Chapter 3 : Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry I.

Chemical Formulae The empirical formula of a compound is a formula "hich sho"s the simplest ratio of the different atoms or ions present in the compound. The molecular formula of a compound is a formula "hich sho"s the actual number of each !ind of atoms present in one molecule of the compound. Examples: II. Derivation of Empirical Formula using combustion data and Composition by Mass The empirical formula of any compound can be determined by experiments such as combustion or its composition by mass is already !no"n. #$% $n Experiment to find the empirical formula of copper #II% oxide &. Experimental set'up

(. )rocedure: *i+ The test tube "as "eighed. ,ome blac! copper#II% oxide "as then added and the test'tube "as re"eighed. *ii+ To"n gas "as passed over the oxide and the excess to"n gas "as burnt at the end of the test tube. *iii+ The blac! copper #II% oxide "as heated and its "as reduced to bro"n copper metal by the to"n gas. *iv+ The burner "as removed and the tube "as allo"ed to cool in a stream of to"n gas. *v+ Finally the to"n gas "as turned off and the test tube "ith the solid #copper% "as "eighed again. -. Experimental results Mass of test tube . (/.01 g Mass of test tube and copper #II% oxide . (0.2/ g Mass of test tube and copper . (0.-3 g Calculation :

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Mass of copper left behind . Mass of oxygen removed from copper #II% oxide . Empirical formula of copper #II% oxide is calculated belo": Copper Mass #g% 5o. of moles of atoms ,implest ratio of relative number of moles 6. 7uestions: #a% Explain ho" to"n gas changed copper #II% oxide to copper. 4xygen

#b% #&% To"n gas "as allo"ed to pass through the apparatus for sometime before it "as ignited at the end of the tube. Explain.

#(% Explain briefly "hy copper left inside the test tube "as allo"ed to cool in a stream of to"n gas.

#8% $n Experiment to Find the Empirical Formula of Magnesium oxide &. Experimental set'up:

(.

)rocedure: $ !no"n mass of magnesium "as heated in a crucible in contact "ith air. 9hen cooled the mass of magnesium oxide produced "as found by re"eighing the crucible "ith its contents. Experimental :esults: Mass of Crucible and lid . ((.61 g Mass of crucible lid and magnesium . ((.2( g mass of crucible lid and magnesium oxide . (-.&1 g Calculation: Empirical formula of copper #II% oxide is calculated belo": Magnesium Mass #g% 5o. of moles of atoms ,implest ratio of relative number of moles 4xygen

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6.

7uestions: #i% Explain briefly "hy the crucible should be covered "ith lid during heating.

#ii%

$fter the magnesium "as ignited the 8unsen flame "as removed and the crucible lid "as raised for a fe" moments. Explain "hy this is done.

III.

Composition by Mass From the formula of a compound and the relative atomic masses of the elements in it the percentage of each element in the compound can be calculated. This is called percentage composition by mass. Example: Calculate the percentage mass of nitrogen in urea 5;(C45;( . < by mass of 5 . molar mass of 5 content = molar mass of the compound x &33< . &/ x ( = #&/x(>&x/>&(>&1% x &33< . /1.1- < &. 4ther Example 3.3(-/ g of hydrocarbon ? produced 3.302( g carbon dioxide and 3.3&1( g of "ater on complete combustion. Calculate the percentage of carbon and hydrogen in ?.

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Derivation of Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula and :elative Molecular Masses The molecular formula of any compound can be found if the empirical formula and the relative molecular mass of the compound are !no"n. &. Example: $ carboxylic acid ) "ith relative molecular mass less than &'' contains C #66.A<% ; #0.3<% and 4 #-0.(<% by mass. Determine the empirical and molecular formulae of the acid.