GSM Huawei Fundamentals PDF

Internal
GSM Fundamentals
www.huawei.c !
GBSS Training Team

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
After the completion of this course, the trainees should understand the following contents: Basic idea of GSM system Features of GSM The structure of the GSM system. Certain num ers that refer to BSS !ando"ers, fre#uency hopping and location updates $ropagation Mechanisms The idea of %&G% and G$'S
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BSS Feature &escription BSS Signaling Analysis Manual BSC Technical Manual
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Stru ture Chapter ! Servi e "rea an# Num$er %&anning Chapter ' (an#over an# Fre)uen y hopping Chapter * +o ation ,p#ate Chapter - %ropagation Me hanisms Chapter . G%/S 0 12G1 3ntro#u tion
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GSM system overview

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a set of
recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile etwork! or PLM )"
These recommendations ensure the compatibility of
e#uipment from different GSM manufacturers! and interconnecti$ity between different administrations! including operation across international boundaries"
GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities" They are consistent with the world%wide digiti&ation of the telephone
network! and are an e'tension of the (ntegrated Ser$ices )igital etwork ((S) )! using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber e#uipment"
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GSM system overview

The GSM system is a fre#uency% and time%di$ision cellular system!
each physical channel is characteri&ed by a carrier fre#uency and a time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low%power
radios spread out o$er the geographical ser$ice area" *ach group of radios ser$e MSs presently located near them" The area ser$ed by each group of radios is called a C*LL
+plink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
fre#uencies! this kind of techni#ue is called ,re#uency )i$ision )uple' (,)))

)ata for different users is con$eyed in time inter$als called slots !
se$eral slots make up a frame" This kind of techni#ue is called Time )i$ision Multiple -ccess (T)M-)
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GSM system overview

C1++,+"/ T1+1%(ON4
- cellular telephone system links mobile subscribers into the public telephone system or to
another cellular subscriber"

(nformation between the mobile unit and the cellular network uses radio communication"
.ence the subscriber is able to mo$e around and become fully mobile"
The ser$ice area in which mobile communication is to be pro$ided is di$ided into regions
called cells"
*ach cell has the e#uipment to transmit and recei$e calls from any subscriber located within
the borders of its radio co$erage area"
Cell
Radio
Mobile subscriber
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GSM History and Overview

$%&% $%%$ $%%2 $%%' $%%( Standard Protocol for GSM take effect GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G System was named as Global System for Mobile Communication Provide services for t!e w!ole world Micro Cell "ec!ni#ue is used in GSM system
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Cell Definitions
Ma ro Ce&& an# Mi ro Ce&&
- certain radio co$erage area formed by a set of transcei$ers that connected to a set of
antennas is called a C*LL"

Macro Cell
(n the beginning ! .igh%Power /TSs are adopted to pro$ide ser$ices" The /TS co$ers a wider area ! but its fre#uency utili&ation is not efficient" So ! it can only pro$ide a few channels for subscribers"
Micro Cell
Later the Low%Power /TS 0oins the system for getting a better ser$ice area with high capacity " -t the same time it adopts the fre#uency reuse techni#ue to impro$e the efficiency of the fre#uency utili&ation and also the whole capacity of the network"
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Multiple Access Technique

Multiple -ccess Techni#ue allows many subscribers to use the
same communication medium"

There are three kinds of basic Multiple -ccess Techni#ue 1
2) ,)M3) T)M- and 4) C)M-"

GSM system adopt F225T2M" (,)M- and T)M- together)"
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F2M"
Fre)uen y
,)M- uses different fre#uency channels
to accomplish communication"
The whole fre#uency spectrum a$ailable is
di$ided into many indi$idual channels (for transmitting and recei$ing) e$ery channel can support the traffic for one subscriber or some control information"
Time
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T2M"
Fre)uen y
T)M-
accomplishes the communication in different timeslot" based on time" )ifferent signals occupy different timeslots in certain se#uence ! that is ! many signals are transmitted on the same fre#uency in different time"
- carrier is di$ided into channels
Time
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C2M"
Fre)uen y
C)M-
accomplishes the communication in different code se#uences" transmission! then different information will lose nothing after being mi'ed and transmitted together on the same fre#uency and at the same time"
Special coding is adopted before
Time
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Frequency Spectrum
GSM 677
GSM systems use radio fre#uencies between 567%628 M.& for recei$e and between 648%697 M.& for transmit" :, carriers are spaced e$ery 377 k.&! allowing a total of 23; carriers for use" -n :, carrier is a pair of radio fre#uencies! one used in each direction" Transmit and recei$e fre#uencies are always separated by ;8 M.&"
)plink
&%* %$+ %,+
/ownlink
%(*M-.
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Frequency Spectrum
18ten#e# GSM91GSM:

*GSM has 27M.& of bandwidth on both transmit and recei$e" :ecei$e bandwidth is from 557 M.& to 567 M.&" Transmit bandwidth is from 638 M.& to 648 M.&" Total :, carriers in *GSM is 87 more then GSM"
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)P0123 82/ /6720123 4RE5)E2C9 SEP8R8"E/ :9 '+M-; HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved "age +&
Frequency Spectrum
2CS 1.77
)CS2577 systems use radio fre#uencies between 2<27%2<58 M.& for recei$e and between 2578%2557 M.& for transmit" :, carriers are spaced e$ery 377 k.&! allowing a total of 4<4 carriers" Transmit and recei$e fre#uencies are always separated by 68 M.&"
:ase Station Receive
:ase Station "ransmit
$<$* $&&*M-.
$<&+ $&*+
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Frequency Spectrum
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Features of GSM
3NC/1"S12 C"%"C3T4

The GSM system pro$ides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems" GSM allows 38 k.& per user! that is! eight con$ersations per 377 k.& channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one recei$e channel)" )igital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from cells where the same fre#uencies are re%used (co%channel interference)" This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern"
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Features of GSM
",23O ;,"+3T4
)igital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors pro$ide good #uality speech transmission" Since GSM is a digital technology! the signals passed o$er a digital air interface can be protected against errors by using better error detection and correction techni#ues" (n regions of interference or noise%limited operation the speech #uality is noticeably better than analogue"
,S1 OF ST"N2"/23S12 O%1N 3NT1/F"C1S
Standard interfaces such as C< and =38 are used throughout the system" .ence different manufacturers can be selected for different parts of the PLM " There is a high fle'ibilty in where the etwork components are situated"
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Features of GSM
3M%/O<12 S1C,/3T4 "N2 CONF321NT3"+3T4

GSM offers high speech and data confidentiality" Subscriber authentication can be performed by the system to check if a subscriber is a $alid subscriber or not" The GSM system pro$ides for high degree of confidentiality for the subscriber" Calls are encoded and ciphered when sent o$er air" The mobile e#uipment can be identified independently from the mobile subscriber" The mobile has a identity number hard coded into it when it is manufactured" This number is stored in a standard database and whene$er a call is made the e#uipment can be checked to see if it has been reported stolen"
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Features of GSM
C+1"N1/ ("N2O<1/S

GSM uses Mobile assisted hando$er techni#ue" The mobile itself carries out the signal strength and #uality measurement of its ser$er and signal strength measurement of its neighbors" This data is passed on the etwork which then uses sophisticated algorithms to determine the need of hando$er"
S,BSC/3B1/ 321NT3F3C"T3ON
(n a GSM system the mobile station and the subscriber are identified separately" The subscriber is identified by means of a smart card known as a S(M" This enables the subscriber to use different mobile e#uipment while retaining the same subscriber number"
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Features of GSM
1N("NC12 /"NG1 OF S1/<3C1S

Speech ser$ices for normal telephony" Short Message Ser$ice for point ot point transmission of te't message" Cell broadcast for transmission of te't message from the cell to all MS in its co$erage area" Message like traffic information or ad$ertising can be transmitted" ,a' and data ser$ices are pro$ided" )ata rates a$ailable are 3"; >b?s! ;"5 >b?s and 6"9 >b?s" Supplementary ser$ices like number identification ! call barring! call forwarding! charging display etc can be pro$ided"
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Features of GSM
F/1;,1NC4 /1,S1

There are total 23; carriers in GSM677 (additional 87 carriers are a$ailable in *GSM band)" *ach carrier has 5 timeslots and if < can be used for traffic then a ma'imum of 595 ( 23; = < ) calls can be made" This is not enough and hence fre#uencies ha$e to be reused" The same :, carrier can be used for many con$ersations in se$eral different cells at the same time" The radio carriers a$ailable are allocated according to a regular pattern which repeats o$er the whole co$erage area" The pattern to be used depends on traffic re#uirement and spectrum a$ailability" Some typical repeat patterns are ;@4!4@4! <@4 etc" The different Subscribers can use the same fre#uency in different places" The #uality of communication must be ensured"
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2 $ ' + ( $ < 2 ,
Fre)uen y /euse
+ % ( $* < $$ & $2
'
' site = , cells reuse
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Ce&& Types
6mni>directional 6mni>directional Cell Cell
(mni
) $
$2* $2* /egree /egree Cell Cell
)*+ degree
,
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GSM G!"S #etwor$ Component

MSC?AL: GSM ?GP:S /SS MS /SC /TS PC+ MS /TS
GP:S /ackbone
GMSC
PST (S)
.L:?-+C
SSSMS system
/SC
SGS BMC
(nternet! (ntranet GGS
CG
/G Bther PLM
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%nterface &etween Different 'ntities

MSC?AL: GSM ?GP:S /SS MS -bis /TS PC+ MS +m /TS SGS Ga BMC CG /G Gp Bther PLM /SC Gb Gr?Gs?Gd?Ge Gc (nternet! (ntranet /SC C?)?Gs SSSMS system .L:?-+C GMSC PST (S)
GP:S backbone
GGS
Gi
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Mo(ile Station)MS
-n MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile
network" Se$eral types of MSs e'ist! each allowing the subscriber to make and recei$e calls"
The range or co$erage area of an MS depends on the output power of the
output" )ifferent types of MSs ha$e different output power capabilities and conse#uently different ranges"
GSM MSs consist of
- mobile terminal - Subscriber (dentity Module (S(M)

(n GSM the subscriber is separated from the mobile terminal" *ach
subscriberCs information is stored as a Dsmart cardE S(M" The S(M can be plugged into any GSM mobile terminal" This brings the ad$antages of security and portability of subscribers"
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Mo(ile Station)MS
Mobiles
are classified into according to their power rating"
fi$e
classes
S1M
C+"SS %O=1/ O,T%,T
1 2 3 ! ' 27= .= '= 2= 7>.=
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&ase Station Su(system &SS

MSC
The Base Station Contro&&er ?
BSC
The Base Trans eiver Station ?
:SS
"C?SM "C?SM :SC :SC :"S :"S
BTS
The Trans5 o#er ? TC an# Su$
mu&tip&e8er 9SM:
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&ase Station Su(system &SS
The /SS is the fi'ed end of the radio interface that pro$ides control and radio co$erage functions for one or more cells and their associated MSs" (t is the interface between the MS and the MSC" The /SS comprises one or more /ase Transcei$er Stations (/TSs)! each containing the radio components that communicate with MSs in a gi$en area! and a /ase Site Controller (/SC) which supports call processing functions and the interfaces to the MSC" )igital radio techni#ues are used for the radio communications link! known as the -ir (nterface! between the /SS and the MS" The /SS consists of three basic etwork *lements ( *s)" Transcoder (XCDR) or Remote transcoder (RXCDR) . Base Station Controller (BSC). Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) assigned to the BSC.
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Transcoder
The speech transcoder is the interface between the 9; kbit?s PCM channel in the land network and the 24 kbit?s channel used on the -ir (nterface" This reduces the amount of information carried on the -ir (nterface and hence! its bandwidth" (f the 9; kbits?s PCM is transmitted on the air interface without occupation! it would occupy an e'cessi$e amount of radio bandwidth" This would use the a$ailable radio spectrum inefficiently" The re#uired bandwidth is therefore reduced by processing the 9; kbits?s PCM data so that the amount of information re#uired to transmit digiti&ed $oice falls to 24kb?s" The =C): can multiple' ; traffic channels into a single 9; kbit?s timeslot" Thus a *2?T2 serial link can carry ; times as many channels" This can reduce the number of *2?T2 leased lines re#uired to connect remotely located e#uipment" Fhen the transcoder is between the MSC and the /SC it is called a remote transcoder (:=C):)"
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Transcoder
47 Timeslots 2 traffic channel ? TS 9; >bps ? TS ; *2 lines G 47 = ; G237 Timeslots
*ach Timeslot G29 = ; G 9; >b?s 47 timeslots G 47 ' ; G237 traffic channels
MSC
=C):
BSC
Trans o#e# information from four a&&s
1*
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31
&ase Station Controller &SC

The /SC network element pro$ides the control for the /SS" (t controls and manages the associated /TSs! and interfaces with the Bperations and Maintenance Centre (BMC)" The purpose of the /SC is to perform a $ariety of functions" The following comprise the functions pro$ided by the /SC1 Controls the BTS components.-
Performs Call Processing. Performs Operations and Provides the O ! aintenance (O ! ).
lin" (O #) $et%een the BSS and the O C. SC.
Provides the & 'nterface $et%een the BSS and the anages the radio channels. Ss.
Transfers signaling information to and from
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&ase Tran receiver Station &TS
The /TS network element consists of the hardware components! such as radios! interface modules and antenna systems that pro$ide the -ir (nterface between the /SS and the MSs" The /TS pro$ides radio channels (:, carriers) for a specific :, co$erage area" The radio channel is the communication link between the MSs within an :, co$erage area and the /SS" The /TS also has a limited amount of control functionality which reduces the amount of traffic between the /TS and /SC"
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&TS Connectivity
6pen ended /aisy C!ain
MSC
Star
:SC
:"S$2
:"S$,
:"S$'
:"S$$ :"S$
/aisy C!ain wit! a fork@ 4ork !as a return loop back to t!e c!ain
:"S+ :"S(
/aisy C!ain wit! a fork@ 4ork !as a return loop back to t!e c!ain
:"S' :"S2
:"S<
:"S%
:"S$$
:"S,
:"S&
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!ac$et Control *nit !C*

MSC
%a ket #ata swit hing Bri#ge $etween SGSN
an# BSC
%rovi#e %$ an# G$
:SS
"C?SM "C?SM :SC :SC :"S :"S PC) PC)
GPRS :ackbone
interfa e
SGS2 SGS2
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#etwor$ Switchin+ System

2SS
6MC 8)C 8)C -0R -0R E1R E1R MSC?A0R MSC?A0R
Mo$i&e5servi e Swit hing Center (ome +o ation /egister <isitor +o ation /egister 1)uipment 3#entity /egister "uthenti ation Center 1 ho Can e&&or
EC EC
PS"2
? MSC ? (+/ ? <+/ ? 13/ ? ",C ? 1C

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:SS
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Mo(ile service Switchin+ Center MSC
The Mobile ser$ices Switching Centre (MSC) co%ordinates the setting up of calls to and from GSM users" (t is the telephone switching office for MS originated or terminated traffic and pro$ides the appropriate bearer ser$ices! teleser$ices and supplementary ser$ices" (t controls a number of /ase Station Sites (/SSs) within a specified geographical co$erage area and gi$es the radio subsystem access to the subscriber and e#uipment databases" The MSC carries out se$eral different functions depending on its position in the network" Fhen the MSC pro$ides the interface between PST network it is called the Gateway MSC" and the /SS in the GSM
Some important functions carried out by MSC are Call processing including control of data?$oice call setup! inter /SS H inter MSC hando$ers! control of mobility management! Bperation H maintenance support including database management! traffic metering and man machine interface H managing the interface between GSM H PST ?F"
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Home ,ocation "e+ister H,"

The .L: contains the master database of all subscribers in the PLM " This data is remotely accessed by the MSCIs and AL:s in the network" The data can also be accessed by an MSC or a AL: in a different PLM to allow inter%system and inter% country roaming" - PLM may contain more than one .L:! in which case each .L: contains a portion of the total subscriber database" There is only one database record per subscriber" The subscribers data may be accessed by the (MS( or the MS(S) " The parameters stored in .L: are S($scri$ers 'D (' S' and C(rrent s($scri$er *#R. S(pplementar+ services s($scri$ed to. S(pplementar+ services information (eg. C(rrent for%arding address ). &(thentication "e+ and &,C f(nctionalit+. T S' and SR)
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S'SD) )
-isitor ,ocation "e+ister -,"
The Aisited Location :egister (AL:) is a local subscriber database! holding details on those subscribers who enter the area of the network that it co$ers" The details are held in the AL: until the subscriber mo$es into the area ser$iced by another AL:" The data includes most of the information stored at the .L:! as well as more precise location and status information" The additional data stored in AL: are o$ile stat(s ( B(s+ - .ree - )o ans%er etc. )
#ocation &rea 'dentit+ ( #&' ) Temporar+
o$ile S($scri$ers 'dentit+ ( T S' ) SR) )
o$ile Station Roaming )(m$er (
The AL: pro$ides the system elements local to the subscriber! with basic information on that subscriber! thus remo$ing the need to access the .L: e$ery time subscriber information is re#uired"
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Authentication Centre A*C
The -+C is a processor system that perform authentication function" (t is normally co%located with the .L:" The authentication process usually takes place each time the subscriber initiali&es on the system" *ach subscriber is assigned an authentication key (>i) which is stored in the S(M and at the -+C"
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'quipment %dentity "e+ister '%"
=hite +ist@ "&& <a&i#
assigne# 32As
B&a k +ist@ Servi e
1ME1 is C!ecked 1n 7!ite 0ist
a&&owe# $ut note#

Grey +ist@ Servi e
#enie#
1f 26" found
E1R focus on t!e e#uipment B not t!e subscriberCC
1ME1 is C!ecked in :lack?Grey 0ist
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Operation and maintenance Centre for "adio . OMC "

The BMC controls and monitors the etwork elements within a region" The BMC also monitors the #uality of ser$ice being pro$ided by the etwork" The following are the main functions performed by the BMC%: The BMC allows network de$ices to be manually remo$ed for or restored to ser$ice" The status of network de$ices can be checked from the BMC and tests and diagnostics in$oked" The alarms generated by the etwork elements are reported and logged at the BMC" The BMC%: *ngineer can monitor and analyse these alarms and take appropriate action like informing the maintenance personal" The BMC keeps on collecting and accumulating traffic statistics from the network elements for analysis" Software loads can be downloaded to network elements or uploaded to the BMC"
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OMC Functional Architecture
Event?8larm Management
Security Management
MM1 6S
4ault Management Performance Management
/:
Configuration Management
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Different %nterfaces in GSM
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Terrestrial %nterface
The terrestrial interfaces comprises all the connections between the GSM system entities !apart from the +m or air interface" The terrestrial interfaces transport the traffic across the system and allows the passage of thousands of data messages to make the system function" The standard interfaces used are / $-s
Signaling S+stem (C0 or SS0) Pac"et S%itched Data &$is (sing the #&PD protocol (#in" &ccess Proced(re D )
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%nterface #ames
*ach interface specified in GSM has a name associated with it"
N"M1 +m -bis -ter / C ) * , G .
3NT1/F"C1 MS %%%%% /TS /TS %%%%% /SC /SC %%%%% T:C MSC %%%%%% /SC MSC %%%%%% AL: MSC %%%%%% .L: AL: %%%%% .L: MSC %%%%%% MSC MSC %%%%%% *(: AL: %%%%%% AL: .L: %%%%%% -+C
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/ M(its0s Trun$ 12 Channel !CM

This interface carries the traffic from the PST
to the MSC! between MSCCs! from the MSC to the /SCCs and from the /SCCs to the /TSCs"
(t represents the physical layer in the BS( model" *ach 3 Mb?s link pro$ides 47 traffic channels a$ailable to carry speech !data or
control information"
Typical Configuration
TS +
TS ),)-
TS ).
TS )/ , 0)
TS + , Frame allignment1 %rror chec2ing1 Signalling1 Alarms TS ),)- , )/,0) , Traffic TS ). , Siganlling
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Service Area
Service 8rea
P0M2 P0M2 service service area area
MSC service area@@@ 0ocation area@@@
P0M2 service area

MSC service area@@@ 0ocation area@@@
......
cell
cell
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,A%
MCC M2C
0ocation 8rea 1dentification
08C
The +"3 is the internationa& o#e for a &o ation area@ MCC@ Mo$i&e Country Co#e 3t onsists of 3 #igits > For e8amp&e@ The MCC of China is B!*7B MNC@ Mo$i&e Network Co#e 3t onsists of 2 #igits > For e8amp&e@ The MNC of China Mo$i&e is B77B +"C@ +o ation "rea Co#e 3t is a two $ytes he8 o#e> The va&ue 7777 an# FFFF is inva&i#> For e8amp&e@ !*757757711
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CG%
CG1D Cell Global 1dentification
The CG3 is a uni)ue internationa& i#entifi ation for a e&& The format is +"3CC3 +"3@ +o ation "rea 3#entifi ation C3@ Ce&& 3#entity> This o#e uses two $ytes he8 o#e to the e&&s within an +"3> For e8amp&e @ !*75775771157771
i#entify
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&S%C
:S1C :ase Station 1dentification Color Code
2CC
:S1C
:CC
NCC@ %+MN network o&or o#e> 3t omprises 3 $it> 3t a&&ows various neigh$oring %+MNs to $e #istinguishe#> BCC@ BTS o&or o#e> 3t omprises 3 $itD use# to #istinguish #ifferent e&&s assigne# the same fre)uen yE
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MS%SD#
CC 2/C S2
2ational (significant Mobile number Mobile station international 1S/2 number
CC@ Country Co#e> For e8amp&e@ The CC of China is B.*B> N2C@ Nationa& 2estination Co#e> For e8amp&e@ The N2C of China Te&e om is 136D 13.D 13-D 13*D 13'> SN@ Su$s ri$er Num$er> Format@(7 (1 (2 (3 "BC2 18amp&e@ .*513657***5123!
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%MS%
2ot more t!an $+ digits , digits 2 digits
MCC
M2C
2MS1 1MS1
MS12
MCCD Mobile Country Code 1t consists of , digits @ 4or eEampleD "!e MCC of C!ina is F'(*F M2CD Mobile 2etwork Code 1t consists of 2 digits @ 4or eEampleD "!e M2C of C!ina "elecom is F**F MS12D Mobile Subscriber 1dentification 2umber@ -$-2-, S 8:C/E4 4or eEampleD (((>%<<<**$ 2MS1D 2ational Mobile Subscriber 1dentification M2C and MS12 form it toget!er@ 4or EEample of 1MS1 D '(*>**>(((>%<<<**$
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TMS%
TMS3@ Temporary Mo$i&e Su$s ri$er 3#entifi ation:
The TMS3 is assigne# on&y after su
essfu& su$s ri$er
authenti ation>
The <+/ ontro&s the a&&o ation of new TMS3 num$ers an# notifies
them to the (+/>

TMS3 is use# to ensure that the i#entity of the mo$i&e su$s ri$er
on the air interfa e is kept se ret>

The TMS3 onsists of ! $ytes9 . (1F num$ers: an# #etermine# $y
the operator>
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%M'%
3M13@ 3nternationa& Mo$i&e Station 1)uipment 3#entifi ation
"8C
48C
S2R
SP
1ME1
T"C T"C11 Type Type appro$al appro$al code! code! 9 9 bit! bit! determined determined by by the the type type appro$al appro$al center center ,-C1 ,-C1 ,inal ,inal assembly assembly code! code! 3 3 bit! bit! (t (t is is determined determined by by the the manufacturer" manufacturer" S S :1 :1 Serial Serial number! number! 9 9 bits! bits! (t (t is is issued issued by by the the manufacturer manufacturer of of the the MS" MS" SP1 SP1 2 2 bit bit !! ot ot used" used"
Check Check the the (M*( (M*( in in your your MS MS 11 @J79J @J79J
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Handover
The GSM hando$er process uses a mobile assisted techni#ue for accurate and fast hando$ers! in order to1 3 3 Maintain the user connection link #uality" Manage traffic distribution
The o$erall hando$er process is implemented in the MS!/SS H MSC" Measurement of radio subsystem downlink performance and signal strengths recei$ed from surrounding cells! is made in the MS" These measurements are sent to the /SS for assessment" The /SS measures the uplink performance for the MS being ser$ed and also assesses the signal strength of interference on its idle traffic channels" (nitial assessment of the measurements in con0unction with defined thresholds and hando$er strategy may be performed in the /SS" -ssessment re#uiring measurement results from other /SS or other information resident in the MSC! may be perform" in the MSC"
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Handover
The MS assists the hando$er decision process by performing certain measurements" Fhen the MS is engaged in a speech con$ersation! a portion of the T)M- frame is idle while the rest of the frame is used for uplink (/TS recei$e) and downlink (/TS transmit) timeslots" )uring the idle time period of the frame! the MS changes radio channel fre#uency and monitors and measures the signal le$el of the si' best neighbor cells" Measurements which feed the hando$er decision algorithm are made at both ends of the radio link"
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Handover
MS 1N2
-t the MS end! measurements are continuously signalled! $ia the associated control channel! to the /SS where the decision for hando$er is ultimately made" MS measurements include1 Serving cell do%nlin" 1(alit+ ($it error rate (B2R) estimate. Serving cell do%nlin" received signal level3 and si4 $est neigh$or cells do%nlin" received signal level.
The MS also decodes the /ase Station () Code (/S(C) from the si' best neighbor cells! and reports the /S(Cs and the measurement information to the /SS"
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Handover
BTS 1N2
The /TS measures the uplink link #uality! recei$ed signal le$el! and MS to /TS site distance" The MS :, transmit output power budget is also considered in the hando$er decision" (f the MS can be ser$ed by a neighbor cell at a lower power! the hando$er is recommended" ,rom a system perspecti$e! hando$er may be considered due to loading or congestion conditions" (n this case! the MSC or /SC tries to balance channel usage among cells"
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Handover Types
1ntra>Cell -andover
BSC
'
<
BTS
Ca&& is han#e# from times&ot 3 to times&ot '
.ando$er takes place in the same cell from one timeslot to another timeslot of the same carrier or different carriers( but the same cell)" (ntra%cell hando$er is triggered only if the cause is interference" (ntra%cell hando$er can be enabled or disabled in a cell"
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3ntra5BSC (an#over
BSC1
* $ 2 , ' + ( <
BTS1
Ca&& is han#e# from times&ot 3 of e&&1 to times&ot 1 of e&&2 > Both the e&&s are ontro&&e# $y the same BSC>
'
<
.ando$er takes place between different cell which are controlled by the same /SC>
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3nter5BSC (an#over
BSC1
* $ 2 , ' + ( <
BTS1 MSC
Ca&& is han#e# from times&ot of e&&1 to times&ot 1 of e&&2 Both the e&&s are ontro&&e# $y the #ifferent BSC>
BSC2
'
<
BTS2
.ando$er takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different /SC"
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3nter5MSC (an#over
MSC1
BSS1 BTS1
* $ 2 , ' + ( <
Ca&& is han#e# from times&ot 3 of e&&1 to times&ot 1 of e&&2 > Both the e&&s are ontro&&e# $y the #ifferent BSCD ea h BSC $eing ontro&&e# $y #ifferent MSC
MSC2
BSS2 BTS2
'
<
.ando$er takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different /SC and each /SC is controlled by different MSC"
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Frequency Hoppin+
f$ f'
Modulated 'F signal
f, f2
6oice
M OT O R OL A
5nformation is transmitted y different fre#uencies at different timeslot

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f$
.0*-+ 1+ 1+ 1
$ ' < 2 + & * , ( %
%ntroduction to Frequency Hoppin+

Can be used to impro$e the #uality of the network -lso can be used to increase the capacity of the etwork thereby reducing the number of sites re#uired for C-P-C(TK"
The way it works1

*ach burst is transmitted on a different fre#uency /oth mobile and base station follow the same hopping se#uence
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%ntroduction to Frequency Hoppin+
,ading Causes #uality deterioration (s fre#uency dependent
,. di$ersifies the impact of fading and impro$es #uality" The immunity to fading increases by e'ploiting its fre#uency selecti$ity! because using different fre#uencies the probability of being continuously affected by fading is reduced! so the transmission link #uality is impro$ed" This impro$ement is much more noticeable for slow mo$ing mobiles"
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%ncreased immunity to Fadin+
(n a cellular urban en$ironment in most cases multipath propagation will be present and! as a conse#uence of that! important short term $ariations in the recei$ed le$el are fre#uent " This is called :aleigh fading which results in #uality degradation because some of the information will be corrupted" ,or a fast mo$ing mobile! the fading situation can be a$oided from one burst to another because it also depends on the position of the mobile so the problem is not so serious" ,or a stationary one the reception may be permanently affected resulting in a $ery bad #uality! e$en a drop call" Bnce the information is recei$ed by the mobile or the base station! the only way to cope with the disturbance produced by the fading (errors in the information bits) are the decoding and de%interlea$ing processes! with an effecti$eness limited by the number of errors they ha$e to deal with"
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%ncreased immunity to Fadin+

(nterference - result of fre#uency reuse H irregular terrain and sites" ,. di$ersifies the impact of interference and impro$es #uality The situation of permanent interference coming from neighbour cells transmitting the same or ad0acent fre#uencies is a$oided using ,re#uency .opping because the calls will spend the time mo$ing through different fre#uencies not e#ually affected by interfering signals" This effect is called (nterference -$eraging"
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Types of Hoppin+
&ase &and Hoppin+ 3&&H4

The radio units transmit always the same fre#uency" umber of fre#uencies for hopping G umber of carriers The radio units are always transmitting a fi'ed fre#uency and fre#uency hopping is performed by mo$ing the information for e$ery call among the a$ailable radio units in a cell on a per burst basis" (n reception the call is always processed by the same radio unit (the one where the call started)" The number of fre#uencies to hop o$er is limited by the number of radio units e#uipped in the cell" The /CC. carrier can hop in timeslots 2 to <"
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Types of Hoppin+
Synthesiser Frequency Hoppin+ 3SFH4
The radio units change (retune) the fre#uency e$ery burst" The call always stays in the same radio unit" umber of fre#uencies for hopping L carriers" umber of
The radio units can hop o$er a range of different fre#uencies" .ybrid combiners are re#uired in the base station (Ca$ity Combiners can not be used with S,.)" The /CC. carrier can ne$er hop"
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,ocation *pdate
MSC should always know the location of the MS so that it can contact it by sending pages whene$er re#uired" The mobile keeps on informing the MSC about its current location area or whene$er it changes from one L- to another" This process of informing the MSC is known as location updating" The new L- is updated in the AL:" L-( G MCC M M C M L-C 3 #igits 152 #igits Ma8 1* $its
MCC
MCC G Mobile country code" MNC G Mobile
MNC
+"C
etwork Code"
+"C G Location area code" (dentifies a location area within a GSM PLM
network" The ma'imum length of L-C is 29 bits" Thus 98849 different L- can be defined in one GSM PLM "
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,ocation *pdate Types

Norma& &o ation up#ate %erio#i &o ation up#ate 3MS3 atta h
Norma& +o ation ,p#ate

Mobile powers on and is idle" :eads the L-( broadcast on the /CC." Compares with the last stored L-( and if it is different does a location update"
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3MS3 "tta h

Sa$es the network from paging a MS which is not acti$e in the system" Fhen MS is turned off or S(M is remo$ed the MS sends a detach signal to the etwork" (t is marked as detached" Fhen the MS is powered again it reads the current L-( and if it is same does a location update type (MS( attach" -ttach?detach flag is broadcast on the /CC. sys info"
%erio#i +o ation ,p#ate

Many times the MS enters non%co$erage &one" The MSC will keep on paging the MS thus wasting precious resources" To a$oid this the MS has to inform the MSC about its current L-( in a set period of time" This time ranges from 7 to 388 deci%hours" Periodic location timer $alue is broadcast on /CC. sys info messages"
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!ropa+ation Mechanisms
/ef&e tion

Bccurs when a wa$e impinges upon a smooth surface" )imensions of the surface are large relati$e to " :eflections occur from the surface of the earth and from buildings and walls"
2iffra tion 9Sha#owing:
Bccurs when the path is blocked by an ob0ect with large dimensions relati$e to and sharp irregularities (edges)" Secondary Dwa$eletsE propagate into the shadowed region" )iffraction gi$es rise to bending of wa$es around the obstacle"
S attering
Bccurs when a wa$e impinges upon an ob0ect with dimensions on the order of or less! causing the reflected energy to spread out orDscatterE in many directions" Small ob0ects such as street lights! signs! H lea$es cause scattering"
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Multipath
Multiple Fa$es Create DMultipathE )ue to propagation mechanisms! multiple wa$es arri$e at the recei$er Sometimes this includes a direct Line%of%Sight (LBS) signal
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Multipath
Mu&tipath %ropagation

Multipath propagation causes large and rapid fluctuations in a signal These fluctuations are not the same as the propagation path loss"
Mu&tipath auses three maGor things

:apid changes in signal strength o$er a short distance or time" :andom fre#uency modulation due to )oppler Shifts on different multipath signals" Time dispersion caused by multipath delays These are called Dfading effects Multipath propagation results in small%scale fading"
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5hat is Fadin+6
The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly non%LBS" The LBS path between the transmitter and the recei$er is affected by terrain and obstructed by buildings and other ob0ects" The mobile station is also mo$ing in different directions at different speeds" The :, signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the recei$er through many non%LBS paths" This non%LBS path causes long%term and short term fluctuations in the form of log%normal fading and :aleigh and :ican fading! which degrades the performance of the :, channel"
Signal Power (d:m
+arge s a&e fa#ing omponent
Sma&& s a&e fa#ing omponent
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"aylei+h fadin+
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal" The :aleigh fading is applicable to obstructed propagation paths" -ll the signals are
LBS signals and there is no dominant direct path"
Signals from all paths ha$e comparable signal strengths" The instantaneous recei$ed power seen by a mo$ing antenna becomes a random $ariable
depending on the location of the antenna"
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"icean fadin+
This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal" (n this case there is a partially scattered field" Bne dominant signal" Bthers are weaker"
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Diversity
:ecei$e di$ersity pro$ides an effecti$e techni#ue for both o$ercoming the impact of
fading across the radio channel and increasing the recei$ed signal to interference ratio"
The former is achie$ed by ensuring DuncorrelatedE (i"e" low enough correlated) fading
between antenna branches i"e" not all antennas e'perience fades at the same time"
:uilding
:uilding :uilding
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#eed of Diversity
(n a typical cellular radio en$ironment! the communication between the cell site and mobile is not by a direct radio path but $ia many paths" The direct path between the transmitter and the recei$er is obstructed by buildings and other ob0ects" .ence the signal that arri$es at the recei$er is either by reflection from the flat sides of buildings or by diffraction around man made or natural obstructions" Fhen $arious incoming radio wa$es arri$e at the recei$er antenna! they combine constructi$ely or destructi$ely! which leads to a rapid $ariation in signal strength" The signal fluctuations are known as Nmulti%path fadingC"
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7ind of Diversity
t
Time di$ersity
Coding! interlea$ing
,re#uency di$ersity
f
,re#uency hopping
Space di$ersity
Multiple antennas
Polari&ation di$ersity
)ual%polari&ed antennas
Multi%path di$ersity
*#uali&er
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%nterference
(nterference is the sum of all signal contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal"
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'ffects of %nterference

(nterference is a ma0or limiting factor in the performance of cellular systems" (t causes degradation of signal #uality" (t introduces bit errors in the recei$ed signal" /it errors are partly reco$erable by means of channel coding and error correction mechanisms" The interference situation is not reciprocal in the uplink and downlink direction" Mobile stations and base stations are e'posed to different interference situation"
Source of %nterference

-nother mobile in the same cell" - call in progress in the neighboring cell" Bther base stations operating on the same fre#uency" -ny non%cellular system which leaks energy into the cellular fre#uency band"
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T8!'S OF %#T'"F'"'#C'
There are two types of system generated interference Co-channel interference &d5acent channel interference
Co5Channe& 3nterferen e
This type of interference is the due to fre#uency reuse ! i"e" se$eral cells use the same set of fre#uency" These cells are called co%channel cells" Co%channel interference cannot be combated by increasing the power of the transmitter" This is because an increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to neighboring co%channel cells" To reduce co%channel interference! co%channel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to pro$ide sufficient isolation due to propagation or reduce the footprint of the cell"
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"#Ga ent5Channe& 3nterferen e
(nterference resulting from signals which are ad0acent in fre#uency to the desired signal is called ad0acent channel interference" -d0acent channel interference results from imperfect recei$er filters which allow nearby fre#uencies to leak into the passband" -d0acent channel interference can be minimi&ed through careful filtering and channel assignments" /y keeping the fre#uency separation between each channel in a gi$en cell as large as possible ! the ad0acent interference may be reduced considerably"
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General pac$et radio service G!"S

The first phase of GSM network architecture enhancements
that allow mobiles to connect to (P or ="38 networks"

Characteristics of GP:S1
Packet%switched )ata rate1 6>bps O 287>bps ew functionalities1 point%to%point data transferring! routing! logical link management! radio resource management Modulation1 GMS>
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'nhanced Data "ates for GSM 'volution

Chara teristi s
+ses 377k.& carrier?multi%slot operation! time slot structure Modulation1 5PS>(5%phase Shift >eying) modulation(4bits per modulated symbol) P%L apposed to the 2%bit per symbol GMS> in GSM?GP:S )ata rates1 45;>bps
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GSM Development 'volution

,G 2@+G 2G
57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD 115 kbps GPRS 2Mbps 384kbps EDGE IMT-2000
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The asic idea of GSM The features of GSM The structure of GSM Certain ser"ice area and num ers !ando"er, Fre#uency hopping and 7ocation
8pdates.
$ropagation Mechanisms %"olution of GSM
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Than2 9ou
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GSM system overview

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GSM system overview

fre#uencies! this kind of techni#ue is called ,re#uency )i$ision )uple' (,)))

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GSM system overview

another cellular subscriber"

the borders of its radio co$erage area"

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GSM History and Overview

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antennas is called a C*LL"

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Multiple Access Technique

same communication medium"

2) ,)M3) T)M- and 4) C)M-"

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,)M- uses different fre#uency channels

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- carrier is di$ided into channels

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Special coding is adopted before

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:ase Station Receive

:ase Station "ransmit

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,S1 OF ST"N2"/23S12 O%1N 3NT1/F"C1S

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' site = , cells reuse

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!ac$et Control nit !C