXSf c~XSf. (%e will

(hese are $rett" sure and si $le wa"s of e+$ressing ti e. ,i ilarl" to 'nglish )quarter to three) or )half $ast fi!e,) the Ukrainian language also has other for s of e+$ressing ti e. #nd, si ilarl" to !ariations in these e+$erssions in British and # erican 'nglish, there are regional !ariations in Ukraine as well. :ere are so e sa $le e+$ressions that "ou ight hear2
(CB)

|Y^ QO aTRSh. zTQW]NS cTZVQOvSfRX T cY^ QO aTRSh. |Y^ aTRSTP. u]RXSf o^VUVQ QO SN]Sk. u]RXSf o^VUVQ cT [NhbYs. wO Z^]NSf []RXSO. ]d c~XSQO[WXSV []RXSf.

:alf $ast si+. (he concert starts at half $ast si+. :alf $ast si+ 'collo3uial( (en $ast two. (en $ast two. # quarter to ten. 4ifteen inutes to ten 'collo3uial in eastern parts of .%raine and totally wrong8 &ou have to be able to understand it but please never use it8(

%&ercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences s$elling the ti e in $arentheses in the correct for (add a $re$osition when necessar"). Use the si $le for . Consult the dictionar" or our glossar" for unknown words. 9) zTQW]NS dOMYQZV^RX (9J28J). =) wONOd H2@8. 8) whRSNYZ ^Y[_h[]SfRX (B). @) tT_TZVs []Qf cTZVQOvSfRX (I), O dOMYQZhvSfRX (9H). B) }_Y[QX c]N]N^O ^ QOR (98).

/e" to the e+ercise

!ates
4or co $ound nu bers (e.g., twent"Gtwo or one thousand fort"), it is only the last co ponent that is ordinal, the rest are regular cardinal nu bers. 4or e+a $le2 [^O[WXSf [NhbVs (==nd), SVRXZO RST SNV[WXSf Z]S^]NSVs (998@th), SNVRSO aYRS[]RXSVs (8CJth), [^YRSY RY\QO[WXSVs (=9Dth), etc.. (hese nu bers would agree in gender with asculine nouns6 in dates in the no inati!e, howe!er, "ou should use the neuter ending G], for instance2 rfTbT[QY ^YRY\QO[WXS] R]NcQX. ((oda" is #ugust 9Hst.) ]N]d SVl[]Qf _h[] [^O[WXSf c-XS] R]NcQX. (It will be #ugust =Bth in a week.) ?ow it-s high ti e to learn onths (\YRXWY) and da"s of the week ([QY SVlQX) in Ukrainian.
(CC)

RYZ]Qf UkSVs _]N]d]Qf M^YS]Qf SNO^]Qf Z]N^]Qf UVc]Qf R]Nc]Qf ^]N]R]Qf lT^S]Qf UVRSTcO[ bNh[]Qf

<anuar" 4ebruar" 0arch #$ril 0a" <une <ul" #ugust ,e$te ber 7ctober ?o!e ber &ece ber

cTQ][YUTM 0onda" ^Y^STNTM (uesda" R]N][O %ednesda" Z]S^]N (hursda" c-XSQVWX 4rida" Rh_TSO ,aturda" Q][YUX ,unda"

(o sa" that so ething ha$$ened>will ha$$en on a $articular date, the genitive case is often used for dates and accusative for da"s of the week. 4or e+a $le2 {OQX QONT[VUORX ^ Rh_TSh, aYRSQO[WXSTbT _]N]dQX SVRXZO []^-XSRTS ^YRY\[]RXS Z]S^]NSTbT NTMh. ((an"a was born on ,aturda", 0arch 9Cth, 9IH@). :ere ),aturda") is in the accusati!e. )7n %ednesda",) )on 4rida",) and )on ,unda") will ha!e si ilar endings (^ R]N][h, ^ c-XSQVWk and ^ Q][YUk), and the rest of da"s (since the" are asculine and therefore follow a different declension $attern) ha!e the sa e for s in the accusati!e as in the no inati!e. 4or ing the geniti!e of onths is also $rett" si $le2 for those that end in G]Qf, re$lace these three last letters with GQX (e.g., R]Nc]Qf GG R]NcQX) and re e ber that the geniti!e of UkSVs is UkSTbT, and the geniti!e of UVRSTcO[ is UVRSTcO[O. .ou a" ha!e noticed in the e+a $le abo!e that the ending of )four) in 9IH@ is again GTbT GG this is the geniti!e ending "ou should use for ordinal nu bers in dates. #gain, it-s onl" the last co $onent of a co $ound nu ber that is declined6 the rest are cardinal nu bers without an" changes. (he word )"ear) in the geniti!e case (NTMh) should also be included in dates. :ere are so e ore e+a $les2

(CD)

mMNOPQO cNTbTUTRVUO Q]dOU]lQYRSf [^O[WXSf Z]S^]NSTbT R]NcQX SVRXZO []^-XSRTS []^-XQTRST c]NaTbT NTMh. (Ukraine declared its inde$endence on #ugust =@, 9II9). wOQXSSX ^ hMNOPQRfMVo aMTUOo dOMYQZhkSfRX [^O[WXSf c-XSTbT SNO^QX. (Classes in Ukrainian schools end on 0a" =Bth). `V dhRSNYQ]\TRX ^ Q][YUk, SN]SfTbT UkSTbT, T [NhbYs bT[VQY. (%e will eet on ,unda", 4ebruar" 8d, at two o-clock). |ORcTNS ^V[OQT [^O[WXSTbT SNO^QX [^TSVRXZQTbT NTMh. ((he $ass$ort was issued on 0a" =J, =JJJ). |ORcTNS [YsRQVs [T SNV[WXSf c]NaTbT UVcQX [^Y SVRXZY Z]S^]NSTbT NTMh. ((he $ass$ort is !alid until <ul" 89, =JJ@.) %&ercise 4. Please co $lete the sentences translating and s$elling out the nu bers and da"s of week in the correct case. Insert $re$ositions where!er necessar".

9. =. 8. @. B. C.

whRSNYZ ^Y[_h[]SfRX (4rida", 4ebruar" 9I). `VMTUO QONT[V^RX (<ul" =I, 9IDB). n P[h [T x\]NVMV ((hursda", 8J ,e$te ber). |ORcTNS ^V[OQT (0arch 8, 9IIH). tYZON[ lV^] ^ mMNOPQY d (9B #$ril, 9IIC). |ORcTNS [YsRQVs [T (<anuar" C, =JJ9).

/e" to the e+ercise

Lesson Ten: 0entence 0tructure

.ou a" ha!e noticed one thing alread"2 unlike 'nglish, there~s no fi+ed word order in Ukrainian. In 'nglish, sentences like )7!er the fence 1u $ed the horse) would sound incorrect because it should be the other wa" around2 the horse 1u $ed o!er the fence. In Ukrainian, "ou can sa" it both wa"s and actuall" shuffle words around e!en ore. 'ach ti e, the logical emphasis in the sentence will be different. .ou alread" know that there are no articles in Ukrainian. # loose word order functions $artl" to re$lace the need for articles. In sentences with inverse word order the ele ent that co es first is usuall" so ething known fro the $re!ious conte+ts6 if it ha$$ens to be a noun, it~s 'nglish translation, whene!er a$$ro$riate, could well be with the definite article the. (he last ele ent in the sentence is usuall" )new infor ation) that bears logical e $hasis6 since it~s )new), a noun used here would co e with an indefinite article in the 'nglish translation. Certainl", this is 1ust a general rule of thu b. *ogical e $hasis, the word order and finall" the eaning are largel" defined b" the conte+t. # fle+ible word order could ake things $rett" confusing in sentences like )(he bo" sees a girl). (his is where case endings $la" an i $ortant role. Re e ber that the sub1ect will alwa"s be in the no inati!e case. ,o, if "ou hear, )iNh dhRSNY^ QO ^TMdOUY _NOS,) "ou will easil" understand that A]: is the accusati!e case of a wo an-s na e Ira and therefore she~s not the sub1ect of the sentence. It was the brother who et Ira at the train station, although the sub1ect word S]=7 co es onl" at the !er" end of the sentence. # fi5ed word order a$$lies to $re$ositions, the negati!e $article ?W and other $articles, con1unctions (and, but)2 the" are ore or less fir l" fi+ed to the words that the" $recede. ,o, if the word order is changed in the sentence, the words that are connected to $re$ositions, $articles or con1unctions occu$" their new $lace together with these $re$ositions, $articles, or con1unctions. In e!er"da" s$eech, the sa e goes for nouns that are connected (agreed in gender and nu ber) with ad1ecti!es (e.g, red car). (he feel for the word order will co e onl" with ore $ractice, so at this $oint "ou should think not so uch about what word order you should use, but rather focus on what "ou hear>read. ?ow "ou know that the first noun or $ronoun in the sentence is not necessaril" the sub1ect, so "ou should $a" attention to its case ending. %&ercise 3. Please translate using our UkrainianG'nglish glossar". 9) `VMTUO dOS]U]gTQh^O^ iNY. =) tYZON[ MhcV^ M^ONSVNh. 8) tYZON[T^Y QOU]lVSf M^ONSVNO. @) uT tYZON[O cNVPoO^ bYRSf. B) |Y[NhZQVM `VMTUO c]N]MUO^. /e" to the e+ercise Certain sentence $arts that are nor all" $resent in 'nglish a" be o itted in Ukrainian. ,entences like )0"kola is a student) sound si $l" )`VMTUO RSh[]QS) in Ukrainian6 the !erb is o itted. ,o eti es there~s a $unctuation arkGG dashGG in such sentences and a res$ecti!e $ause in s$eech2 `Ys ZTUT^YM GG YQl]Q]N (0" husband is an engineer). (he !erb )to be) is also often o itted in sentences with )this is...)

In the e+a $le abo!e the verb was o itted. (here are also situations in Ukrainian where the subVect is o itted, and the !erb a$$ears in a for that "ou ha!en~t seen so far. .ou can easil" notice that it functions si ilarl" to the 'nglish passive voice2 `ObOdVQ dOZVQ]QT. ((he store is closed>locked.) |NTPd[ dO_TNTQ]QT. (Passage b" !ehicle is !orbidden.) |NToY[ dOMNVST. (%alking $assage is closed.) .ou a" at first belie!e that the starting noun in each of the three sentences is in the no inati!e case. :owe!er, all these nouns are asculine inani ate, and this categor" of nouns has the sa e for for both the no inati!e and accusati!e cases (in lesson B "ou studied a different $attern of declension and were alerted that there are so e ore). ,o in fact here "ou see nouns in the accusati!e case (ob1ect of the action), and s$ecial !erb endings *?R, *7R indicate that there~s no sub1ect. In the 'nglish translation, since in 'nglish both the sub1ect and the !erb ha!e to be in $lace, "ou see the $assi!e !oice2 although the nouns ha!e beco e sub1ects of sentences, the" are not doing the action e+$ressed b" the !erb, but were rather subVected to that action. #lthough gra atic for s in the two languages are different, the gra atic eaning is the sa e2 we know about the action (the !erb) but we don~t know (or don~t care) who did it. %&ercise 4. Please translate using our UkrainianG'nglish glossar". Re e ber that "ou ha!e to look u$ the infiniti!es of !erbs and nouns in the no inati!e case. 9) `Ys [Nhb GG _YdQ]R\]Q. =) ] \Ys RSYU. 8) |NToY[ [Td^TU]QT [T c]NaTP bT[VQV. @) `Tv cOUfST ZTNQ]. B) |Y[NhZQVM hl] c]N]MUO[]QT. /e" to the e+ercise %ith a few e+ce$tions, we~!e until now had onl" simple sentences, i.e. sentences with one sub1ect onl". But we often use co $le+ sentences like )I called " sister and she $icked e u$ at the train station) or )I know that "ou don~t like e) which can be broken u$ into two se$arate sentences each2 )I called " sister,) ),he $icked e u$ at the train station) and )I know,) ).ou don~t like e.) (he second s$lit, although $ossible, affects the eaning uch ore than the first. In gra ar ter s, here "ou ha!e an independent clause (I know) and another $art of the sentence that is integrall" connected to it GG a dependent clause. (here are con1unctions that connect de$endent and ind$enendent clauses in sentences2 that because when where ($lace) eT n dQOk, eT RfTbT[QY d_TNV. I know that there~s a eeting toda".

ST\h eT `VMTUO Q] cNVs[], ST\h eT (_T) ^YQ dOo^TNY^. _T 0"kola won~t co e because he fell ill. MTUV [] n dOS]U]gTQhk, MTUV [YdQOkRX _YUfa]. I~ll call when I find out ore. yYQ Q] dQOv, [] \V dhRSNYZOv\TRX. :e doesn~t know where we eet. qO MONSY cTdQOZ]QT, Mh[V \V cT^VQQY PoOSV. It is shown on the a$ where we ha!e to go.

where (direction) Mh[V

(hese are basic con1unctions between inde$endent and de$endent clauses. (here are ore of the , and so e of the e!en decline like ad1ecti!es, but these will be enough to begin with. 0oreo!er, "ou will now recognize so e of these con1unctions in a different role GG as question words. It is !er" si $le to ask a question in Ukrainian. .ou would build a general question e+actl" like an affir ati!e sentence, onl" sa" it with questioning intonation stressing the word that is $articularl" )under question.) *isten and co $are2
(CH)

{V ShS ?=<\=YZ>2; &o "ou stud" here; {V 7:7 QO^ZOvaRX; &o "ou stud" here; f8 ShS QO^ZOvaRX; Is it you who studies here; #sking a question with a question word, 1ust add it in front of the sentence. ' $hasize the question word. (o finish the lesson, re!iew the following question words and do this si $le e+ercise2 %&ercise 5. Put questions to the following sentences ($ut the question word in front and o it the $art about which "ou~re asking). Read the out loud. %ho; %hat; %hen; %here; %here fro ; :ow oST; '3uestion about an animate sub/ect( qOSOUMO dOMYQZhv NT_TSh.

eT; '3uestion about yYQ ^ZVSf hMNOPQRfMh \T^h. inanimate sub/ect or ob/ect( MTUV; []; d^Y[MV; `V dhRSNYQ]\TRX T aTRSYs bT[VQY. yYQ _OZV^ \]Q] ^ \]SNT. yTQV cNVPoOUV d mMNOPQV. UY_ MTahSv T[Qh bNV^Qk [^OQO[WXSf MTcYsTM.

uch> an"; RMYUfMV

/e" to the e+ercise

Lesson %leven: -losing Ne arks

,o "ou~!e co e to the !er" last lesson in our Ukrainian for Beginners course. It does~t ha!e an" s$ecial to$ic, it will indeed be a collection of re arks that "ou ight find useful on "our tri$ to Ukraine or in futher Ukrainian language courses. 3. Transliteration. #s we entioned in lesson =, transliteration rules a" !ar". (his is nothing to worr" about as long as "ou~re aware of !ariations and are consistent in "our own usage. In 9IIC, an 7fficial Resolution on (ransliteration was issued6 howe!er, its rules are obligator" onl" for transliteration of Ukrainian na es in the translations of Ukrainian laws and other official docu ents. 0a1or differences of this transliteration guide fro what "ou learned in lesson = include2 Ukrainian (ransliteration 7fficial Resolution letter used in lesson = suggests v P k X e "e "i "u "a shch "e GG first letter in the word6 ie GG in the iddle of the word "i GG first letter in the word6 i GG in the iddle of the word "u GG first letter in the word6 iu GG in the iddle of the word "a GG first letter in the word6 ia GG in the iddle of the word sch

.ou can find the co $lete Resolution on the %eb. (he Resolution is in Ukrainian, but "ou can scroll down a bit to the transliteration table. In ore rare cases, "ou will see the consonant c transliterated as V. .ou should a!oid doing so since V in 'nglish has a co $letel" different $ronunciation. .ou~re ore or less free to choose which transliteration ethod "ou like best (it concerns $ri aril" the !owels). It is hard to 1udge without a s$ecial stud" which st"le is used ore, but the author of this course fro her own e+$erience finds the one cited in lesson = custo ar". 4. LaVor Ukrainian cities. 4or "our infor ation and reference, here~s a list of the largest Ukrainian cities. (he" are all cities of ad inistrati!e i $ortance GG ca$itals of Ukrainian large ad inistrati!e districts (called oblasts), unless otherwise indicated. zVP^ GG capital of .%raine ONMY^ 'E->+FGHending in other cases( }[]RO uQYcNTc]SNT^RfM f^Y^ 'IJGFGHending in other cases( uTQ]WfM hWfM {]NQTcYUf 'K=>LFMF,Hending in other cases( mlbTNT[ ]NQY^WY tY^Q] ]NMORV ]NQYbY^

hbOQRfM zYNT^TbNO[ rh\V |TUSO^O wOcTNYllX yYQQVWX \]UfQVWfMVs

i^OQTGNOQMY^RfM `VMTUOP^ ]NRTQ jVST\VN rY\g]NTcTUf 'capital of the !utonomous Crimea 2epublic( r]^ORSTcTUf 'a large city in Crimea(

5. f8 and <8 ** fa iliar and for al you. (his is co $arable to 4rench tu and vous, or 3er an du and 0ie, although usage a" slightl" !ar". Usuall" onl" "oung $eo$le ( ostl" teenagers and college students) would address their $eer with 78 fro the !er" beginning of being acquainted, or older $eo$le can sa" 78 to those who are clearl" uch "ounger (the "oungsters in this case would still continue calling the older $erson with the for al "ou GG <8). Using 78 e $hasizes the $eer relationshi$ in the first case and age difference ()inferiorit")) in the second. # ong other $eo$le or those who et each other in a for al situation the $ronoun <8 would be used. (he" can begin calling each other 78 when one of the suggests it, usuall" when the" beco e friends or e+$ect to eet each other often and $erha$s beco e friends. 7therwise using 78 with a $erson "ou don~t know well i $lies rudeness or lack of good anners. .our best a$$roach would be to call an"one <8 e+ce$t for children, unless "ou~re a teenager s$eaking with "our $eers. g8 is also $lural "ou which is used in addressing an" grou$ of $eo$le. If "ou~re an # erican, be careful in using the Ukrainian word U]:b, which is often translated as )friend) but actuall" eans onl" a quite close friend, so eone "ou trust, ha!e known for a $rett" long ti e and usuall" see on a regular basis. 0" e+$erience suggests that # ericans can use the word )friend) in a broader conte+t, which often uncludes $eo$le with who "ou get along well, e!en if "ou ha!en~t known the that long. %hen no longGlasting friendshi$ is i $lied, use the word d?=cR_8c for en and d?=cR_= for wo en, which literall" eans )acquaintance) and is in Ukrainian culture ore adequate in this conte+t. :owe!er, a!oid using this word in front of the $erson who "ou~re this wa" describing6 "ou can use it when s$eaking about this $erson to so eone else. It is not insulting, but when used, for instance, in introductions, it brings in a touch of )coldness.) 7nce "ou beco e close friends, "ou can use the word U]:b without such reser!ations.

%ell, it~s ti e to sa" goodGb"e. :o$e "ou now ha!e a good idea about Ukrainian $honetics and gra ar, a reference site, and a solid base for further studies and essential co unication in Ukrainian. %e would a$$reciate hearing fro "ou6 $lease send "our questions, co ents, or suggestions to 7lga Bohacho!a. .our co ents are essential for aking this site better and $erha$s for e+tending it to the ne+t language le!el, if our users need it. HR ;RS=\W??2 7= <>[RbR ?=c9]=hRbRi