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You may copy this document (including all 2000, Laine & Associates, Inc. copyright marks) as is, but only for non-profit, personal use. See license agreement for details.
Laine & Associates, Inc.
www.EricLaine.com
2000
Introduction
to
Black-Oil Reservoir Simulation
featuring
IMEX
from the
Computer Modelling Group, Ltd
with offices in
Canada, Brasil, Venezuela, Barbados, China, United Kingdom, & United States
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Preface
Preface
Thank you for visiting www.EricLaine.com.
The primary purpose of this document is to serve as a memory aid for the author.
Thus, the author is also the target audience. (In other words, the quality of the
composition is 100% sufficient for me to understand what I wrote.)
The secondary purpose is to share this tutorial with the public. I appreciate the
possibility that the general public may have some difficulty understanding the my
personal abbreviations and my intuitive logic.
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2000
Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE
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Agreement (2 of 2)
Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE, continued Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE, continued
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INTRODUCTION
This class is for people who want to be better reservoir simulators. You are
about to learn (or review):
1. Basic petroleum-engineering concepts.
2. Basic reservoir-simulation concepts.
3. Detailed instructions for using IMEX (CMGs black-oil simulator)
to model realistic data.
This class is for Managers, Engineers, Technicians, and Students
representing oil and gas Exploration, Operations, Consulting, or Educational
institutions. Engineering, Geophysics, or Geology experience is helpful.
The minimum prerequisites are:
1. You know that profit predictions come from flow-rate predictions.
2. You know that simulation predicts oil rates, natural-gas rates,
water rates, reservoir pressures, and well pressures.
3. You know how to use a personal-computer mouse.
4. You know how use the page-down key to see the next slide.
This manual includes material copyrighted by the Computer Modelling Group, Ltd.
By accepting this manual, the user certifies that (s)he has legal access to a current
IMEX license from the CMG.
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2000
THE PLOT
Congratulations, this is your first day on your new job. You are personally
responsible for the next phase of an ongoing black-oil reservoir-simulation study.
Fortunately, you are bright, aggressive, hard working, and you have good access to
the technical-support gurus for your software and for your project.
So much for the good news.
The previous study had a major problem with small timesteps and long run times.
This was caused by pinchouts along the length of the reservoir. The largest cells
had pore volumes over 1,000,000 ft
3
. The smallest cells had pore volumes under
20,000 ft
3
.
You have raw data in the form of contour maps, PVT tables, relative permeability
tables, capillary pressure tables, in-place volumes, etc. You also have well-
completion data and production history.
The previous work included a history match, so you do not need pressure-history
data for this phase of the study.
Todays assignment is to create an IMEX data file, correct the small-timestep
problem, and complete a baseline run that realistically represents the reservoir,
matches history, and runs quickly.
IMEX is the Computer Modelling Group, Ltds IMEX (black-oil) simulator.
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2000
IN-PLACE VOLUMES
Pore Volume
Total 306,717 M STB
Hydrocarbon 230,038 M STB
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil 144,876 M STB
Total Gas 142,963 MM SCF
Free Gas 0 MM SCF
Water 76,645 M STB
Reservoir Oil 230,038 M RB
Reservoir Gas 0 M RB
Reservoir Water 76,679 M RB
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume 2513.4 psia
HC. Pore Volume 2513.4 psia
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2000
OVERVIEW
Reservoir simulation is similar to a material balance. In fact, simulation includes a
material balance for each grid (or cell) during every timestep.
Simulation has some advantages over a material balance. Not surprisingly,
simulation requires more input than a material balance.
Material balance predicts:
Global pressure versus total production and injection.
Global pressure versus time (given adequate history.)
Simulation also predicts:
Localized 3-phase flow (i.e., by grid block.)
Localized production and injection.
Localized pressure changes (given minimal history.)
Localized saturation changes (given minimal history.)
Not surprisingly, simulation requires more input than a material balance.
Material balance input data includes:
Volumetric and PVT data.
Global production, injection, and pressure history.
Simulation input also includes:
Permeability, relative-permeability, & capillary-pressure data.
Localized production, injection, and pressure history.
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2000
SIMULATION INPUT-DATA SUMMARY
VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES
Dimensions: area, gross thickness, & net thickness.
Pore space: porosity.
Saturations: oil, water and gas.
Formation volume factors: oil, water and gas.
Total pore volume, rb = 7758.3 (A, ac
2
) (T
NET
, ft) (, decimal)
Oil pore volume, rb = (PV, rb) (S
O
, decimal)
Standard oil volume, stb = Oil PV, rb / (formation-volume factor, rb /stb)
PVT PROPERTIES
Bubble point: oil
Formation volume factors: oil, water and gas.
Viscosities: oil, water and gas.
Solution gas-oil ratio: gas dissolved in oil
ROCK PROPERTIES
Permeability: absolute permeability.
ROCK and FLUID PROPERTIES
Relative permeability: oil-water, liquid-gas (or water-gas)
Capillary pressure: oil-water, oil-gas (or water-gas)
Contact depths: water-oil, gas-oil
PRODUCTION and INJECTION HISTORY
Fluids: oil, water, & gas rates plus cumulative volumes.
Pressure: field and wells.
Rev 11/1/00
:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt. 2000 Download @ www.EricLaine.com. See license agreement for limited user rights.
10 of 578
Created for Laine & Associates, Inc. (Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)
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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report)
1. RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION (GRID)
A. General data (fluid model, units, and start date)
B. Volumetric properties
i. Maps and values of thickness and area
ii. Grid
C. Rock properties
i. Porosity
ii. Permeability
D. Visualization (2D and 3D grids)
E. Null blocks (pore-volume and porosity cutoffs)
F. Multi-lateral well (perforation locations)
2. FLUID (PVT) MODEL
A. Oil and gas tables
i. Solution ratio (R
S
)
ii. Formation-volume factors
iii. Viscosity
B. Water values
C. Pressure-dependence (oil viscosity, compressibility)
3. ROCK and FLUID
A. Oil-water
i. Relative permeability (K
RW
and K
ROW
)
ii. Capillary pressures (P
COW
)
B. Liquid-gas
RG
and K
ROG
)
COG
)
4. NUMERICAL METHODS
5. INITIAL CONTITIONS
A. Contact depths (water-oil and gas-oil)
B. Reference pressure at gas-oil contact
C. Bubble-point pressure
6. WELLS and RECURRENT DATA
A. Select wells and dates
B. Initial well (operational) status
C. Production history and units
D. Well-type definitions and patterns
E. Multi-lateral (horizontal) well perforations
F. Constraints
7. VALIDATION
A. Run validation
B. Warnings and errors
8. PROOF READING
A. Read the input file
B. Understand the input file
C. Correct in-place volumes (peculiar to this example)
9. HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)
A. Global (total-withdrawal) rates (by well)
B. Global (average field) pressure
C. Local (oil, gas, and water) rates (by well)
D. Local (average well) pressures
10. PREDICTIONS
A. Stimulation (acid & fracture to increase well index)
B. Infill drilling
C. Pressure Maintenance (water or gas injection)
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report)
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2000
Temp storage for outline.
In process of moving to interior of tutorial.
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
A. Oil and gas tables
i. Solution ratio (R
S
)
ii. Formation-volume factors
iii. Viscosity
B. Water values
C. Pressure-dependence (oil viscosity, compressibility)
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
3. ROCK and FLUID
A. Oil-water
RW
and K
ROW
)
COW
)
B. Liquid-gas
RG
and K
ROG
)
COG
)
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
4. NUMERICAL METHODS
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
5. INITIAL CONTITIONS
A. Contact depths (water-oil and gas-oil)
B. Reference pressure at gas-oil contact
C. Bubble-point pressure
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
6. WELLS and RECURRENT DATA
A. Select wells and dates
B. Initial well (operational) status
C. Production history and units
D. Well-type definitions and patterns
E. Multi-lateral (horizontal) well perforations
F. Constraints
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
7. VALIDATION
A. Run validation
B. Warnings and errors
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
8. PROOF READING
A. Read the input file
B. Understand the input file
C. Correct in-place volumes (peculiar to this example)
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
9. HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)
A. Global (total-withdrawal) rates (by well)
B. Global (average field) pressure
C. Local (oil, gas, and water) rates (by well)
D. Local (average well) pressures
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
10. PREDICTIONS
A. Stimulation (acid & fracture to increase well index)
B. Infill drilling
C. Pressure Maintenance (water or gas injection)
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2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report).
Introduce idea of four primary sections.
Point out that some primary sections are covered
by more than one of the major sections (1 to 10).
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder - Reservoir Description
1. Reservoir description
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
Introduce GridBuilder section.
Identify which section numbers
contribute to GridBuilder.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
2. Fluid (PVT) model
3. Rock and fluid (K
R
and P
C
)model
4. Numerical methods
5. Initial conditions
6. Wells and recurrent data
7. Validation
8. Proof reading
C. IMEX
D . Results (3D, Graph, and Report).
Introduce ModelBuilder section.
contribute to ModelBuilder.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
9. History matching
10. Predictions
Introduce IMEX section.
contribute to IMEX.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
11. 3D
12. Graph
13. Report
Introduce Results section.
contribute to Results.
COMING UP
major section #1: GridBuilder
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2000
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
1. Reservoir description
B. ModelBuilder = ALL OTHER INPUT DATA
C. IMEX = SIMULATION RUN
D. Results
0.A. Getting Started
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2000
2. Double Left-click the
CMG Launcher icon,
3. Left click the Start button.
A. Left click Programs.
B. Left click CMG.
C. Left click Launcher.
Start the Launcher
OR
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2000
1. Left double-click the GridBuilder icon.
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2000
REVIEW
1. There are four primary sections
A. Reservoir description
B. The other inputs
C. Simulation
D. Results
2. GridBuilder is now running.
COMING UP
1. Input general data
A. Simulator selection
B. Working units
C. Porosity model
D. Start date
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2000
1.A. General data
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
B. Volumetric properties (maps and values)
C. Rock properties (K
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
D. Calculate grid (cell) values
E. Visualization (2D and 3D grids)
F. Null blocks (pore-volume and porosity cutoffs)
G. Multi-lateral well (perforation locations)
H. Save and exit
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left Click the IMEX simulator.
2. Left Click Field Working Units.
3. Set the date to August 1, 1991.
1.A. General data
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the OK button.
1. Verify the selections.
1.A. General data
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
REVIEW
1. General data was input.
COMING UP
1. Input volumetric properties.
A. Area
B. Grid definition
C. Structural top
D. Gross thickness
E. Net-to-gross-thickness ratio
F. Porosity
1.A. General data
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1.B. Volumetric properties
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
B. Volumetric properties (maps, values and grid)
i. Area (from gross thickness map)
ii. Grid
iii. Structural top
iv. Gross thickness
v. Net-to-gross ratio
vi. Porosity
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
H. Save and exit
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click File.
2. Left click Open Map File...
1.B.i. Volumetric - area (T
GROSS
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Verify the units.
4. Left click the gross net pay map.
5. Left click the Open button.
2. Left click Browse...
3. ...\CMGTutor\IMEX\Mult_Lat\input
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Verify the WINDIG File selection.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Map
scale is in
the way.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click View.
2. Left click Properties.
EVEN BETTER
3. Right click on the
map scale.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click the Map
Scale tab.
2. Change 55 to 5.
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2000
1. Observe.
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2000
1. Left click Grid.
3. Left click Non-orthogonal Grid.
2. Left click Corner Point.
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2000
1. Read the text.
2. Left click the Next>> button.
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h
t
s
.
4
5

o
f

5
7
8
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a
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d

f
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&

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s
,

I
n
c
.

(
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r
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m
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a
t

y
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u
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w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the first boundary
point. (This is the first of
four line segments.)
1. Read the text.
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
GROSS
)
R
e
v

1
1
/
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/
0
0
:
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.
p
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.

2
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0

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d

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.
4
6

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f

5
7
8
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d

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,

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c
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m
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a
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y
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u
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o
w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the end of the
Top-most boundary line.
1. Highlighted dot.
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
GROSS
)
R
e
v

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/
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:
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p
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.

2
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7
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y
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u
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w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the Next Line button.
1. Highlighted line.
GROSS
)
R
e
v

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:
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2
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d

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4
8

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7
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c
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m
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.

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y
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u
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w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Read the text.
3. Left click the end of
the Right-most
boundary line.
1. Observe.
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
GROSS
)
R
e
v

1
1
/
1
/
0
0
:
\
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_
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2
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4
9

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7
8
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,

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c
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r
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m
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a
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y
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u
r

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w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Delay boundary-line
adjustments until later.
GROSS
)
R
e
v

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1
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.
5
0

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f

5
7
8
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d

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s
,

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c
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(
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r
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m
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.

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a
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y
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u
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o
w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the end of the
Bottom-most boundary
line.
1. Read the text.
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
GROSS
)
R
e
v

1
1
/
1
/
0
0
:
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2
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.
5
1

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5
7
8
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d

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s
,

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n
c
.

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r
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m
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.

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a
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y
o
u
r

o
w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Highlighted
line.
GROSS
)
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e
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2
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s
.
5
2

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f

5
7
8
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a
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d

f
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s
,

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n
c
.

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r
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s

m
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x
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.

U
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a
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y
o
u
r

o
w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the end of
the Left-most
boundary line.
1. Read the text.
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
GROSS
)
R
e
v

1
1
/
1
/
0
0
:
\
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_
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i
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s

\
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.
p
p
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.

2
0
0
0

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d

@

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w
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.
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.

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g
h
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s
.
5
3

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f

5
7
8
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a
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f
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,

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c
.

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.

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y
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n

r
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k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
GROSS
)
R
e
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2
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5
4

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5
7
8
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c
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a
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y
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u
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o
w
n

r
i
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k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. There are no map features to add.
1. There are four highlighted
boundary lines.
GROSS
)
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e
v

1
1
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1
/
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\
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.

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.
5
5

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f

5
7
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d

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.

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a
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y
o
u
r

o
w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Note: the right- and
left-most boundary
lines turned black.
1. Read the text.
3. Create 40 or 20(not10)
divisions parallel to the right-
and left-most boundaries.
1.B.ii. Volumetric - grid
R
e
v

1
1
/
1
/
0
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:
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.
p
p
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.

2
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0

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l
o
a
d

@

w
w
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.
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r
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c
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a
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n
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.
c
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.

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s
.
5
6

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f

5
7
8
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a
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d

f
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&

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s
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s
,

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c
.

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r
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.

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s
e

a
t

y
o
u
r

o
w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click the Next
Section button.
1.Bii. Volumetric - grid
R
e
v

1
1
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1
/
0
0
:
\
U
_
G
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X

\
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.
p
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.

2
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0
0

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a
d

@

w
w
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.
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.

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f
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m
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r

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h
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s
.
5
7

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f

5
7
8
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a
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d

f
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s
,

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c
.

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.

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s
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a
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y
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u
r

o
w
n

r
i
s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Note: the top- and bottom-
most boundary lines turned
black.
2. Create 160 or 80 (not30)
divisions parallel to the right-
and left-most boundaries.
R
e
v

1
1
/
1
/
0
0
:
\
U
_
G
u
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s

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p
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2
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0

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d

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w
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.
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2000
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2000
2. The right-most control line
should include all net pay.
However, we know from
previous study that this edge
pinches out.
1. Read the text.
3. Left-mouse-down and drag the corner
points until all the net pay is inside
the boundaries.
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2000
3. Create four layers.
WARNING: There is an
indication that there is
only one flow unit. If true,
then fewer layers will work
well. Perhaps there
should only be one layer.
1. This is better.
2. Read the text.
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2000
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2000
1. Review the layers.
2. Read the text.
5. Left click the
Finish button.
4. (Optional) Use the Grid, Refine Grid, Select
Box, etc. menu as needed (e.g., define
regions, local grid refinement, etc.)
3. ???Feel free to save
the data file at this
point. You may then
experiment with grid
refinement. Open
the saved data file to
continue without grid
refinements.
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2000
1. This is immediately after
clicking the Finish button.
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2000
Property-Box Notation:
_
= neither specified nor interpolated
B = both specified and interpolated
S = specified only
V = value only (not specified)
Property-Box
1.B.iii. Volumetric - structural top
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
GROSS THICKNESS
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2000
GRID TOP
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2000
1. How about setting GROSS PAY? NET
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
3. Thickness properties are subdivided by layers
GRID TOP
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2000
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2000
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2000
1. Add net-to-gross ratio= YES
Mention possibility of importing net-thickness maps
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2000
1.B.v. Volumetric - net-to-gross ratio
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2000
Highlight POROSITY (not
pressure.)
1.B.vi. Volumetric - porosity
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
REVIEW
1. Some properties were imported as contour maps
Area
Structural top
Gross thickness
Porosity
2. One properties were entered as constants.
Net-to-gross (thickness) ratio
3. Any property may be input as a contour map or as a constant.
4. Layered properties may be input as two or more maps.
COMING UP
1. Input rock properties.
1.B. Volumetric properties
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
i. K
X
ii. K
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iii. K
Z
H. Save and exit
1.C. Rock properties
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1.C.i. Rock properties - K
X
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1. 180 md.
X
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1.C.ii. Rock properties - K
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2000
1.C.iii. Rock properties - K
Z
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2000
REVIEW
1. Some properties were imported as contour maps
Area
Structural top
Gross thickness
Porosity
2. Some properties were entered as constants.
Net-to-gross (thickness) ratio
Permeabilities (K
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
3. Any property may be input as a contour map or as a constant.
4. Layered properties may be input as two or more maps.
COMING UP
1. Calculate Properties (I.e., populate the grid with values.)
1.C. Rock properties
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
D. Calculate grid values (populate cells)
H. Save and exit
1.D Calculate grid values
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2000
1.D. Calculate grid values
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2000
1. Left double-click the
GridBuilder icon.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Inv wt avg = 1/ (1/a^2 + 1/b^2 + 1/c^2 + .)^0.5
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2000
REVIEW
1. Grid values were calculated from map and constant input data for:
Grid thickness
Grid top
Permeability (K
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
Porosity
COMING UP
1. Review 2D and 3D grid maps.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1.E. Visualization
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
i. Grid top
ii. Grid thickness
iii. Permeability (K
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
iv. Porosity
H. Save and exit
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2000
1.E.i. Visualization - grid thickness
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2000
1.E.i. Visualization - grid top
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
1.E. Visualization
REVIEW
1. Grid maps (layers and slices) display
volumetric and rock properties.
Grid top
Grid thickness
Permeability (K
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
Porosity
COMING UP
1. Null blocks
A. Porosity cutoff
B. Net-pay-thickness cutoff
C. Pore-volume cutoff
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
X
, K
Y
, K
Z
)
i. Pinchout adjustment
ii. Porosity cutoff
iii. Net-pay-thickness cutoff
Iv. Pore-volume cutoff
H. Save and exit
1.F. Null blocks
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2000
Pinchout versus Run Time
The run time for the previous simulation study was too long.
The long run time was caused by the small pore-volume
cells. The small PV cells are caused by the pinchout at the
edge of the -thickness maps.
One way to deal with this is to eliminate the pinchout while
maintaining the same total pore volume.
See the next slides for details.
1.F.i. Null blocks - pinchout adjustment
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2000
Pinchout Cross-section View
20
25
10
0
5
0 10
20
Plan View
5
Small PV cells at pinchout
require small timesteps (to
limit maximum pressure
and saturation change per
timestep.)
T
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2000
RULE-of-THUMB (for small PV cells):
Conserve total pore volume
1. Move the small volumes to
adjacent cells.
2. Classify the small-volume
cells as null (inactive) cells.
3. Total volume is unchanged.
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2000
Pinchout Cross-section View
20
25
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0 10
20
Plan View
5
Revised Cross-section View
T
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k
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Move the small volumes to
adjacent cells. (The total
volume is unchanged.)
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2000
Bracket existing contours with control contours. (I.e., move the small
volumes to adjacent cells, and maintain the same total volume.)
0 10
20
Revised Plan View
5
0
10
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2000
REVIEW
The previous example moved the small pore volumes by adding a pair of control
contours. Control contours allow the engineer to force a new reality onto the
underlying maps. This example added control contours with values of 0.0 and 10.0
very close to the 5.0 contour.
The thickness maps you are using for this tutorial are modified versions of the
original maps. The original maps were modified by adding pairs of control-contour
lines. The control contours were added mid-way between the zero contour and the
adjacent contour. The control contour closer to the zero line was assigned a value
of nearly zero. The other control contour was assigned a value slightly below the
adjacent contour.
As it turns out, the mid-way location of the control contours actually increased the
total pore volume. This is fine for now. Later, we will find out that there is still a
short-timestep (i.e., long-run-time) problem. We will eventually solve this by adding
null cells (with the pore-volume cutoff.) Then we will correct the total pore volume
with a linear adjustment.
COMING UP
There are easy ways to fine tune the total volume
AND learn more about the reservoir:
The porosity cutoff,
The net-pay thickness cutoff, and
The pore-volume cutoff.
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2000
1.F.ii. Null blocks - porosity cutoff
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2000
RULE of THUMB
Use the log-analysis cutoffs. Nominal values might be:
four percent for sandstones, and
two percent for carbonates.
The reservoir engineer probably has some values for you.
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2000
COMING UP
Use the porosity cutoff to locate areas of low
porosity. This may be important when planning the
field-development strategy.
This tutorial takes a short cut by setting a
different porosity cutoff for each layer. In general,
the layers will not be identical.
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2000
Show step-by-step setting of different porosity cutoff
values for each layer. Layer 1.
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2000
values for each layer. Layer 2
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2000
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2000
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2000
Calculate property button ????
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2000
2. Review the porosity maps.
3. Left click on cells to
show cell porosity.
A few cells have low porosity.
These may require short timesteps
(for a small portion of the run.)
5. Review all layers.
1. Select the probe mode.
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2000
Layer 2 Show map(s) of (different) cutoff values.
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2000
REVIEW
The porosity cutoff considers a single criterion.
It is easy to imagine a situation where thickness may be
too thin, even though the porosity is above the cutoff.
Using the thickness cutoff is an option.
The thickness cutoff requires net thickness maps (or
net-to-gross-thickness-ratio maps.)
COMING UP
Using the net-pay-thickness cutoff.
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2000
1.F.iii. Null blocks - net-pay cutoff
Show final step for setting different net-pay cutoff values
for each layer.
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2. Review the Grid thickness maps.
3. Left click on a
cell to show
corner
thicknesses
There are a few thin cells. These
may require short timesteps (to
avoid large pressure or saturation
changes in small pore-volume
cells.
What about net thickness (net-to-gross ratio) ????
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2000
COMING UP
Using the pore-volume cutoff to fine tune the total pore volume,
and to locate the large-size pore-volume areas.
REVIEW
The thickness cutoff (like porosity) only considers a one criterion.
It is easy to imagine a situation where porosity may be too thin,
even though the thickness is above the cutoff.
Using the pore-volume cutoff is more general.
The pore-volume cutoff requires net thickness maps (or net-to-
gross-thickness-ratio maps.)
FOR SELF STUDY
This tutorial skips using the net-pay cutoff to locate areas of low
net pay.
Be sure to include this step in a real study, because this may be
important when planning the field-development strategy.
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1.F.iv. Null blocks - pore-volume cutoff 1.F.iv. Null blocks - pore-volume cutoff
2. Select Null
Blocks.
1. Click drop-down box.
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1.F.iv. Null blocks - pore-volume cutoff
Click Specify Property.
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2000
DISCUSSION
The locations of the areas with large-size pore volumes may be
important when planning the field-development strategy.
Specify a large-size PVCUTOFF value.
This tutorial has identical layers; so, we can set different cutoffs
for each layer. (In general, layers are different.)
The total pore volume is 306,000,000 stock tank barrels. The
grid has 6,400 cells. The average pore volume per cell is about
270,000 ft
3
/cell.
Try 0, 250,000, 500,000, and 750,000 cubic feet for the large-
size pore-volume cutoff.
This helps better understand the reservoir.
The actual run will use only a small-size pore-volume cutoff.
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2000
Show final step for setting different LARGE-size
pore-volume cutoff values for each layer.
Now have net-to-gross ratio, so can NULL
based on pore volume.
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2. Use the modified-block-volume maps.
3. Left click on cells to show
pore volumes by cell.
A few cells have small pore
volumes. These may require
short timesteps (for a small
portion of the run.)
3. Review NULL-block maps by layer 1.
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by
layer 2.
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by layer 3.
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by layer 4.
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DISCUSSION
The largest pore-volumes appear to be on the order of
500,000 ft
3
.
This provides the upper limit for a ratio of small-to-large-
size pore volumes.
This ratio is an indicator of the need for limiting saturation
and pressure changes with small timesteps.
COMING UP
Repeat the process and identify the small-size PVCUTOFF.
Only the small-size cutoff is used during simulation.
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Select Null Blocks.
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Click Specify Property.
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2000
DISCUSSION
The locations of the areas with small-size pore volumes may
be important when planning the field-development strategy.
Specify a small-size PVCUTOFF value.
This tutorial has identical layers; so, we can set different cutoffs
for each layer. (In general, layers are different.)
The total pore volume is 306,000,000 stock tank barrels. The
grid has 6,400 cells. The average pore volume per cell is about
270,000 ft
3
/cell.
Try 0, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 cubic feet for the small-size
pore-volume cutoff.
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Show final step for setting different small-size pore-volume
cutoff values for each layer.
Now have net-to-gross ratio, so can NULL
based on pore volume.
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layer 1.
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DISCUSSION
The big change (in area) is between 0 and 10,000
ft
3
. This suggests 10,000 ft
3
as a good starting point
for the small-size PVCUTOFF.
COMING UP
Specify the pore-volume cutoff.
Analyze the small-size to large-size
pore-volume ratio.
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2. Specify low-end pvcutoff range at 10,000 ft
3
.
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2000
3. Calculate property
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PORE-VOLUME CUTOFF
A 10,000 to 500,000 ft
3
(50:1) ratio of minimum pore volume to
maximum pore volume is large. This may require short timesteps.
At test run will be necessary to verify this.
If the 10,000 ft
3
minimum pore volume is still too small, then we can
manually edit the input-data file to increase the pore-volume cutoff (e.g.,
PVCUTOFF 25000.)
Several test runs may be required.
PORE-VOLUME MODIFICATION
It is also necessary to maintain the same total pore volume.
The test run also calculated the total pore volume.
If the new total pore volume is within a few percent of the old total, then
manually adding a volume-modification command will fine tune the total
pore volume (e.g., VOLMOD 6400*1.03.)
Several test runs may be required.
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
X
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i. Locate
ii. Specify
iii. Map
1.G. Multi-lateral well
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Add the multi-lateral well (15-34), but only layer 3.
1.G.i Locate
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2000
OR
1. Right click on the map to select
the probe mode.
1. Left click on the
mode dropdown
box to select the
probe mode.
1.G.i Locate
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2000
13,44,3
14,44,3 15,44,3
13,46,3
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13,45,3
1.G.i Locate
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Will delete the corner marks later
1.G.ii Specify
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2000
Vertical well (four layers
completed from top to
bottom.)
1 26,90,3 connect to surface
1 27,90,3 connect to 1
1 26,92,3 connect to 10
1 26,93,3 connect to 11
1 26,94,3 connect to 12
1 26,95,3 connect to 13
1 26,96,3 connect to 14
1 26,97,3 connect to 15
1 26,98,3 connect to 16
1 26,99,3 connect to 17
1 26,100,3 connect to 18
1 14,44,3 connect to
surface
1 14,44,3 connect to
surface
1.G.ii Specify
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2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
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H. Save and exit
1.H Save and exit
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2000
1. Highlight the data (to be imported.)
2.B Oil and gas PVT
Rev 11/1/00
304 of 578
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2000
1. Review PVT data.
2. Double left-mouse click on individual data points to do manual editing.
2.B Oil and gas PVT
Rev 11/1/00
306 of 578
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2000
Replace (to show data
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2000
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2000
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2000
icon.
2.B Oil and gas PVT
Rev 11/1/00
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2000
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3. ROCK and FLUID
A. Oil-water
RW
and K
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B. Liquid-gas
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3. Rock and fluid properties
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1. Left click on Sheet1
2. Confirm data imported.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the
heading.
1. Right click the
blank header.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the
heading.
1. Right click the
blank header.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the
heading.
1. Right click the
blank header.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the
heading.
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blank header.
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1
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Hold the shift key
down.
1. Left click the first
value.
3. Press the right-
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Press the down-
arrow key 12 times.
1. Continue holding the
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click the
horizontal scroll-bar
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click Next.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click Next.
1. Use the scroll bars and
confirm that the correct
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2000
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2000
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2000
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2000
icon.
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2. Finished with Rock Fluid properties.
3. Start on Numerical Methods.
Rev 11/1/00
381 of 578
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2000
2. Left click OK.
1. Scroll down to NCUTS.
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2000
3. Finished with Numerical Methods.
4. Start on Initial Conditions.
A. Contact depths.
B. Reference pressure & depth.
C. Bubble point pressure.
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2000
2. Left click
initial
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Success.
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2000
1. Left click the Miscellaneous tab.
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1. Left click PVT Region Parameters.
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2000
1. Left click PVT Region 1.
2. Type 15000 tab.
3. Type 600 tab.
4. Type 4500 tab.
5. Type 2500 tab. Initial
Pressure.
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2000
Initial pressure.
P
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P
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6. Left click OK.
1. Verify entry unites.
2. Verify entry values.
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2000
For output and reports.
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2000
2. Left click OK.
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Rev 11/1/00
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2000
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Confirm the path and filename.
2. Check (or uncheck.) Small files
are suitable for single files.
3. Left click OK.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
4. Finished saving .
5. Start on Wells and Recurrent Data.
A. Select well dates and wells.
B. Set initial well status.
C. Import production history.
D. Save production history.
E. Define wells.
a. Types and Patterns
b. Perforations
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click wells &
recurrent data.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
5A. Select well dates and wells.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Select Properties.
3. An alternative is to
A. click the Wells folder (????)
B. click the Wells menu
C. click the Properties option.
OR
Rev 11/1/00
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Rev 11/1/00
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click well 15-34.
2. Hold the Ctrl key down.
3. Click well 16-7.
4. Click well 11-5.
6. Click well 6-4.
5. Click well 4-6.
7. Release the Ctrl key.
Wells may be selected in any order.
9. Click the right-arrow button.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Confirm the selections.
2. Click OK.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Click Apply.
1. Review the selections.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
5B. Set initial well status to SHUTIN.
i. No wells are producing on August 1, 1991
ii. Only well 6-7 has been drilled by August 1, 1991
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2000
1. Left click the General tab.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click the Status box.
2. Click the dropdown box.
5. Click OK.
3. Left click SHUTIN.
4. Confirm SHUTIN.
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2000
5C. Import production history.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click Tools.
2. Click Production
Data Wizard.
Rev 11/1/00
427 of 578
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click the input folder.
2. Double-click the
prod.prd file.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Click Next.
1. Confirm the path
and filename.
Rev 11/1/00
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Note column numbers, data types and units.
Note units for all 5 data columns.
1. Date (format = Y M or Y M D)
2. Producing hours
3. Daily oil rate (stb/d)
4. Daily gas rate (Mscf/d)
5. Daily water rate (stb/d)
Clean up the data file to show fixed
column spacing.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click File.
2. Left Close.
New screen capture needed
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Read instructions
2. Click the first data line.
3. Review data
format options.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click drop-down arrow.
2. Click Daily.
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5D. Save production history.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click the dropdown box to
move up one directory level.
1. Enter the filename.(prod.fhf)
2. Click Save.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Confirm the path
and filename.
3. Click Finish.
2. Confirm the
start date.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
5Ea. Define well types and patterns.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Ignore production
controls for now.
2. Select All Wells.
4. These buttons set
the well types.
3. Observe the
well types.
1 of 3
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
controls for now.
the well types.
3. Observe the
import types.
2 of 3
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
controls for now.
the well types.
3. Observe the
import (well)
types.
3 of 3
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Click Next.
1. Confirm correct Import (well)
Types (i.e., what is the
primary fluid for this well.)
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Confirm 1.000 for all wells.
For future reference, a corner
wells in a 5-spot are 0.250.
2. Click Next.
Oil (and gas) fraction is for producing wells
Water fraction is for injection wells
Rev 11/1/00
457 of 578
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Rev 11/1/00
458 of 578
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
OR
1. Click Wells.
2. Click Perforations.
3. Right click the Wells folder.
4. Click Properties.
Rev 11/1/00
460 of 578
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Vertical well.
No skin damage.
Centered well.
Kelly Bushing is at sea level.
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2000
Input data
DO correct the vertical-well perforations:
16-7 layers 2, 3, and 4.
11-5 layers 2, 3, and 4.
4-8 layers 2, 3, and 4.
6-4 layers 2, 3, and 4.
Do NOT use this feature for well 15-34. The
horizontal-well perforations were set while
defining the multi-laterals.
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2000
Left double-click the numerical value below the Layer top heading.
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2000
Vertical well completions
default to all layers.
2. Click the upper-most
completion layer (2.)
3. Click OK.
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2000
1. No more 1st layer completion.
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2000
2. Click Update perforations.
3. Click Current Well - All Perf Dates
Apply the corrected perforations to the model.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Repeat the perforation corrections for the other vertical wells. (6-4, 11-5, & 4-8)
1. Verify the perforations.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
REVIEW
The perforations are now correct in all five wells.
A. The four vertical wells have been corrected.
B. The horizontal well was already correct.
COMING UP
Save the perforation corrections.
Close the perforation file.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Wise users will make a note to review the
completed data file to verify that the perforations
are correct.
delete
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2000
2. Click
Save As.
1. Click File.
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2000
2. Verify the filename.
1. Verify the pathname.
2. Click Save.
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2000
2. Click Exit.
1. Click File.
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2000
1. Left click No.
OLD ???????
Rev 11/1/00
474 of 578
Y
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
REVIEW
The perforations have been defined and saved.
COMING UP
Well constraints
A. Select the wells.
B. Delete the default, flowing-bottom-hole pressure constraint.
C. Add columns of information to the constraint window.
D. Review the constraints for each well.
E. Select the wells.
F. Set a new flowing-bottom-hole pressure constraint.
G. Review the well constraints.
H. Close the Recurrent Data window.
I. Save the Mult_Lat data file.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Right-click
the Wells.
OR
1. Click Wells.
2. Click
Constraints.
2. Click
Constraints.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click Select
all dates.
3. Left click Select Wells.
one or more wells.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click wells 11-5,
15-34, 16-7, 4-8, & 6-4.
4. Click right-arrow button.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Confirm well
selections.
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2000
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Double-left-click the vertical lines to automatically set column widths.
2. Left-mouse-down and drag
the vertical scroll bar to verify
the well and date selections.
OR
2. Click above (or below)
the slider to scroll.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click the OK button to open the constraints window.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
Well constraints
PROGRESS
All wells for all dates have been selected.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click the Defined-Constraints tab.
Rev 11/1/00
485 of 578
Y
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Delete the constraint.
3. Click OPERATE MIN
Pressure (Bottom-Hole).
1. Read the instructions.
2. Left click the box.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click No. Well should be shutin.
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2000
COMING UP
Well constraints
PROGRESS
The default (P
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MIN
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2000
Show more columns in the constraints window.
2. Click View.
3. Click Columns.
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2000
1. Hold the control key down.
2. Click the properties.
6. Click the right-pointing arrow.
Click Constraints.
Click Well Status.
Click Well Type.
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2000
2. Click OK.
1. Verify the selections.
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2000
COMING UP
Well constraints
PROGRESS
The additional constraint information has been added.
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2000
1. Click the +.
2. Click well
11-5.
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2000
Review the constraints.
2. Click well
15-34.
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2000
2. Click well
6-7.
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2000
2. Click well
4-8.
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2000
2. Click well
6-4.
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2000
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
Well constraints
PROGRESS
The well-by-well review is done.
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2000
Select all wells.
2. Click Wells.
3. Click Constraints.
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2000
all dates.
3. Left click Select Wells.
one or more wells.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click wells 11-5,
15-34, 16-7, 4-8, & 6-4.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Confirm well
selections.
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2000
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)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Drag the vertical lines to change the column widths.
2. Drag the slider
to see more.
OR
2. Click the arrow
to see more.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Left click the OK button to open the constraints window.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
Well constraints
PROGRESS
The well-selection is done.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click New Constraints.
Add new (P
WF
)
MIN
constraints to all wells.
Rev 11/1/00
509 of 578
Y
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u

m
a
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c
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
3. Click OPERATE.
2. Click the arrow.
Set the constraint.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Click the arrow.
3. Click Pressure...
Set the property.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Set the bottom-hole pressure.
3. Press the Tab key.
2. Type 500.
4. Verify the units.
5. Click OK.
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s
k
.
)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
PROGRESS
The new constraint has been set.
COMING UP
Well constraints
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)
www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Verify the constraint.
2. Click OK.
3. Left-click the No To All button.
Its the same five well-date combinations.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Click Wells.
2. Click the arrow.
3. Click a date.
4. Review the constraints.
Review the well constraints.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
PROGRESS
The review is done.
COMING UP
Well constraints
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Close the Recurrent Data window.
2. Click File.
3. Click Close.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left-click OK.
4. Left-click OK.
6. Left-click OK.
4. Left-click OK.
7. Left-click OK.
Pt 1 and Pt 3 will soon be deleted (because they are not wells.)
They are convenient markers used to identify the grid boundaries (for this tutorial.)
Well 16-7 is OK.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Delete the
non-wells .
2. Click wells and recurrent data.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Click Wells.
3. Click Delete.
Delete the grid-boundary markers (Pt 1, etc.)
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Left click wells Pt 1 and
Pt 2.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
1. Confirm well
selections.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
3. Click
Yes.
Re-confirm each deletion.
2. Click
Yes.
Verify the non-wells are gone.
5. Click Wells.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
2. Click File.
3. Click Close
Recurrent Data.
Close the Recurrent Data window.
Rev 11/1/00
525 of 578
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
Well constraints
REVIEW
Well constraints are done.
5. Wells and recurrent data window is closed.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
Save the Recurrent and Well Data.
1. Click File.
2. Click Save
Dataset As.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
The filename and path should still be correct. (Browse and change if needed.)
4. Click OK.
3. Click Save all...
2. Verify path and name.
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3. click OK.
1. Read the warning.
This is good. It is easier to
keep track of wells by name.
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2000
COMING UP
6. Validate the data.
A. It is never too soon to save the data (again.)
B. Review the validation message file.
C. Understand warnings. Fix errors (and warnings.)
D. Close the validation-message file.
E. Exit the ModelBuilder.
F. It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
G. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
(Be sure this data file does what you want it to do.)
REVIEW
5. Wells and Recurrent Data are
done.
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2000
1. Left-click Validate
Dataset.
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2000
WISDOM: It is NEVER TOO SOON to save the data again.
2. Left-click Yes.
3. Left-click the OK button.
Rev 11/1/00
533 of 578
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2000
COMING UP
i. Understand warnings (and fix as needed.)
ii. Fix errors.
C. Close the validation-message file.
D. Exit the ModelBuilder.
E. It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
F. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
REVIEW
6A. The data has been saved (again.)
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2000
1. Review the message file for errors or warnings.
OK.
3. confirm that this
is OK.
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Confirm that the warning about setting the minimum
flowing bottom-hole pressure to 14.6959 psia is OK.
There are at least two easy ways to confirm this.
1. Open Mult_Lat.dat in an ASCII editor (e.g., WordPad.)
A. Search for 14.6959
It does not exist in the data file
B. Search for MIN BHP
There are several, all set to 500 psi.
2. See the next slides.
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DATE 1991 08 01.

WELL 1 '16-7'
PRODUCER '16-7'
===================== WARNING (from subroutine: WMWTIN)
Minimum bottom hole pressure not specified for producer 16-7
(Well No. 1). Setting default MIN BHP of 14.6959 psia .
=====================================================
GEOMETRY K 0.354167 0.3700 1.0000 0.000
PERF GEO '16-7'
** if jf kf ff
5 54 2 1.000
5 54 3 1.000
5 54 4 1.000

SHUTIN '16-7'
The following extract from Mult_Lat.out clearly shows that on August 1,
1991, the minimum P
WF
is set at 14.6959 psia. Well 16-7 is also shutin.
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2000
No Wells have been operated in the Field.
======================================================
DATE 1991 09 01.

PRODUCER '16-7'
OPERATE MAX STO 2397.15
OPERATE MIN BHP 500 CONT

ON-TIME
'16-7'
1.00
The following extract from Mult_Lat.out is the very next timestep. This
extract clearly shows that on September 1, 1991, the minimum P
WF
is
set at 500 psi. Well 16-7 is producing 2397.15 barrel per day.
Searching Mult_Lat.out confirms that the only time the minimum,
flowing bottom-hole pressure is 14.6959 is on August 1, 1991.
In summary, the warning about MIN BHP = 14.69659 is OK.
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2000
COMING UP
ii. Fix errors.
Exit the ModelBuilder.
It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
D. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
REVIEW
6B. The message review is done.
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2000
2. Click File.
3. Click Close.
Close the message file.
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1. Exit the ModelBuilder.
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2000
1. It is NEVER TOO SOON to save the data again.
2. Left-click Yes.
A. Automatically reuses the same directory.
B. Automatically reuses the same file name.
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2000
COMING UP
ii. Fix errors.
Exit the ModelBuilder.
It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
D. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
REVIEW
6C. The automated validation is done.
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2000
RULE OF THUMB:
Always understand every every line in the data file.
(Save time by avoiding unnecessary simulations.)
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2000
*****************************************************************************************
** ModelBuilder has detected a conflict in well sequence numbers.
** The well sequence numbers are not increasing consecutively as
** required for the simulators. In order to ensure compatibility
** with simulators ModelBuilder has to re-number the wells.
** All references to wells in this dataset should be in terms of well names.
*****************************************************************************************
For example:
(see lines 7824-30)
Calling wells by name simplifies things. It is no
longer necessary to also keep track of the
sequence numbers.
?????
Rev 11/1/00
546 of 578
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
7. Fix the volume-in-place values.
A. Trial run the data set as is.
(Note the volumes.)
B. Correct the in-place volumes.
(Manually edit the data.)
i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.
iii. Maps from GridBuilder.
8. Run IMEX
A. Make the real IMEX run.
B. Exit the IMEX run window.
Review the IMEX results.
C. Save and exit.
REVIEW
6D. The proofreading is done.
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2000
1. Left-mouse-down and drag the data file to the IMEX icon.
2. Release the mouse to start IMEX.
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2000
1. You can watch IMEXs
progress as it runs.
Do it first with min vol too small
Experience the tiny timesteps.
Then give correct answer as
PVCUTOFF = 200,000 ft3
???
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2000
1. This field has a pinch out. This means some cells have very small pore volumes.
2. The next slides show how to eliminate the small PV cells by editing Mult_MB.dat
Too much saturation
change in small PV cell.
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www.EricLaine.com
2000
COMING UP
(Note the volumes.)
i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.
8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
REVIEW
7A. The trial-run is done.
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2000
But first, get total pore volume, etc. right
Need to manually insert a STOP card near DATE 1Nov91.
This will allow us to search for TOTAL PORE VOLUME.
We want it to be too high.
Once know PV too high, remove STOP. Make run.
May need to increase PVCUTOFF to avoid 0.001 day
timesteps. This will reduce Total PV.
Once get decent minimum timestep (ie good run time) Do
VOLMOD to fine tune total PV.
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2000
PVCUTOFF ft
3
n.a. 250,000 250,000
VOLMOD n.a. 1.00 1 1.03
case Mult_MB.dat MultLatM MultLatN
units orig qty
Minimum Timestep size days 0.0001 1
Total Pore Volume. M STB 306,717 293,783 305,484
HC. Pore Volume M STB 230,038 220,337 229,113
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil M STB 144,876 138,766 144,293
Total Gas MM SCF 142,963 136,935 142,389
Free Gas MM SCF 0
Water M STB 76,645 73,412 76,337
Reservoir Oil M rbbl 230,038 220,337 229,113
Reservoir Gas M rbbl 0
Reservoir Water M rbbl 76,679 73,446 76,371
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.4 2513.5
HC. Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.4 2513.5
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1. The very small blocks tend to be at the edges.
2. An exception is near cell i=17, j=27 ,k=1 to 4.
Large pore volume
~ 1,960,430 ft3
Small pore volume ~ 48 ft
3
3
3
Acceptable min PV
~ 19,604 ft
3
(100:1)
Note: the multi-
lateral well is close
to the pinchout
(34,90,3)
Help the class by pointing out
that we got this by putting
mult_lat.dat back into grid
builder.
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Changing the Pore-Volume Cutoff
1. Make a copy of Mult_MB.dat
2. Rename the copy Mult_MBa.dat
3. Open Mult_MBa.dat in an ASCII editor.
4. Search for
RESULTS SECTION ROCKCOMPACTION
5. Add two lines after results section rock compaction.
PVCUTOFF 20000
This makes 20,000 ft
3
the minimum pore volume.
VOLMOD 25600*1.00
This multiplies the PV in all 25,600 cells by 1.00.
6. Save Mult_MBa.dat
7. Go to next slide
After
PVCUTOFF 20000
VOLMOD 25600*1.00
RESULTS SECTION MODEL
MODEL *BLACKOIL
Before
RESULTS SECTION MODEL
MODEL *BLACKOIL
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2000
Changing the Pore-Volume Cutoff
8. Go to the top of the file
9. Search for
1993 01
10. Replace a blank line above DATE 1993 01 01. with
STOP
11. Save Mult_MBa.dat
12. Close Mult_MBa.dat.
13. Run IMEX with Mult_MBa.dat
14. Open Mult_MBa.out in an ASCII editor.
15. Search for
HC. Pore Volume
16. Go to next slide
After
1.00
STOP
DATE 1993 01 01.
PRODUCER '16-7'
Before
1.00
DATE 1993 01 01.
PRODUCER '16-7'
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Record Pore Volumes, etc.
17. Verify Time = 0.0 days (for this particular HC. Pore Volume.)
18. Save key volume data.
This will help set the multiplier for VOLMOD 25600*1.__
19. Close Mult_MBa.out.
20. Use your best judgement to estimate the Minimum Time Step size.
PVCUTOFF ft
3
n.a. 20,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
VOLMOD n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.25 1.23+
case Mult_MB.dat_Mba.dat _MBc.da _MBe.dat f.dat f.dat g.dat
units orig qty rev qty rev qty rev qty rev qty rev qty
Minimum Timestep size days 0.0001 0.01 .01 1 1 1 .002
Total Pore Volume. M STB 306,717 303,168 285,275 223,238 295,215 312,753 305,628
HC. Pore Volume M STB 230,038 227,376 213,957 167,428 221,411 234,565 229,221
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil M STB 144,876 143,200 134,748 105,443 139,441 147,725 144,360
Total Gas MM SCF 142,963 141,309 132,969 104,051 137,601 145,775 142,454
Free Gas MM SCF 40e-13
Water M STB 76,645 75,758 71,286 55,783 73,770 78,152 76,372
Reservoir Oil M rbbl 230,038 227,376 213,957 167,428 221,411 234,565 229,221
Reservoir Gas M rbbl 41e-13
Reservoir Water M rbbl 76,679 75,792 71,319 55,809 73,804 78,188 76,407
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.3 2512.5 2508.5 2510.3 2510.5 2510.4
HC. Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.3 2512.7 2508.5 2510.3 2510.5 2510.4
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2000
Record Pore Volumes, etc.
21. Go back to step 1
22. Repeat the steps for Mult_MBb.dat, Mult_MBc.dat, etc. until:
the nominal time-step size is acceptable,
the pore volumes are close enough, and
the fluid in-place-volumes are close enough.
23. Close enough means the customer, boss, etc. is satisfied.
Wisdom
Note:
Global use of VOLMOD is a convenient shortcut
It works because the water-oil contact below the reservoir,
and because the gas-oil contact is above the reservoir.
The rigorous way to deal with the small pore volumes
removed from the pinchout neighborhoods is to selectively
add the deleted PVs to the adjacent cells. This keeps the
deleted volumes as close as possible to their original locations.
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2000
COMING UP
(Note the volumes.)
i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.
8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
REVIEW
7B. The in-place volumes are correct.
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The warning means well 16-7 had been
drilled, but was not yet producing.
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1. Observe the initial average pressure.
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1. Observe the initial average pressure.
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2000
icon.
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COMING UP
(Note the volumes.)
i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.
8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
REVIEW
8A. The real IMEX run is done.
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2000
1. Left mouse-down on Mult_MB.irf.
2. Drag Mult_MB.irf to the Results
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Put the review plots and maps here. 1 of ???
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2000
COMING UP
9. Predictions (another lesson.)
REVIEW
8B. The IMEX results review is done.
Rev 11/1/00
576 of 578
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2000
DISCUSSION
Congratulations. Your first day at you new job was a big success.
You performed several functions.
Imported: Map data.
PVT data.
Relative-permeability and capillary-pressures.
Production history.
Set: Rock properties.
Well completions.
Well constraints.
Corrected: Well completions.
The in-place volumes.
Analyzed: Data, warnings, and results.
Archived: Data and results.
Go ahead and congratulate yourself. You can now say that you have
created and ran a 6,400-cell black-oil model. This tutorial will help you
do it next time too.
You might even thank the boss for picking CMGs IMEX as the
companys preferred black-oil simulator.

Laine & Associates, Inc. © 2000

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