NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING Techniques

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A.
Rivera, Agronomist
INTRUDOCTION TO: NATUR AL F AR MIN G W ith ORGAN IC & BI OL OGIC AL TE CH NOL OG Y (AN ATTEMPT TO GO BACK TO MOTHER NATURE) Prepared and compiled !: RE" A# RI$ERA Agricultural Consultant %ear &''(
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to Natural Farming 0 Introduction 0! Natural Farming 0" Som# $ractic#s in Natural Farming 0% &#ro culti'ation 0( )ractic# Cl#an Cultur# 0( I)M *Int#grat#d )#st Manag#m#nt+ 0, Ins#ct tra$s- lur# and attractant 0. Us# o/ Biological )#st and 0is#as# control Us# o/ organic /#rtili1#r 02 Organic )#st and 0is#as# control 02
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NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist
Us# o/ indig#nous r#sistant $lant 'ari#ti#s and strain 02 )ractic# cro$ rotation and /ollo3ing02 Gro3ing and int#rcro$$ing o/ $#st r#$#llant 4#r5al $lants 0 Int#grat#d cro$$ing $att#rn to $r#s#nt gro3t4 o/ to6ic 3##ds 0 Gro3ing t4# rig4t cro$ on t4# rig4t soil- climat# and at t4# rig4t tim# 0 Common ins#ct $#st and t4#ir control 0 Us# o/ organic $#st and dis#as# control mat#rials " )r#$aring 7our o3n $#sticid# " 8no3 a5out 7our 4#r5al $lants ( Organic /arming . 9o3 to $r#$ar# 7our o3n organic $#sticid# and /ungicid# . Botanical )#st Control 2 )r#$aration & us# organic $#sticid#s !! Us# o/ indig#nous r#sistant or tol#rant $lant 'ari#ti#s and strain "0 )ractic# cro$ rotation and /ollo3ing"0 Int#rcro$$ing o/ $#st r#$#llant 4#r5s " Int#grat#d cro$$ing $att#rn to control und#sira5l# 3##ds " Biological /arming " Biological $#st control "! 9o3 5iocontrol 3or:s "!
Tric4ogramma control m#t4od Controlling corn 5or#r Braconid "; BIO<I)M "% Micro 5iological /arming 9o3 to $r#$ar# FAA
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9o3 to ma:# 7our o3n sugar ; 9o3 to ma:# =irgin coconut oil ; Ta:ing car# o/ 7our soil t4# natural 3a7s ;! Us# o/ organic com$ost /#rtili1#r and 5io micro inoculant ;" Com$ost ;" Biological tr#atm#nt t#c4nologi#s ;; 9o3 to $r#$ar# 7our o3n lacto 5asilli ;; 9o3 to ma:# com$ost ;% =#rmicom$osting ;( Maggot com$osting ;. Sludg# /#rtili1#r ;. Com$osting cro$ r#sidu# in t4# /i#ld ;2 Gr##n manuring ;2 Co'#r cro$$ing ;2 Indig#nous $otting mat#rials %0 Soil condition#rs % Microorganisms #n4anc#s cro$ $roducti'it7 % Mulc4ing %" Issu#s and /acts on organic /#rtili1#rs %" Farm#rs #6$#ri#nc#- o5s#r'ations and $ractic#s 3ort4 s4aring & #mulation %; Organic mango %( Botanical $#sticid# /or mango %( )ost 4ar'#st tr#atm#nt %( St#$s on 9ot >at#r Tr#atm#nt %. Agro c4#mical $ric#s %. Organic /arm#rs %2 Organic Banana gro3ing (0 Organic /is4 cultur# (0 9#r5al $lants *M#dicinal+ ( Ac:no3l#dg#m#nt (; INTRODUCTION )e can *ro+ ,eal-,./l .ood +i-,o/- dependin* -oo m/c, on -o0ic c,emical1 and c,emical .er-ili2er1 +i-, NATURA3
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ORGANIC AND BIO3OGICA3 4ARMING 1!1-em1# T,e 5no+led*e and 1imple /- prac-ical -ec,nolo*! in -,i1 man/1crip- can 1a6e !o/r crop1 and ,elp !o/ earn more .rom !o/r *arden and .arm# 3e-71 re-/rn -o -,e 8Na-/ral9 +a!1# T,e *ro+in* mar5e- demand i1 .or 1a.e or*anicall! *ro+n .r/i-1 and 6e*e-a le1# It is not the intention of this paper to entirely eliminate the use of beneficial agricultural chemicals and fertilizers that help to suppress and control destructive pest and diseases and provide food nutrients to the plants. We also encourage the adoption of the latest improved technology and farming systems that are environmentally and ecologically friendly. We encourage farmers to adopt practical Integrated Pest Management (IPM) This paper will attempt to help and teach interested farmers adopt natural and practical farming systems that will reduce the use of costly and to ic agricultural chemicals and replace them with organic preparations the farmers themselves can produce and use. This can result to producing healthful organic food at lower cost with higher productivity as the soil and environment improves. This may be debatable! but possible and attainable. There is a worldwide shift for safe! chemical free food and a demand for organically grown food crops. The alarming increase in the use of to ic chemicals to control pests and diseases on both farm animals and plants has endangered the environment and reduce bio diversity as well as the health of consumers. We become too dependent li"e addicted people as the soil becomes poorer and insect pest become resistant to chemicals used. The world that we have created is dominated by a disregard for #ature and a greed that destroys for profit the environment! the ecosystem and the capacity of the land to produce without artificial human interventions. $seful insects and predators of pests are "illed together with the insect pests with the wide and intensive use of to ic agricultural chemicals. The surviving pest finds no natural enemies! thus they
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increase rapidly resulting in more destructive infestation with more resistant pest to chemical control. We have to recognize the natural laws! governing and balance of nature! its biodiversity and life itself. These simplified guides can help farmers reduce their production cost and become self reliant with renewable crop protection products they can grow and formulate in their own farms! together with their commercial crops and livestoc". They can also ma"e their own fertilizers and soil amendments that will turn their land into productive farms. This can ma"e farmers self reliant and self sustaining Through #atural %arming! we can feed the increasing population of the world with healthful food free from to ic chemical residue. NATURA3 4ARMING To understand natural farming we need to "now the cycle of life and matter. #atural farming as we envision is learning nature&s laws! and using them with care. Ta"e note' Na-/ral 3a+1 are -,e la+1 o. God +,o crea-ed Na-/re# #atural farming is a culture where plants are grown in ())* natural environment with the least human interference and no harmful chemicals or synthetic products used. It is practically leaving the crops grow and produce in their natural environment! and man comes enhances the natural conditions to improve productivity. Then! harvest or gather its products for man&s use. +owever! in the conte t of our discussion! we will be introducing farming systems that will employ and apply more and more organic and biological farm practices. ,r. -aturnina +alos! an agricultural scientist says' .-trictly spea"ing! farming interferes with nature. There are a lot of human interventions in farming./ This is very true! and if we are not careful enough! we may totally lost natures& resources and capacity to produce the food that our growing population needs. We see" to
learn natural organic and biological farming to safeguard the environment and sustain its productive capability. While there is a growing demand for organically grown fruits and vegetables! it is difficult and almost impossible not to use chemical products to increase the production per unit area in a shorter period of time to meet the growing food demand of the increasing population. 0esides plant roots and leaves can only absorb nutrients in their chemical form. 1rganic materials have first to be bro"en down into its basic chemical component to be utilized by plants. -ynthetic chemical products being used in 2griculture were processed and synthesized from organic and3or mineral materials. 0efore life was created! matter first e isted. In the beginning we have water! roc"s! gases! light! solar energy! the earth and atmosphere. There was yet no life. (4ead the +oly -criptures 5The +oly 0ible& 6enesis on 7reation). When the environment became ready! life began to appear in many forms from single cell to the comple form of plants and animals. We learn that evolution is 6od&s continuing process of creation. Matter on the other hand is never lost! it 8ust change in form and substance from solid to li9uid and gas and bac" to solid. %rom its mineral chemical form to organic compound and bac" to mineral and chemical. (Remember man that thou art dust and unto dust thou shall return.). 4oots absorb nutrient in simple chemical form decomposed organic compounds have to be converted to chemical form and are absorbed by plants. :volution as science discovers! life started in the waters in single cell microorganisms in animal and plant form. In ages and millennium the seed of life developed into higher forms as we see them today. Together with life or biological progression! weathering of the environment prepared the development of ecological diversity. -o even at our time! we witness the continuing process of creation and evolution of new varieties and forms of life.
Man with his 6od given intellect is an instrument in the development through the science of breeding and lately genetic engineering and cloning. Man&s technological advances are still following natural laws! which without that! it will be impossible. If we observe the growth and vegetation of natural forests! we will notice the healthy growth of trees! shrubs! grass and other forest vegetation. The soil is fertile! rich in organic humus and there is very limited pest and disease damage. 2nimal life! also abound from microorganisms li"e bacteria! fungus to worms! reptiles! birds and mammals. The plants and animals have grown in their natural environment without interference of man. They may not be as productive as we wish them to be! but we can learn from their growth! survival and production in their natural habitat. :cological and biological diversity can be observed e isting and living in harmony. The soil is "ept fertile with the leaves! branches and other plant parts that mature and drop to the soil surface are decomposed with the aid of bacteria! fungi and other minute organisms that eat and digest them up with moisture (water). This results to the buildup of humus and organic fertilizer! which brea" down into simple chemical form rich in readily available plant nutrients for roots to absorb. 0eneficial microorganisms abound in the fertile organic rich soil that help both in the decomposition of organic materials and suppress or control the spread and multiplication of pests and diseases. Probiotics or beneficial microorganisms help suppress and control the growth of disease causing microbes (bacteria! fungus and virus) and even soil born pests li"e nematodes and insects.
Insect pests are "ept down as both destructive and friendly insects are balancing their population in their natural habitat. This control the buildup of insect infestation is a
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continued process when left to their natural estate. : ample of these are' the use of Trichogramma ostriniae against corn corer and Braconidae or 0raconid Wasps which parasitize other arthropods. 0raconid wasps can be endo; or ecto;parasite! solitary or living in groups as primary or secondary parasites. ,ifferent species may attac" every stage of an insect development< there are braconids that are egg parasites! larval parasites! and parasites of pupae and adult insects. Many parasites are valuable as biological control of pests. 0ig and tall trees protect the soil and other living organisms beneath from too much heat and inclement weather conditions. -oil erosion and depletion is minimized or totally prevented. Trees serve as umbrella in forest and natural habitat. Tree planting in certain sections of the farm is advisable and encouraged. =eep and grow spots of mini forest in your farm to preserve and protect the environment and eco system for the habitation of bio diversity. The environment is preserved as bio;diversity is protected in natural forest vegetation where man has not set its foot on. 2ll of creation and living things have a purpose and role. +erbal and medicinal plants have been destroyed and eliminated with the past century of clearing and cultivating lands for agriculture and crop production. >ero tillage is propagating plants without the artificial means of cultivation. Plants and seeds are spread by growth of rhizomes! vines! carried by wind! water and birds. Modern natural farming systems can learn much from nature&s way of propagating and preserving its species even without the usual land clearing and land preparation involving digging! plowing and harrowing. %ollowing is a farming practice by ancient farmers up to the ?)s where the land is made to rest for a year or two to allow nature to re8uvenate it and enrich the soil fertility and productive capacity. 4esting the soil for one year after si
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years of crop production. Today! this is less practiced due to the limited farming areas. %armlands are chopped down by 724P into small lots @ hectares and smaller. %armers need to ma"e them produce continually without resting! so artificial methods are done to "eep it producing using chemical and organic fertilizers. To adopt natural farming system! we have to understand how the ecosystem responds to man&s interventions. The moment we clear the land! remove the protective trees and cultivate the soil! we have destroyed the natural environment and the e isting eco; system and bio;diversity. The lesser we destroy or remove the natural environment< the closer we get into natural farming. +owever! we can gradually return to natural ways by learning the natural laws governing plant and animal propagation! growth and production. :ome prac-ice1 no+ ein* done and promo-ed a1 na-/ral .armin* prac-ice1: (. >ero cultivation and following! allowing the soil to rest and re8uvenate. A. Integrated Pest Management (IPM). @. Insect traps! lure and attractants. B. $se of 0iological pest control (natural enemies of pest) ?. $se of 1rganic 7ompost fertilizer and bio micro inoculant. C. $se of 1rganic Pest and ,isease control materials. D. $se of indigenous resistant plant varieties and strain. E. Practice crop rotation and following (resting the soil for some time). F. 6rowing and inter;cropping of pest repellant and herbal plants. ().Integrated cropping pattern to prevent growth of to ic weeds. ((.6rowing the right crop on the right soil! climate and at the right time. While the above practices are good and desirable! they have to be done in combination with modern agricultural technology to increase productivity per unit area at shorter possible time. This is because the farming and food production areas do not
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increase! while population continues to increase. %eeding the growing world population needs the ingenuity of man! his talent and ability to invent and innovate as his 7reator endowed in him ;# <ero c/l-i6a-ion= .ollo+in* and allo+in* -,e 1oil -o re1and re>/6ena-e# >ero cultivation has been a long and original practice of man in its first attempt to grow crops. :ven today! "aingineros! those who clear the forest or trees to grow seasonal crops do not cultivate the soil! since it is soft! friable and very fertile. They 8ust ma"e small holes with pointed stic" and drop seeds of rice! corn! vegetable or any crop they wish to grow. 2fter one or two seasons! the soil hardens and hard to wor" on because of e posure to sunlight! necessitating soil cultivation! as the humus and organic content of the soil lessens. Then the farmer starts depending on commercial chemical fertilizers to replace nutrient loss. $nless organic compost materials are augmented to the soil! it will continue deteriorating. To remedy the situation! following! or resting the field for one year! allowing all vegetation including weeds to grow! to bring bac" the natural fertility and bioorganic life into the soil. The use of organic fertilizer in combination to commercial chemical fertilizer will help preserve and sustain the productivity of the land. This has been the practice of ancient farming in :gypt! 0abylon and Israel. Tilling on the other hand promotes healthy soil in cultivated agricultural lands. It e poses the pest and soil born diseases! increases soil aeration and o ygen supply to microorganisms and promotes root growth and penetrates better as the soil is loose. This is done after destroying the natural soil environment through tillage. In orchard farms (fruit tree plantations) where permanent trees are growing! zero tillage can be done! by growing low
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creeping leguminous cover crops li"e 2ra"is pintoy or 2ustralian peanut weed (mani;mani) around and in between tree rows. &# Prac-ice clean c/l-/re# =eeping the field clean will help in preventing the growth and multiplication of pest and diseases. 2ll plant waste and droppings should be gathered in one place to be composted and converted into organic fertilizer. 0efore using the composted organic materials for fertilizer! sanitize them first by e posing them to direct sunlight and dried to eliminate any diseases and eggs of insect pests. ,efoliate over mature and diseased and infested leaves. 2llow sunlight and aeration to penetrate between plants and within the foliage of trees. It will promote the growth of normal and healthy branches and eliminate abnormalities. 7ultivation and weed control will also help not only in soil aeration and softening of soil mass but will also reduce or disturb the breeding place of insect pests and fungal diseases. To bring bac" the natural organic matter! these materials have to be incorporated with the soil as organic fertilizer and manure. ?# In-e*ra-ed Pe1- Mana*emen- (IPM)# Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control program using combination of all practices to reduce or eliminate pest damage. This includes natural! biological and mechanical practices as well as bio and chemical pesticide application. 2mong these practices include the following' a. Planting resistant or tolerant plant varieties. 6rowing indigenous crop varieties with reasonably high productivity should be encouraged. #ew breeds and genetically modified plants are being developed li"e 0t 7orn which are resistant to corn borer infestation. #ew pest and disease resistant with high nutrient food value
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b. c. d.
e.
f.
varieties are being bred and produced through genetic engineering (6M) and natural cross breeding. Timing planting so as the growing and fruiting stages does not coincide with inclement weather conditions and high incidence of pest population. 6rowing boarder or inter;crops that are repellant to insect pests. Practice clean culture! proper pruning and removal of diseases or infested plant parts especially with fruit trees. 4emove all breeding places of insect pests and infected debris rotting near plants and field. $se organic fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizer and supplement the field with compost and pro; biotic (bacteria! yeast G fungus). -anitize compost and organic materials by e posing them to direct sunlight before applying it as fertilizer. Hearn to prepare and use bioorganic pesticides and fungicides as substitute for to ic chemicals.
IPM may also include the following' a. =eep the garden small and the plants varied to prevent insect pests infestation. -olo or mono cropping tends to encourage the multiplication and outbrea" of insect pest that feed on the particular plant grown. Multiple cropping or maintaining a green belt in the farm where vegetation is allowed to grow naturally will be a shelter and home to beneficial organisms! plants and animals including variety of insects that will chec" and control any outbrea" of pests. This will be a natural chec" and balance. b. 2 basic principle in pest management' Plant the right crop on the right soil at the right time. Plant crops at a time when its particular pest is inactive. c. d. Plant indigenous cultivars or plant varieties native to the place. They are resistant to the pests and adapt very well to the local environment. The introduction of hi;
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breeds and high yielding commercial seeds have the tendency of eliminating indigenous varieties that are adopted to the environment as they have survive decades and century of ad8ustments. e. +ealthy organic soil! grow healthy plants that resist pests and diseases. In soils applied with organic matter or humus! animal manure and compost! the soil host a wide variety of micro organisms that are harmful to nematodes and cause diseases to some insect pests thereby allowing the increase in population of beneficial organisms and insects. f. 7rop rotation dissociates microorganism buildup around the plant roots as each crop has a characteristic microbial association. (: ample is pro biotic and nitrogen fi ing bacteria for legumes). #ew microbes are being developed to inoculate the seeds 8ust before planting to introduce them into the soil and help in nitrogen fi ation that enriches the soil. g. 2romatic herbs li"e mint! garlic! marigold! oregano! onion! control nematodes and repel insects! and should thus be grown as companion crop to your garden or farm. h. Tilling promotes healthy soil as it allows aeration bringing supply of o ygen promoting root growth and permit better root penetration brea"ing soil compaction. It e poses pest and soil born diseases to sunlight and disturbs their growth and multiplication. -unlight is a very good and free sanitizer. i. 7rop combination such as legumes and potatoes! control nematodes. Hearn and find out the best crop partners and combinations. Planting tomatoes in between rows of eggplant will reduce fruit fly infestation on eggplant fruits. 6rowing marigold at the border of vegetable plots will also help repel some insect pests.
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(# In1ec- -rap1= l/re and a--rac-an-1# There are many practical and ine pensive ways of controling and managing the population of insects pests in your garden and fields. +ere are some of them that you may adopt'
a. 3i*,- Trap1 @ This practice have been found effective in
unlighted areas. Hight is provided with a basin of water. 2s the nocturnal insects are attracted to the light! they fly and dip into the water! or their wings are singed by the flame of the fire light.
b. 3/re
+i-, a--rac-an-1 A The lures derived from molasses and flower scent (odor)! tantalize both male and female moths (the caterpillar adult stage) with the promise of nectar. The insects fly into the opening of a lure;dispensing trap! never to return. chemical with female insect odor that confuses the male and attracts them to a bait treated with to ic insecticide or they fail to mate with the female insects.
. C,emical 1e0 a--rac-an- A The use of PHEROMONE a
!. Bl/e elec-ric lamp surrounded with electrically charged
mess wire that electrocutes insects upon contact.

e. %ello+ pad1 A Most insect pests are attracted to bright
yellow color. Iellow pad with grease or paste! attract insects during the day and stic"s to the pad as they come in contact. The pad may also be treated with molasses and pesticide to give added attractant and "illing potential. B# U1e o. Biolo*ical Pe1- and Di1ea1e Con-rol# The use of living plant and animals or living organisms to control pest and diseases are called 0iological 7ontrol. They may be microorganisms such as bacteria! fungi! virus or
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bigger life forms li"e insects! worms! reptiles! mammal and birds. Iou can learn to increase the beneficial insects! microorganisms and other animal and plant life in your farms to counter pests and diseases harming your crops. Het us protect and increase these beneficial enemies of pests. C# U1e o. Or*anic 4er-ili2er %ertilizers coming from fermented and decomposed organic materials are very nutritious safe fertilizer materials. They both enrich the soil plant food nutrients! improves the te ture for easier root growth and preserve the soil life such as beneficial bacteria and fungi. We have several recommended formula in preparing organic fertilizer both li9uid and solid form in this handboo". D# U1ed o. Or*anic Pe1- and Di1ea1e Con-rol +erbal preparations to control pest and diseases can easily be made by farmers themselves since we have abundant plants in the Philippines that are suitable ingredient. We offer you several formulations and methods of preparing 0otanical or +erbal pest and diseases concoctions in this handboo" to guide you ma"e your own. E# U1e o. indi*eno/1 re1i1-an- plan- 6arie-ie1 and 1-rain# There are several plant varieties and species that are found resistant or tolerant to certain prevalent pest and diseases. It will be wise for farmers to "now them and grow these type of plants specially during months or season that certain pest and diseases are abundant. F# Prac-ice crop ro-a-ion and .ollo+in* (re1-in* -,e 1oil .or 1ome -ime)# 7rop rotation or changing crops grown in certain areas to avoid the buildup of certain pest or disease affecting certain crops. : ample! rotating onions with pepper or cassava.
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4esting the soil for one to two years to allow natural vegetation and the growth of natural enemies to introduce balance of nature! while enriching your soil environment for future crop production.
;'#Gro+in* and in-er@croppin* o. pe1- repellan- and ,er al plan-1# There are crops that repel certain insect pests. Intercropping tomato with cabbages and cauliflower will help reduce the diamondbac" moth attac"ing cabbages. Hearn what these crop combinations. Iou will not only reduce your cost of pest and disease control but may even increase your income per unit area with the crop combination. ;;#In-e*ra-ed croppin* pa--ern -o pre6en- *ro+-, o. -o0ic +eed1# 7ertain weeds are difficult to remove or control! li"e grasses. Planting vines and crawling crops li"e sweet potato and cover crops will help suppress weeds. 4eplacing the weeds with other beneficial creeping plants li"e 2ra"is pintoy (mani;mani) that covers the spaces between fruit trees and help supply nitrogen to the soil. ;&#Gro+in* -,e ri*,- crop on -,e ri*,- 1oil= clima-e and a-,e ri*,- -ime# There are suitable crops that are ideal for certain season of the year and suitable soils for their healthy and productive growth. Hearn the nature of the plants and their preferences before deciding what to grow in your farm. The Philippines is a located in the tropical zone! so ideal for tropical crops and not much for temperate crops. Het us learn the advantages we have by growing the right crops best suited to our land with good mar"et demand.
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COMMON IN:ECT PE:T: AND THEIR CONTRO3

? ),i- 4lie1 are aphid;li"e small insects that loo" li"e tiny
moth. The nymphs are found in the underside of the leaves or covered parts of the plant as they try to avoid direct sunlight. 4epeat treatment several times Con-rol mea1/re1: o -pray with soap and nicotine solution. o $se tobacco dust. o In every serious case! use "erosene emulsion with soap and water. o -praying or drenching plants with +17;Bn( (+erbal 1rganic 7oncentrate) including the soil at the base of plants will reduce and eventually eliminate infestation.
!? Borer1 hatch inside the stem of plants! eat and grow inside
as caterpillars. The branch or stem infested wilts and die. Con-rol by cutting off the infested stem and burn "illing the pest. Periodic spraying plants with organic insecticide will help repel pests. Introduction of TRICHOGRAMMA & BRACONIDS are very effective and self sustaining borer control. When established in the community! borers no longer can multiply and increase into pest population. -praying of +17;@n( (+erbal 1rganic 7oncentrate at wee"ly interval during flushing! flowering and fruit development stage will greatly reduce infestation until totally eliminated. . "? Co..ee Berr! Borer1 (CBB) The (.? mm bar" beetle spends its entire larval life inside the coffee berry! encases the coffee bean. Male mates inside the berry with females! but never emerge. 1nly the mated female emerge to fly to
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a new berry and bore into it to lay eggs and start the cycle anew. 1nly when the female fly out is it vulnerable to predators or chemical control. Con-rol is difficult with traditional and biological means. 2 %ungus! Beauveria bassiana, attac"s a wide range of insects! including 700. The techni9ue is to get the fungus in contact with the insect pest. The fungus can become ENDOPH%TIC A meaning! once introduced to the plant! it integrates with plant tissues. %our methods are employed. (. In8ecting it into the stem! A. -praying it on the leaves and other parts of the plant! @. -oa"ing the seeds in it and B. ,renching soil with it. The purpose is to ma"e the fungus thrive in the plant so that the coffee berry borer can become e posed to it and be infected and die. -praying the coffee trees with +17;@n( (+erbal 1rganic 7oncentrate) once in (? days will help reduce and eventually eliminate infestation.
;? Ca-erpillar1 feed on leaves and tender parts of the plant.
0utterfly and moth underneath the leaves usually lay eggs. Con-rol mea1/re1: o -pray "erosene emulsion and wet the egg clusters to destroy them. o +andpic" the caterpillar and destroy them. o Pic" leaves with cluster of eggs and burn them. o Introduce natural enemies in the environment li"e Braconid1 and other beneficial insects and predators. o -pray and drench the plant with +17;Bn( (+erbal 1rganic 7oncentrate) when pest are observed.
%? C/-+orm1 attac" newly transplanted vegetable seedlings
or chew leaves and tender parts. Con-rol mea1/re1:

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o 7hec" at night with flashlight and gather pest and mechanically destroy them. o 7ultivate and e pose the soil of seedlings attac"ed by cutworm! locate them and destroy. o Placing a stic" or toothpic"3matchstic" at the side of the seedling stem buried will prevent cutworms from encircling cutting the stem. o -pray or drench the plant with +17;Bn( (+erbal 1rganic 7oncentrate) including the soil at the base of the plant.
(? 3ea. miner1 are grub inside the leaf. It develops into pupa
and drops into the ground. It causes minor damage to leaves Con-rol measures' o +erbs with strong smell repel adult&s flies and other insect pest. Intercropping or planting strong smelling herbs in your garden will lessen infestation. o 7hic"ens and birds feed on pupa in the ground. Ma"ing your garden and farm a haven for birds will help reduce insect infestation. o If possible! plant trees bearing fruits and berries edible to birds in your farm. Maintain a watershed or mini forest for haven of wild life. o ,usting wood ash and +1P;@n( (+erbal 1rganic Powder) on leaves will repel leaf miner fly.
,? Meal!
/*1 are scale insects covering stems and branches of plants! suc"ing its sap. This pest if not controlled early can destroy entire orchard. Con-rol mea1/re1: o -pray alcohol on the mealy bugs. It penetrates the wa y shell li"e protective cover! "illing the insect. o -praying "erosene with tobacco and soap plus Malathion is effective for field control of orchard fruit trees li"e mango.
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o 4epeat spraying every wee" until the pest is totally under control. o Wee"ly spray of +17;@n( (+erbal 1rganic 7oncentrate) for insect pests.
.? 4r/i- 4lie1 are common and serious pest on fruits li"e
mango! guava! 8ac" fruit and other fruits and vegetables. The fly lays eggs into the fruit and hatch into maggot that burrow inside fruits. They eat up portion of the fruit and open it to secondary rot infection. Con-rol mea1/re1: o 6ather all infested fruits and bury or burn them to destroy the pest. o $se bait li"e methyl eugenol or hydrolicate with insecticide. o ,ip ripe fruits li"e aromatic guava! 8ac" fruit in Malathion of other insecticides! and place them on branches of trees every A) meters apart. o Mi two teaspoon of household ammonia and J teaspoon soap powder in a 9uart of water. %ill a 8ar with mi ture and put the 8ar right nest to the sunny side of the plant. 7hange the bait once a wee" or if it is diluted by rainwater. o Plant strong smelling herbal plants within your garden and farm.
2? :G/a1,
/*1 lay eggs on s9uash. They develop into gray nymphs with fat bodies and blac" legs. They suc" the sap of s9uash and other plants with tender shoots and flowers li"e mango. Con-rol mea1/re1: o -prin"le the plant with hydrated lime or wood ash. o %ind the eggs and crush them. o Trap them with a thin flat board place slightly tilted in the garden. The bugs assemble beneath the board where they can be gathered and destroyed.
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o -praying "erosene with tobacco and soap plus Malathion is effective for field control of orchard fruit trees li"e mango. o 4epeat spraying every wee" until the pest is totally under control. o -pray +17;@n( on wee"ly interval.
0? Roo- ma**o- o. .lie1 laid its eggs near roots of plants li"e
corn! vegetables. The hatched maggots feed on the roots! and wea"en the plant. When in heavy population! they wilt and "ill the plants. Con-rol mea1/re1: o -prin"le wood ash around the stem of newly transplanted seedlings. o Incorporate chopped marigold into the soil. o $se organic fertilizers. o -prin"le +1P;@n( (+erbal 1rganic Powder) for insect pests.
? Ap,id1 H Green H Blac5 .l! ma"es your plant loo"s spindly
and pale. They attac" the leaves and stem. 2phids can change color to match plant color. It Metamorphose from nymphs to adult! with or without wings. When they are over crowded! they develop wings and fly to neighboring plants of the same family. They have (A days cycle to maturity. Con-rol mea1/re1: o Ma"abuhay (Tinospora rumphi) K 4oots! stem and leaves li9uid e tract mi with water and soap is a good spray against flies! aphids! moth! worm and other insects. o 2tis (2nona s9uamos) seeds are grind into powder and mi ed with water and soap. $se as spray on aphids. o -pray +17;@n( on wee"ly interval until pest are controled.
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U:E O4 ORGANIC PE:T AND DI:EA:E CONTRO3 MATERIA3: We have a long list of biological pest and disease control and prevention materials at the later part of this paper for your guide! in case you decide to ma"e your own botanical organic pesticides and fungicides. 4esearch found Marigold to repel or eliminate nematodes within a meter radius from the plant. The roots give off chemical diffusate that is to ic to nematodes. Many other plants and herbs have been found to have insecticide and fungicidal properties. Iou may follow theses simple steps in preparing organic pest and disease e tracts for your garden use' PREPARING %OUR O)N PE:TICIDE While so many farmers are complaining of the high and even increasing cost of commercial agricultural chemicals! they can ma"e and prepare their own with cheaper and available materials they can secure in their community or even grow in their own farm. 2mong these are the following' ;# 3ime 1/l./r po+der a1 na-/ral ./n*icide b. -ecure (;"ilo very fine lime and (;"ilo sulfur powder. c. Mi at ('( ratio. d. 2dd (;gallon water. e. 0ottle and seal tightly. f. -pray to plants for the control of fungal diseases of both garden and farm crops.
2. )a-er is a universal solvent and cleaning agent. +ome
gardens with good water supply! while watering their plants

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can wash them with pressure hose to remove insect pests! fungus and bacterial infections. This practice is even done to big trees with power sprayers. -praying clean water can wash off mites! ants! spidermites! and even fungal infections and other insect pests. With this practice many home gardens never use to ic chemicals to spray their plants against pests and diseases.
3. :ea )a-er is one source of good fungicide and insect
repellant as well as providing the plant with added trace mineral elements. +owever it may need dilution with fresh water to reduce its to icity to plants specially those with thin leaves and sensitive tissues. (# :oap or De-er*en- and +a-er o ,issolve two (A) ounces soap fla"e to thee (@) gallons of water. o 0ottle the stoc" solution! ready for spraying. -oap washings may be used. o ,issolve three; (@) tbs. of soap fla"e3powder in one (() gallon of water. -oap washing may also be used. o -pray the plants with the stoc" solution against insect pest attac"ing your garden plants. The soap solution is effective control against mites! aphids! ants and other garden insect pest. It can also control fungal infection. B# :oap and Kero1ene a. 0uy soap and "erosene from your local store. b. Mi J cup soap water L J tbs. of "erosene L one liter water. -tir the mi ture to form stoc" solution. o Place stoc" solution in bottle ready for use. $se this solution when infestation is serious. 2dding Malathion insecticide will help increase "illing potency. o -pray plants for the control of garden pests such as aphids! ants! mealy bugs! mites and spider mites! etc.
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C# :oap and Aroma-ic Her 1 a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean ( 1nion! ( 6arlic! ( tbs. +ot Pepper. b. 7hop 3 cut materials into small pieces. $se grinder. c. Pound 3 grind the different materials to e tract 8uice. d. %ilter the different materials separately. e. To the filtered 8uice of different materials! add (; 9uart water. Het it stand for one hour and add (;tbs. li9uid soap detergent. Place the mi ture in tightly covered 8ars and store in a cool dar" place for a wee" as stoc" solution. f. 0ottles stoc" solution ready for botanical pesticide. -praying garden plants with botanical pesticide. This spray ma"es use of the repellant 9uality of onion! garlic and pepper. The soap serves as stic"er and spreader. D# $ine*ar a# 0uy vinegar from your local dealer. 0ottle the vinegar as stoc" solution. # -pray plants with vinegar (stoc" solution) for the control of powdery mildew and other fungal diseases. Minegar and other acids is good material for fungus eradication. E# $ine*ar I 4ermen-ed :/*ar a. 0uy vinegar and sugar (brown or moscovado) from your local dealer b. Mi the fermented sugar and vinegar at ('( ratio and place in bottle as toc" solution. c. -pray to plants stoc" solution for control of pest and fungal diseases. d. 2dding water and soap can help spread the stoc" solution but could dilute the material to be less effective. F# $e*e-a le oil
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a. 0uy vegetable oil from your local dealer. This serves as stoc" solution. b. 2dd water and soap (( part oil L ? parts water L N part soap) and spray to plant to control spider mites and scale insects. ;'# Cr/de oil a. 0uy crude oil from your local gas station dealer. b. Mi soap and water to form your stoc" solution. (()) grams powder soap L ( liter crud oil L ( liter water). c. Mi to stoc" solution to (C liters of water and spray to plants against scale insects! mite! aphids and other insect pest and fungus. ;;# )ood A1, a. We can control root maggots in radish! cabbage! onion and other brassicas by spreading fresh wood ash around the plant roots. 2shes are then covered lightly with soil. b. Wood ash can also control snails! slugs and cutworms by encircling plants with @;B inches wide trench! (;A inches deep and fill the trench with ash. c. -praying cucumber beetle with a mi ture of e9ual parts of wood ash! powdered line and soap is an effective control. d. -pray wood ash with water and soap can control flea beetle of tomatoes. ;&#$ine*ar and 6ine*ar +i-, .ermen-ed oil a# $ine*ar () 0uy vinegar from your local dealer. 0ottle the vinegar as stoc" solution. A) -pray plants with vinegar (stoc" solution) for the control of powdery mildew and other fungal diseases. Minegar and other acids are good material for fungus eradication. # $ine*ar I 4ermen-ed :/*ar
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(. Minegar and sugar (brown or moscovado) from your local dealer A. Mi the fermented sugar and vinegar at ('( ratio and place in bottle as toc" solution. @. 2dding water and soap can help spread the stoc" solution but could dilute the material to be less effective. B. -pray to plants stoc" solution for control of pest and fungal diseases. JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ J KNO) ABOUT HERBA3 P3ANT: Aloe A OM.:.P6r.aloe, dried 8uice of aloe leavesQ 2ny plant of the liliaceous genus Aloe, chiefly 2frican! various species of which yield a purgative drug! aloin! and fiber< also! the century plant! 2merican aloe. Aloe 6era= one of the species contain manapol which contain vitamin! amino acid! macro and micronutrients and polysaccharides. It has an immunostimulant property. It contain a rich source of 1aponin1 which is to ic on herbivores! detergent! and destroy pathogen membranes. It has insect repellant! anti fungal! anti viral and anti bacterial property. The new compounds were found in the sterol fraction of the leaf. The presence of these agents in 2loe are very important. 7ampesterol! cholesterol! and 0;sitosterol are plant sterols which possess chemical structures which are anti; inflammatory. Hupeol! a hydrochloride! is also an antiseptic and analgesic agent. In (FEA! a $niversity of 7hicago 0urn 7enter 4eport which will be e amined in more detail later in this te t recommended the presence of -alicylic 2cid but adds that this aspirin;li"e compound is a brea"down product from aloin (barbaloin) found in the sap. 1ther researchers have identified the presence of small amountof $rea #itrogen! another anti;microbial agent! in the sap.
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%rom the evidence obtain from research! one can postulate that 2loe vera wor"s without to ic or allergic effects because of its nutrient and water content acts as a buffers. The nutrients also are essential to tissue growth and function. The plant controls (or eliminates) infection because of natural antiseptic agents K -ulfur! Phenols! Hupeol! -alicylic 2cid! 7innamonic 2cid! and $rea #itrogen. It controls inflammation due to its anti;inflammatory fatty acids! 7holesterol! 7ampesterol and 0;sitosterol! and it limits or stop pain because of its content of Hupeol! -alicylic 2cid and Magnesium. 2cting together! these agents and the leaves! other agents constitute the synergestic relationship. Thus! we see a rational e planation for the numerous reports that 2loe Mera eliminates many internal and e ternal infections! limit or eliminates inflammation! and is highly effective pain "iller. 7hemistry e plains 2loe&s ability to wor" as an effective treatment for burns! cuts! scrapes! and abrasions as well as for the treatment of many inflammatory conditions such as rheumatic fever! arthritis of all "inds! disorder of the s"in! mouth! esophagus! stomach! small intestine! colon! and other internal organs such as the "idney! spleen! pancreas! and liver. It is important to remember that an anti;inflammatory and anti; bacterial agents are found in the sap and the rind of the plant! not in gel. 2t the same time one must not forget that the basic nutrient and other agents are widely dispersed throughout the plant K meaning the sap! the gel! and the rind. K and about FE* of the water is confined to the gel. This "nowledge should help put pseudo; scientific fallacies to rest! especially the wide held myth that the gel of the plant is totally responsible for the healing ability of 2loe Mera. 2t the same time! we need not avoid an overreaction! which dismisses the gel as worthless. The gel is important as a buffering agent. Therefore! the theory of a synergistic relationship is the one! which is supportable with both history and science. 2t this point in our research for the truth! we have a chemical e planation of 2loe vera&s ability to heal through its capability to
27
control or "ill a number of disease causing microbes! to alleviate (or eliminate) pain! and to counteract inflammation. We "now that it has been repeatedly stated that the plant has all these abilities! and more. 2s yet we have not even mention 2loe vera&s reported ability to eliminate e cessive water from tissue! to aid digestion! to balance body acidity! to eliminate or greatly reduce scarring. To regenerate hair follicles! to return in8ured or damaged s"in to its normal health color! or any other benefits that will be e plored as we move from the theoretical bac" to the practical. JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJ Neem Tree (2zadiracta indica) #eem originated in the regions of 2sia! India! 0urma and Thailand. #ow the tree grows in the tropical and arid regions in other parts of the globe. It is a fast growing tree adapts to semi;arid areas with A?) K A))) mm rainfall per year. It can grow in poor soils but will not tolerate in high moisture soils and constant humidity. #eem tree flowers are small and white. %ruit is oblong small in size about A cm long grows in bundles. Hight green and turns yellow when ripe. Many parts of the tree! from roots to fruits contain natural organic insecticide properties! which can be e tracted and used by farmers and gardeners. Preparin* neem 1pra!# Pound the leaves! bar" or seeds at ('A ratio. -oa" in water overnight and use e tract as spray for lepidopterous pests! bacterial wilt! nematodes! fruit flies! beetles! aphids and leaf hoppers. 7a"e can be used as mulch or mi ed with soil to control bacteria! fungi and nematodes. U1e1 o. Neem:
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a. 2s an insecticide! neem e tracts from roots! bar"! leaves and seeds have strong anti;feeding insecticide properties. Insects affected and sensitive to neem e tracts are the following' ;@ &@ ?@ (@ B@ C@ 7oleoptera beetles about A) species. ,iptera flies K ? species. +emiptera bugs K (B species. Isoptera termites K A species. Hepidoptera butterflies and moth K A? species. 1rthoptera locust and grasshoppers K ? species.
Insects that show resistance to neem e tracts are scale insects! mealy bugs! bar" eating caterpillars! and some pests infesting stored grains and seeds. #eem e tracts from leaves! fruits and bar" have a strong repellant! anti;feedant and insecticide property. The #eem seed oil e tract is a repellant to termites and nematodes. : tracts affect the food inta"e of insects! its digestion and physiological control mechanism (hormones) of insect growth that results in abnormalities in its molting process. Insect fertility is also affected! reducing greatly its fertile eggs. b. The wood can be bused for lumber K construction. It is resistant to termites and woodworms. Wood chips can be used as paperboard! and e cellent mulching material. c. $se for greening urban communities! along roadsides and par"s! provide shed! clean the air pollution! acting as wind brea"er! serves as water shed and prevents soil erosion! green barrier against spread of forest fires. d. $se as fodder for goats and sheep. It contains (?* protein and low in cellulose content. e. It is also very good soil conditioner and organic fertilizer. #eem ca"e or fruit pulp mi ed with urea or other commercial chemical fertilizers will help restrict the growth of denitrifying bacteria. This reduces the brea"down of nitrogen in fertilizers
29
and optimizes the efficiency of fertilizers applied to the soil. 0lending urea with #eem ca"e saves A)* of nitrogen fertilizer and increases yield by up to (?* in India. #eem ca"e significantly increases growth of azola and reduces insect (Pyralis sp.) infestation also in India. f. The e tracted 8uice is used as medicine. :ffective treatment for septic wounds! ulcer! s"in diseases! stomach worms and malaria. Pharmaceutical preparations as nimbidin! based ointment! soap! toothpaste! cosmetics! denaturant and edible fats. g. The crude oil from seeds is used as lubricant. #eem seed oil mi ed with soap and water is very effective spray against a wide range of insect pests. It is safe for bathing pets li"e dogs! cats and birds to dispel lice. TOBACCO (BAR C,ronicle K/l! &''?) To acco has been used by man for various reasons. Today it is used more for smo"ing because of its addicting pleasure. Tit is also used as food and feed! insect pest and disease medication for animals! pets and poultry. .This is an herb of marvelous virtue against wounds! ulcers! herpes and all other things/ says Rean #icot in the (?th century! %rench ambassador to Portugal who introduced the tobacco plant to %rance. Today! our scientist continue research on tobacco. They confirmed that it has medicinal properties as antibacterial! antifungal! and topical analgesics. #ational Tobacco 2dministration (#T2) are formulating tobacco seed oil and leaf e tract for medication. It has been reported in the ,2;024 7hronicle! that tobacco dust! if sprayed in li9uid form! can be used in vegetable crops to "ill insect pests such as golden snails! corm weevils! rain moths! and red flour beetle. -taunch advocates of organic farming are delighted with the beneficial uses of tobacco to control plant pests and diseases.
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O-,er ,er al plan-1 The Philippine is very rich in different herbal plants that are suitable for pest and disease control. -ome of them are discussed in this handboo".
ORGANIC 4ARMING Many of the above discussions on #atural %arming practices including most items on Integrated Pest Management are part of 1rganic %arming practices. In these following discussions! we will be introducing farming practices that will be focused on the use of organic materials instead of synthetic chemical products.
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ HO) TO PREPARE O)N ORGANIC PE:TICIDE AND 4UNGICIDE # Ga-,er plan-1 +i-, 1-ron* repellin* odor and -a1-e= li5e p/n*en- (,o-) pepper= lac5 pepper= -o acco= onion= *in*er= *arlic= mari*old= ore*ano= i--er 6ine= derri1= neem= aloe 6era= mari*old= 5aman-i*/i= */a6a lea6e1= c/rr! lea6e1= ipil@ipil lea6e1 and 1eed1= madre de cacao lea6e1= ca1-or ean 1eed= -/ a@-/ a lea6e1 and 1eed1= adel.a and o-,er plan-1 -,a- repel or 5ill in1ec-1 and ,a6e ./n*icidal proper-!# c# C,op and place -,em in a lender +i-, eG/al amo/no. +a-er and lend or Po/nd and e0-rac- -,e >/ice or 1ap (.l/idHliG/id)# 4or re+= oil -,e ma-erial= cool and 1epara-e -,e liG/id -ea#
31
d# :-rain -,e liG/id and mi0 one (;) -ea1poon po+dered de-er*en- per li--er and place in o--le a1 1-oc5 1ol/-ion# e# Upon 1pra!in* mi0 one (;) -a le1poon o. 1-oc5 1ol/-ion .or e6er! li--er o. +a-er# (; - 1p# per ;' ml# +a-er) Do1a*e ma! e increa1ed or decrea1ed a1 !o/ .ind i-1 e..ec-i6ene11 -o !o/r crop# JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 9ERBAL TEA )RE)ARATIONS FOR )LANT )ROTECTION "re#are! by: RE@ A? RI=ERA- Agronomist 9ERBAL TEA #re#aration $or #%ant #rote tion an be ma!e by t&e $armers rig&t in t&eir o'n $arm 'it&o(t !e#en!ing too m( & on ommer ia% &emi a% #esti i!es an! $(ngi i!es. )&e $o%%o'ing #ro e!(re are sim#%e an! %o' ost t&at an be !one by t&e $armers t&emse%ves. MATERIALS NEE0E0A 200 %iters a#a ity #%asti !r(m. *rin!er + &o##er an! mortar , #est%e -lusong pambayo. /trainer+s reen+ %ot& -salaan. 0i##er -tabo.. 1oo!en %a!%e + #a!!%e -Kahoy na panghalo. 2res& %ean 'ater -tubig na malinis. 3erba% materia%s - Halamang panghalo. 10 4i%os *inger -Luya. 5 4i%os *ar%i -Bawang. 5 4i%os A%oe vera -Sabila. 10 4i%os 3ot #e##er - Siling labuyo. 30 4i%os 5eem tree %eaves -Dahon ng Neem Tree. 30 4i%os 6a!re !e 7a ao %eaves -Dahon ng Kakawati. 5 4i%os 0erris -Tubli. 5 4i%os Bitter vine -Panyawan//Makabuhay. 8t&er &erbs 'it& inse ti i!e, $(ngi i!e an! #est re#e%%ant #ro#erties.
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)ROCE0UREA ? )re#are t&e above materia%s. I han!a an! mga gamit" 2. *rin! or #on! t&e &erbs se#arate%y. Durugin at bayuhin an! mga halaman na magkakahiwalay" 3. "%a e a%% gro(n! an! #o(n!e! &erbs in t&e #%asti !r(m. Ilagay ang lahat ng !inurog at binayong halaman sa !ram na plastik" 4. 2i%% t&e !r(m 'it& $res& %ean 'ater. Punuin ng malinis na tubig ang !ram" 5. 6ix t&e materia%s 'it& a 'oo!en %a!%e Haluin ang tubig at !inurog na halaman gamit ang kahoy na panghalo" 6. /tay overnig&t or one !ay to a%%o' t&e &erb 9(i e to mix 'it& 'ater. 3erba% tea.. "abayaan ng mag!amag o mag&a#on (#ang ang 4atas ng mga &a%aman ay ma&a%o sa t(big na magiging tsaa. 7. *et &erba% tea $rom !r(m #ass t&ro(g& s reen strainer :(nin an$ t(big o tsaa sa !ram #araanin sa s reen na sa%aan. 8. A!! e;(a% amo(nt o$ $res& %ean 'ater to t&e &erba% tea. 0ag!agan ng #res4ong t(big ang tsaa na 4asing !ami. 9. "%a e in s#rayer or s#rin4%er. <%agay sa s#rayer o sa riga!era. 10./#ray on #%ants, !ren & $rom base, tr(n4, bran &es an! %eaves. /#ray o !i%igin ang &a%ama, basain m(%a %(#a, #(no, sanga at !a&on. 11.Re#eat s#raying 3 or 7 !ays interva% as t&e nee! arises. #litin ang pag spray o pagbibisbis tuwing ikatlo o isang lingo ayon sa pangangailangan" $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ HERBAL ORGANIC CONCENTRATE )RE)ARATION 9#r5al Organic Conc#ntrat# *9OC+ #re#aration is !one in a stri t %aboratory #ro e!(re by &emist to ins(re its stan!ar! ;(a%ity an! stabi%ity $or a %ong se%$=%i$e an! e$$i a y (#on a##%i ation on #%ants.
33
Mat#rialsA ? *rin!ing an! #o(n!ing e;(i#ment. !? B%en!er "? >(i e extra tor, #resser 'it& strainer. ;? 2res& &erbs. %? /tain%ess, #%asti or bott%e! ontainers. )roc#dur#A ? *at&er $res& &erbs an! (t into sma%% #ie es. !? *rin!, #o(n! an! extra t 9(i e. "? 0e&y!rate to re!( e moist(re. ;? A!! #reservative %? Bott%e or #%a e in !ar4 o%ore! ontainers. (? ?abe% or sti 4 mar4er 'it& a##ro#riate instr( tion o$ (se. ,? /tore in %ean, oo%, !ry, !ry an! !ar4 #%a e. .? 7&e 4 over $rom time to time, an! %oosen to re%ease gas b(i%!(#. 2? /ea% tig&t%y '&en trans#orting. 0? 2o%%o' instr( tion on %abe% '&en (sing. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ PREPARING FOLIAR ORGANIC FERTILI&ER Mat#rialsA ? 7&o##er an! grin!er !? "%asti , eart&en, g%ass or ename%e! ontainer. "? 1oo!en #a!!%e mixer. ;? 8rgani an! &erba% materia%s. %? Bro'n s(gar -mos ova!o + 4in(gay. or mo%asses. )roc#dur#A ? *at&er organi materia%s -2is&, meat, sea 'ee!s, $r(its, &erbs. !? 7&o# an! grin!. "? "%a e in non=meta% ontainer -g%ass, #%asti , ename% or eart&en 9ar..
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;? A!! e;(a% amo(nt o$ bro'n s(gar or mo%asses an! e$$e tive mi roorganism. %? 7over 'it& %ot& an! $erment $or 2 to 4 'ee4s. (? *et 9(i e an! #%a e in !ar4 o%ore! ontainer -"%asti o$ g%ass. an! over. ?abe% t&e organi $o%iar $erti%iAer 'it& instr( tion o$ storage an! (se. JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ BOTANICA3 PE:T CONTRO3 The Philippines is rich in various varieties and species of plants that can be used to regulate and control pests and diseases. Theses plant species are endangered because they are not "nown! or the local farmers do not "now their uses. %armers by clearing and burning continually destroy them! as they are considered weeds and a hindrance to their crop production. +ere is a short list of plants that can be effective against a wide range of insect pest including those attac"ing the mango.
?
GOAT )EED (Ae*ara-/m coni1oide1) 3ea6e1@ : tract 8uice and spray against diamond blac" moth and cotton -teiner. DAMONG MARIA (Ar-eme1ia 6/l*ari1) 3ea6e1 A Pound! e tract 8uice and spray at the rate of A to B tbs. per (C litters of water wit detergent or 2>B( and spray against cotton borer and mango tip borer. 3ANTANA (3an-ana camara) 4lo+er1 A Pound and store around the grains to serve as repellant against weevils. DITA (Derri1 p,ilippinen1i1) Roo-1 K Pound and e tract 8uice. -pray at the rate of ( cup per gallon of water or powder! mi with detergent or 2>B( and spray at the rate of (A) grams powder L A?) to @)) grams detergent per B
35
!?
"?
;?
gallons of water against diamond blac" moth and other insect pests.
%?
)I3D :UN43O)ER (Te-,ornia di6er1i.olia) 3ea6e1 A Pound and e tract 8uice and use as spray at the rate of ( to A "g. %ruit per litter of water against cotton -teiner! blac" armyworm and diamond blac" moth. MARIGO3D (Tar*e-e1 erec-a) Roo-1 K 2 mi ture from the pounded leaves! flowers and roots soa"ed in water at a proportion of ?)) grams3liter of water has been found to be effective against lipidopterous pests! leafhoppers! beetles and house flies. The remaining ca"e can be used as a mulch or mi ed with the soil to control nematodes and other soil pests. Marigold inter;cropped with vegetables li"e eggplants are said to repel insects from the plantation. : tract 8uice and spray at the rate of A to B teaspoon 8uice per litter of water mi detergent or %22 (%ish 2mino 2cid) against green leafhopper! brown plant hopper! diamond blac" moth and aphids. 4RENCH MARIGO3D (Tar*e-e1 pa-/la) Roo-1 A Pound and e tract 8uice at one;"ilogram roots mi with one litter of water and detergent or 2>B( then spray directly into the soil against green aphids and grain borer. B3ACK PEPPER (Piper ni*r/m) 4r/i-1 A Pulverize seeds and mi with water and spray. -pread powder around stored grains against cotton -teiner! diamond blac" moth! common cutworms and corn weevil. MAKABUHA% (Tino1pora r/mpii) $ine1 K Pound leaves and stem to e tract 8uice. Mi the 8uice with water and stir thoroughly. The mi ture can be used as spray for blac" bugs! steam borer! diamond bac" moth and leafhoppers. : tract 8uice and spray at the rate of (? to A) tbsp. 8uice per ? gallons water against diamond blac" moth and green leafhoppers.
(?
,?
.?
2?
36
0?
HOT PEPPER (7apscium frutesens) %ruit K This can be effective for the controlling of lepidopterous persts! other chewing insects and pest for stored products. Mash mature fruits! add water! strain and use the mi ture as spray. %or stored product pests! pulverize the fruits and spread in storage area. Pound and e tract 8uice and spray at the rate of A to @ cups fruit per litter of water against rice moth. HOT PEPPER @ 4esearches from the $niversity of the Philippines at Hos 0anos! Haguna have found that :ilin* 3a /!o (Ho- Pepper) fruit! s"in and seeds are all effective against ants! aphids! caterpillars! 7olorado beetle! cabbage worms! warehouse and storage pests! cucumber mosaic! ring spot virus! tobacco virus and other crop diseases. 0riefly! siling labuyo serves as an insecticide! repellant! anti; feedant! fumigant and anti;viroid. CU:TARD (Annona aG/amo1a) :eed1 A Powder and disperse in water! then strain and use as spray against rice pest.
;&# #::M (2zadiracta indica) -eeds K 4emove hus" of two to three handful of mature seeds! winnow or put in water to float away the hus"! 6rind seeds into fine particles. -oa" ground seeds in @ to ? litters of water for at least (A hours. %ilter the solution! add detergent or 2>B(! then use the spray against rice pest! diamond blac" moth and mango leafhoppers.
"?
TOBACCO A 7hop or grind tobacco leaves! stal" and root. -oa" in water for (@ to @C hours. -train tea solution< mi detergent! 2>B( or 2loe vera e tract and spray against a wide species of insects including hoppers and worms. MADRE DE CACAO# Pound the roots! leaves and bar" and soa" in water at a proportion of ?))g3liter of water. Het it stand overnight. $se the concoction as spray for lepidopterous pests and fleas. : ample of lepidopterous pests are the larvae of moths! and butterflies that are
;?
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usually seen as worms eating the leaves and fruits of many vegetables. In a particular research! entomologists at $PH0 have found that wild (labuyo) pepper is effective as protectant for storing corn and rice grains against weevils and red flour beetles. To protect the grains from the insects! the researchers soa"ed the sac"s for AB hours in the fresh (siling labuyo) e tract. Hater they noted that the rice and corn were undamaged for over a month. -imilarly they also found out that mi ing the air;dried hot pepper powder with rice effectively protected the grains for over A months without affecting the flavor. +ot pepper e tract mi ed with paint! caul"s! glue and rubber coating materials have been found effective repellant against a wide range of pests. Anti!ote $or a i!enta% ontamination or onta t 'it& &ot #e##er #re#aration in %(!es o%! s'eet, sa%ty, an! so(r $oo!s. 2atty $oo!s seem to oo% !o'n b(rn !(e to t&e so%(bi%ity o$ a#sai in to oi%. )&e better oo% !o'ns in %(!e $r(ity i e ream - o%!, s'eet, so(r an! $atty. or best $roAen yog(rt. <n ase o$ s4in ontamination, 'as& or ta4e a bat& 'it& soa# an! o%! 'ater. The following plants with their simple preparations can substitute or replace the chemical fungicides. This is ideal for growing organic fruit free from to ic chemicals. 1rganically grown fruits and vegetables have a fast growing mar"et demand with the 9uic"ly spreading belief about hazards of to ic chemicals in food crops.
? GAR3IC (Alli/m 1a-i6/m) Clo6e1 A 7hop finely! soa" in two
teaspoon of oil for one day. Mi with half litter of soapy water and filter. Mi one part solution with A) parts water! then spray. ,isease organisms controlled' 2lternaria! 7ercospora! 7olletotrichum! 7urvularia! ,iplodia! %usarium! +elmitosporium! and Pestalotia (fruit rot! early blight! purple blotch! leaf spot! leaf mold! frog eye! anthracnose! fruit rot! smudge! leaf blight! and fruit and stem rot! damping off! stem and root rot! wilt! and curly top.)
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!? ACAPU3CO (Ca11ia ala-a) 3ea6e1 A : tract 8uice and spray
at the rate of (;cup 8uice per litter of water. -pray on plants infected with 2ltenaria! 7ercospora! 7olletetrichum! ,iplodia! %usarium! +elminthusporium and Pestalotia.
"?
AMARANTH (Amaran-,/1 *racili1) 3ea6e1 K : tract 8uice of one;"ilogram leaves! them mi in three litters of water and spray against 2ltenaria! 7ercospora! 7olletotrichum! 7urvularia! +elminthusporium! and Pestalotia. use infusion as spray. This is effective against 7ercospora and ,iplodia.
;? PAPA%A (Carica papa!a) Heaves K Pound! soa" in water and
%? :EN:ITI$E P3ANT H MAKAHI%A (Mimo1a p/dica) ),ole
plan- A Pound and soa" in water and use infusion as spray against ,iplodia and Pestalotia (fruit and leaf spot.)
(? DAMONG MARIA (Ar-emi1ia 6/l*aria) 3ea6e1 K : tract
8uice and use as spray at the rate of two to five table spoon full 8uice per liter of water against 2ltenaria! fruit rot! early blight! purple blotch and leaf spot.
,? GINGER (<in*i er o..icianale) R,i2ome A : tract 8uice and
use as spray against 7ercospora leaf mold! leaf spot! early blight and frogeye disease.
.? KAKA)ATI
H MADRE DE CACAO (Gliricida 1epi/m) 3ea6e1 K : tract 8uice of one "ilo leaves! then mi 8uice with three litters of water and use as spray against 7ercospora leaf mold! leaf spot! early leaf blight and frogeye disease. one;"ilogram leaves! mi with three litters of water and use as spray against 7ercospora.
2? MA%ANA (Cole/1 1c/-ellarioide1) 3ea6e1 A : tract 8uice of
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0? 3AGUNDI ($i-e0 ne*/ndo) Heaves K : tract 8uice of one
"ilogram leaves and mi es with three litters of water and spray against 7ercospora.
? :AMBONG (Bl/mea
al1ami.era) 3ea6e1 A : tract 8uice and mi with water at ('( ratio and spray against 7ercospora. soa" in small amount of water. $se the infusion as spray against -oltinaria (fruit rot! early blight! purple blotch! leaf spot)< 7ercospora (leaf mold! leaf spot! early blight! frogeye disease)< 7olletotrichum (leaf blight! 2nthracnose! fruit rot)< 7urvularia (leaf blight)< +elminthusporium (leaf spot! leaf blight)< Pestalotia (leaf spot).
!? IPI3@IPI3 (3e/caena le/cocep,ala) 3ea6e1 K Pound and
"? RED ONION (Alli/m 1epa) B/l
A 7hop finely and soa" in two teaspoon of oil for one day. Mi with half litter of soapy water and filter. Mi one part of the solution to A) parts of water then spray to control' 7ercospora (leaf mold! leaf spot! early blight! frogeye disease)< 7olletotrichum (leaf spot! anthracnose! fruit rot)< 7urvularia %usarium (leaf spot! leaf blight)< +elminthusporium (leaf spot! leaf blight)< Pestalotia (wilt! curly top! leaf blight and leaf spot). H HOR:EHEAD DI:H (Morin*a olei.era) 3ea6e1 A : tract 8uice of one "ilo and mi with three litters of water and use as spray against 2ltenaria! 7olletotrichum! ,iplodia and Pestalotia. of one "ilogram leaves and mi with three litters of water then use as spray against %usarium (damping off! stem root rot! blight)< +elminthusporium (wilt! curly top leaf blight).
;? DRUM:TICK
%? KAMANTIGUI (Impatiens balsa mina) Heaves K : tract 8uice
(? MANA (Ratropha multipida) Heaves K : tract 8uice of one
"ilogram leaves and mi in three litters of water and use as spray against ,iplodia (fruit and stem rot) and %usarium (damping off! stem and root rot! early blight! wilt and curly top).
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There are many more herbal plants that are effective in controlling fungus and bacterial infections. :very farmer mango grower should have processing e9uipment such as grinder! hammer mill and 8uicers to e tract substances from plants and use as spray solution. 2nother way of e tracting plant substances is soa"ing the plant material in drums of water for several days until water turns yellow brown as tea! mi with detergent and spray water on pants. %or faster way! organic plant materials are boiled! and the resulting tea is cooled ready for use. Plants found to be effective tea control for pest and diseases are Wild tea! tobacco! neem tree! legumes and beans! guava leaves and many others). PREPARATION: AND U:E ORGANIC PE:TICIDE: Adel.a ar5 and lea6e1: a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean adelfa bar" and leaves. b. 7hop 3 cut the materials into small pieces. ($se mechanical chopper or hammer mill if dealing in big volume.) c. Pound and e tract 8uice. ($se grinder if dealing in big volume.) d. -oa" in water (("ilo pounded material L ( liter water). e. %ilter through #o. , screen. f. %ilter through #o. : screen g. Place the 8uice in bottles and seal tightly as stoc" solution. h. -pray plants for the control of ants! flies! bugs and other insect pests. A-i1 1eed1 a. 7ollect 3 gather and clean atis seeds.
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b. 7hop 3 cut into small pieces atis seeds. c. Pound seeds or grind. d. Mi pounded atis seeds with coconut oil ((3A "ilo pounded seeds L ()) ml coconut oil). e. %ilter 3 screen mi ture. f. 0ottle the stoc" solution ready as botanical (organic) pesticide. g. -pray plants for the control of garden and vegetable pests such as ants! mites! and other insects attac"ing the plants. Ci-ronella I Neem lea6e1 I Galan*al a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean leaves. b. 7hop 3 cut the materials. $se hammer mill for big volume. c. Pound the different materials ma"ing it fine. $se grinder for big volume. d. Mi materials with B) liters water. e. -oa" the mi ture for ( day. f. %ilter 3 screen the solution. g. ,iluter the solution with water at the ratio ('C). h. Place the stoc" solution in bottles and seal tightly. (4eady for spray). i. -pray plants with prepared botanical pesticide for control of garden pests such as cabbageworms! mites! and leaf miners. :ffective against worms attac"ing leafy vegetables. Cocon/- oil I Nico-ine e0-rac- (-o acco lea6e1)# a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean tobacco leaves (() leaves) b. 7hop into small pieces. c. Pound leaves to e tract nicotine (8uice). $se grinder if available. d. Mi pounded leaves with ( liter water. e. %ilter 3 screen stoc" solution. Press the material during filtering. f. Mi coconut oil A?) ml to (;liter nicotine e tract. g. Place in bottle and seal tightly.
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h. -pray plants to control garden pests and farm crops. Derri1 -/ er1 and roo-1 a. 7ollect 3 gather and clean derris tubers and roots. b. 7hop into small pieces and pound to e tract li9uid or 8uice. $se grinder and presser if available. c. %ilter to separate li9uid or 8uice. d. 0ottle the pure 8uice! close tightly and store in cold dar" place. e. Mi ( tbs. li9uid derris to ( gallon water. -olution is ready for use. f. 0ottle the mi ture of botanical pesticide ready for use. g. -pray plants for the control of aphids! leafhopper! spittlebug! beetles! thrips! white flies! leaf miners and caterpillars. Derri1 roo-1 I po+dered 1oap a. 7ollect 3 gather and clean derris roots. b. 7hop into small pieces and dry derris under direct sunlight. c. Pound the roots into powder form. Preferably use grinder. d. 0oil about (A) grams of derris powder in ? cups of rainwater or distilled water. e. 2dd @)) grams of powdered detergent soap and dissolve thoroughly. f. 2dd B gallons of water. g. %ilter 3 screen solution then bottle the stoc" solution for ready use. h. -pray plants to control rind borer of citrus! oranges! pomelo and grapefruits. -pray also grasses and weeds around the trun" of fruit trees as they serve as shelter and breeding place of insects during the daytime. Garlic a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean garlic cloves.
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b. 7hop 3 cut 3 pound garlic cloves to e tract li9uid or 8uice. $se grinder and presser if available. c. %ilter the 8uice and mi water. %or mild preparation' I part garlic 8uice to ()) parts water (('())) this is the stoc" solution. d. -tore in bottles and seal tightly. e. -pray to plants. It is effective fungicide to control blight! mildew and rot of a wide variety of plants. It is effective spray against mildew of solanaceous plants and other fungal diseases. Green A :,allo- onion1 a. 7ollect 3 gather 3wash and clean green shallot onions. b. 7hop and cut materials into small pieces and pound material to e tract 8uice or li9uid. $se grinder and presser for big volume. c. Mi water at one part 8uice to one part water (('() d. %ilter 3 screen the 8uice (stoc" solution) e. 2dd one teaspoon powdered soap to ma"e the stuff adhesive. f. Mi ( tbs. to ( liter water and spray to plants against fungus and repellant to insect pests. Ho- Pepper (1ili) a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean hot pepper fruits. b. 7ut into small pieces then pound fruits to e tract li9uid or 8uice. $se grinder and presser for big volume. c. Mi at the rate of A tbs. pounded sili with (;gallon water. d. %ilter 3 screen and place stoc" solution in bottles for storage or ready use. e. -pray to plants to control mites! aphids and other insect pests. Ho- Pepper I :oap a. %ollow the previous +ot Pepper preparation.
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b. 2dd soap to solution. 6ood for control of rice bugs! budworms! ants! mites! cabbage worms and maggots. HOT Pepper I :oap I To acco lea6e1 a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean sili fruits and tobacco leaves. b. 7hop 3 cut and pound sili fruit and tobacco leaves separately c. Mi tobacco leaves and sili fruits with water. (To ( "ilo chopped and pounded tobacco leaves! add ? liters water. To ( tbs. pounded sili add ( gallon water) d. -oa" separately overnight. e. %ilter 3 screen both solutions separately. f. Mi the two materials g. Mi A ounces powder soap. -tir to dissolve the soap. This mi ture becomes the stoc" solution. h. 0ottle for storage and ready use. -tore in cool dar" place. i. -pray plants at @ days interval against eggplant fruit fly and other insect pests. Kamar!a .l!in* in1ec-1# a. b. c. -+i*1 a1 repellan- .or mo1G/i-oe1 and o-,er 7ollect 3 gather "amarya twigs. ,ry "amarya twigs under direct sunlight. 0urn dried "amarya to drive mos9uitoes and other flying insects.
3an1on (3an2one1 .r/i- peelin*1 a1 repellan- .or mo1G/i-oe1 L .l!in* in1ec-1)# a. 6ather 3 collect lanzones fruit peelings and dry it under direct sunlight. b. 0urn dried lanzones peelings to drive mos9uitoes and other flying insects.
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c. #ote' same procedures with other leaves li"e neem tree! madre de cacao! ipil;ipil! etc. 3ime 1/l./r po+der a1 na-/ral ./n*icide g. 0uy (;"ilo very fine lime and (;"ilo sulfur powder. h. Mi at ('( ratio. i. 2dd (;gallon water. 8. 0ottle and seal tightly. ". -pray to plants for the control of fungal diseases of both garden and farm crops. 3in*a (1e1ame) plan-1 a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean linga plants. b. 7hop 3 cut into small pieces then pound to e tract li9uid or 8uice. $se hammer mill and grinder for big volume. c. %ilter the 8uice as stoc" solution. Place in bottles. $se mechanical presser for 8uice e traction for big volume. d. 0efore spraying! mi C tbs stoc" solution to ( liter of water. 2dd soap. e. -pray to control aphids! ants! flies! mites and other insect pests. 3/!a@l/!a@an roo- re+ (Gin*er ail) a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean ginger roots. b. 7hop 3 cut into small pieces ( "ilo of ginger then pound to e tract the 8uice. $se grinder and presser for big volume. c. ,ilute the e tract in (;gallon water. d. %ilter 3 screen pounded ginger and bottle the stoc" solution for storage and ready for use. e. 2dd soap and spray on insects attac"ing plants. 6ood for rice! vegetable and fruit trees. Madre de Cacao or Ka5a+a-e a. 7ollect leaves of Madre de cacao. 7hop cut and pound to produce e tract li9uid 8uice. $se hammer mill and presser for big volume.
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b. ,ilute wit water ( part pounded materials with ? parts water (('?). c. =eep it soa"ed and stay overnight. d. %ilter the stoc" material and place in plastic container or drum. e. 2dd soap to the stoc" solution and use as spray to plants to control mites! aphids! ants! etc. Mann/n*al I cocon/- oil a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean mannungal plant. b. 7hop 3 cut plant into small pieces and pound plant to e tract 8uice. c. %ilter 3 screen li9uid 8uice. d. Mi oil to the e tract at ('( ratio and bottle the stoc" solution. e. 2dd soap and water then spray to control farm and garden pests. Ma5a /,a! plana. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean ma"abuhay plant. b. 7hop 3 cut plant into small pieces and pound plants to e tract li9uid and 8uice. $se grinder and presser for more efficient 8uice e traction. c. 2dd (AC milliliters water to ? grams pounded ma"abuhay. d. %ilter 3 screen the li9uid stoc" solution and place in bottles. e. 2dd soap! dilute with water and spray to plants to control leafhoppers! aphids! mites& ants and other insect pests. Ma5a /,a! I :ili (Ho- Pepper) a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean ma"ebuhay and sili fruits. b. 7hop 3 cut separately ma"abuhay and sili fruits into small pieces. c. Pound materials separately to e tract 8uice. $se grinder and presser.
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d. Mi ' ?) grams pounded ma"abuhay to (AC milliliters water. ( cup pounded sili to (E.F litters water e. %ilter and mi the two materials and bottle as stoc" solution. f. 2dd soap and dilute with water before spraying to plants to control hoppers. g. 0ottles of prepared stoc" solution ready as organic pesticide. h. -praying plants for the control of garden pests and other farm crops such as rice green leafhoppers! etc. Mari*old plana# 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean marigold plant. # Pound marigold plant to e tract li9uid or 8uice. $se grinder and presser for big volume and more efficient 8uice e traction. c# %ilter 3 screen the li9uid portion. d# 2dd e9ual amount of water to the marigold 8uice. e# ,ilute the stoc" solution ((Tbs stoc" solution to (; pint water. .# 0ottle solution for ready use. *# 2dd soap and spray to control mites! aphids! ants and worms. Neem 1eed1 a# 7ollect #eem seeds. # Wash and remove the fleshy pulp and s"in of the seeds. c# ,ry the seeds under the sun for two to three days. d# -tore the seed in airy containers (8ute sac"s or bas"et. ,o not use plastic bags or containers with no aeration). e# 4emove rotten "ernels and pound slightly to remove covering shell. .# Pound or grind neem seeds to e tract oil $se grinder.
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*# -oa" the grounded "ernels (A) K ?) gm per litter of water) and %ilter the stoc" solution. ,# =neading of pounded "ernel wet in little water to e tract oil. Red Pepper I 3emon *ra11 lea6e1 (-an*lad) I A*dao 3ea6e1 a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean red pepper and lemongrass leaves. b. 7hop 3 cut to small pieces separately then pound to e tract 8uice. $se hammer mill and grinder for big volume. c. %ilter 3 screen the materials separately. d. Mi solution ('('( ratio! ? cc each and add B liters water for every (? cc of stoc" solution. e. 2dd soap and spray to plants. 2ccording to farmers e perience it is ED* effective. Pepper I Mann/n*al I 3an*5a+a1 or Kala+a* Materials' +ot pepper! Mannungal! +agunoy! Hang"awas or =alawag! mortar and pestle Water! containers for li9uid! sharp "nife! screen wire or filter clothe. a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean the different materials. b. 7ut the materials into small pieces then pound the materials separately. $se hammer mill and grinder. c. 2dd and mi water as follows' ( part pepper L ? parts water ( part mannungal L ( part water ( part "alawag L ( part water d. %ilter or screen the materials! mi them together as stoc" solution. e. -pray ( liter stoc" solution to (C liters spray load. f. $se to control whorl maggots! caseworm! etc. :ili (,o- pepper) .r/i-1 a1 repellana. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean sili fruits.
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b. ,ry sili fruits under direct sunlight. c. 6rind dried sili fruits into powder. d. Mi dried sili fruits powder with the seeds or grain before storing. :ili (Ho- Pepper) I in1ec-icide1 (c,emical in1ec-icide) a# 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean sili fruits (hot pepper). # 7hop3 cut sili fruits into small pieces. c# Pound the fruits to produce li9uid or 8uice. $se grinder. d# .Mi with water. I cup pounded sili to N cup water. e# %ilter 3 screen the material. .# 2dd C tbs. insecticide and place stoc" solution in bottle. *# %or spraying! mi @ tbs. of stoc" solution to ( spray load ((C liters) :ili (Ho- Pepper) I Ma5a /,a! I %ello+ Gin*er I Onion a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean sili fruits! ma"abuhay! yellow ginger and onion. b. 7hop 3 cut the different materials into small pieces. c. Pound to e tract 8uice separately. $se grinder. d. Mi the materials separately' ?) grams ma"abuhay L (AC milliliter water ( cup ginger L ( liter water ( cup onion L ( liter water ( handful sili L (E.F liters water e. Mi all materials together! add ()) grams powdered soap and store. f. -pray solution to control plant pests. To acco lea6e1 e0-raca. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean ? pieces tobacco leaves.
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b. c. d. e. f. g.
7hop 3 cut tobacco leaves into small pieces. Pound the leaves. $se grinder. -oa" tobacco leaves in ? liters water overnight. %ilter 3 screen the stoc" solution. 0ottle the stoc" solution ready for use. -pray plants to control pests attac"ing vegetables such as eggplant! tomatoes! sweet pepper and others.
To acco +a-er re+ .rom -o acco 1-em1 a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean tobacco stems. b. 7hop 3 cut tobacco stems into small pieces. c. Place the chopped tobacco stems in boiling water. -ubmerge the stems. d. Het it stand for several hours to cool. e. Mi ( part tobacco brew to B parts plain water. f. %ilter 3 screen the mi ture and bottle. g. -pray to plants to control various insect pest and fungus. T/ li roo-1 a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean tubli roots. b. Twist tubli roots until arm size and foot long. 0urry the roots in moist soil for a wee". c. 6et tubli roots and pound. %or every ( part pounded roots add @ parts water. $se grinder. d. %ilter 3 screen the material. The li9uid forms the stoc" solution. e. Place the stoc" solution in bottles as ready botanical pesticide. f. -pray the botanical pesticide against aphids! mites! ants and other insect pests. T/ li Roo-1 I :ili (Ho- Pepper) 4r/i-1= I To acco 3ea6e1 a. 7ollect 3 gather the different materials! wash and clean.
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b. Twist tubli roots until arm size and a foot long. 0ury in moist soil for a wee". c. 7hop and cut the materials and pound them separately. $se grinder. d. 2dd water to the materials separately as follows' () tobacco leaves L ( liter water ( part tubli roots L @ parts water ( handful sili fruits L (E.F liters water e. %ilter and mi the three materials in one container. f. 0ottle the stoc" solution ready for use as botanical pesticide. g. -pray to plants to control a wide range of insect pests. $se same preparation as above. It is recommended to add soap as stic"er and spreading agent. C,r!1an-,em/m a. 7ollect 3 gather 7hrysanthemum flowers. b. ,ry the flowers under direct sunlight. c. 6rind 3 pound the dried material. $se grinder and presser. d. Mi the grinded 7hrysanthemum flower with fine clay loam soil. (F parts 7hrysanthemum L ( part soil) e. Mi D tbs. stoc" material with one;gallon water. -toc" solution is now ready for spraying against wide range of insect pests. 3an-ana Camara a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean lantana camara branches. b. 7hop 3 cut materials into small pieces. c. ,ry lantana camara and burn the chopped branches. d. 2pply lantana camara ashes on the leaves of garden plants to control various beetles and leaf miners. Min-= Ore*ano and o-,er aroma-ic ,er 1
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Plant these herbs all around the garden or farm perimeter fences. The strong odor! repel insects. They are also use as medicine and spices. %or every ()) s9uare meters bed! plant () marigolds in the border and intercrop A? garlic or onion bulbs. Onion Bre+ a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean onion roots! stem and leaves with other aromatic herbs such as garlic! horseradish! red hot pepper! ginger! mustard and mint. b. 7hop 3 cut the different materials into small pieces c. Pound or grind the different materials to e tract the 8uice. Mi ?) parts 8uice of different materials with ?) parts water. d. %ilter 3 screen the solution. Het it stay and allow it to ferment. e. ,rench the plants with the stoc" solution to repel insects. Toma-o 1-em1 and lea6e1# a. 7ollect 3 gather 3 wash and clean tomato stem and leaves. b. 7hop3cut material into small pieces. Pound or grind materials. c. 0oil the material then cool. Mi ?) parts material ?) parts water. d. %ilter 3 screen the stoc" solution and bottle. e. -pray the plants against caterpillar and blac" or green flies. This will serve as insect repellant. U:E O4 INDIGENOU: RE:I:TANT OR TO3ERANT P3ANT $ARIETIE: AND :TRAIN #ative or indigenous plants have adopted resistance to prevailing pests and diseases e isting in the local environment. They have survived decades if not century of ad8ustments.
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The introduction of hi;breeds and high yielding commercial seeds! have the tendency of eliminating indigenous varieties because of farmers& preference for the higher yielding potentials -eed breeding institutions li"e I44I! IP0;$PH0 and P+IH4I7: are "eeping and maintaining -::, 02#=- to preserve the genes of indigenous crops or native varieties and strains. The +oly %ather! Pope Rohn Paul II during the visit of Philippine President 6loria Macapagal 2royo -eptember AF! A))@ at he Matican! said the 7hurch approves the use of 6M1 (6enetically Modified 1rganism) for 2griculture food production but not for human breeding which should be left to the natural laws of reproduction. PRACTICE CROP ROTATION AND 4O33O)ING (Re1-in* -,e 1oil .or 1ome -ime) 4esting the soil by following or "eeping the land uncultivated for one season or one year to bring bac" life and re8uvenate to restore the natural fertility and nutrients. 4otating crops is also one way of "eeping the soil healthy as different crops have different root systems and level of absorption. Hegumes li"e beans when inoculated with nitrogen fi ing bacteria ma"es the soil more fertile when followed by grain crops li"e rice and corn. 7rop rotation dissociates microorganism buildup around the plant roots as each crop has a characteristic microbial association. (: ample is pro biotic and nitrogen fi ing bacteria for legumes). #ew microbes are being developed to inoculate the seeds 8ust before planting to introduce them into the soil and help in nitrogen fi ation that enriches the soil in a natural process. INTERCROPPING O4 PE:T REPE33ANT HERB: There are a wide variety of plants that repel pests. Most of them have strong odor li"e marigold! mint! onion! tobacco! tomato! and others. Planting them on farm boarders or intercropping them with row crops can greatly reduce insect infestation.
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INTEGRATED CROPPING PATTERN TO CONTRO3 UNDE:IRAB3E )EED: To ic weeds can "ill or reduce productivity of your crops. Weeding is very e pensive especially in large farms. 6rowing low creeping grass li"e carabao grass and Arakis pintoy in orchard can save the farmer from e pensive weeding and cultivation. 6rowing low creeping cover crops li"e "udzu and centrocema puvisence will both increase soil fertility being legumes and protect the soil from erosion and compaction due to rain and sun bac"ing. 7rop combination such as legumes and potatoes! control nematodes. Hearn and find out the best crop partners and combinations. Marigold is repellant to nematodes Gro+in* -,e ri*,- crop on -,e ri*,- 1oil= clima-e and a- -,e ri*,- -ime# %armers have learned that seasonal crops have seasonal infestation. Planting earlier or later than the period the pest appear will both save the crop and avoid costly spraying and control measures. Planting during full moon was observed to be good for the crop as the magnetic force of the moon induces humidity even during dray months as it pulls up the soil surface underground water. The same force has an effect on the growing tissue of the plant. BIO3OGICA3 4ARMING The ob8ectives of 0iological %arming as part of #atural %arming is to produce food crops without the use and traces of to ic synthetic chemical product. In this case! we will be using living organisms from the microscopic beneficial fungus and bacteria to insects and animals and other life forms.
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BIO3OGICA3 PE:T CONTRO3 (T,e /1e o. na-/ral enemie1 o. pe1-) There are many beneficial insects! birds< animals that help suppress the population of insect pest. Providing them home and habitat within your farm will greatly lessen incidents of serious infestation. 0acteria! yeast and fungus (0IM) Pro;biotic that fight bad bacteria and fungus< and damage the egg as well as adult insect pests can be very helpful at low cost while renewable as they live and grow. We encourage green belting and preserving a natural forest within your farm to host and preserve wild animals! birds! insects and beneficial microorganisms. There are some insects that fight and eat other insects. : ample is Trichogramma wasp! which is an effective predator against most lepidopterous insects parasitize and feed on the eggs of corn borer! fruits and sugarcane. It can help control durian and other fruit borer! tip and twig borer! eggplant and other vegetable borers that infest seasonal and permanent crops. : cept incomplete insects cycle li"e fruit fly! aphids! leafhoppers! white fly and trips. The ,epartment of 2griculture have trained farmers nationwide to prepare and use Trichogramma! but few are still actively using the technology. 1ne of them is 0oy 0acus of 6en. -antos 7ity who supplies orders through 424:! (( Magsaysay 2venue! 6en. -antos 7ity! Tel. ()E@) @)(;)((D or contact 7ell #o. )F(D;DBC;A)AF. To preserve these beneficial insects and birds! maintain a green forest belt within your farm or garden. Provide drin"ing water and birdbath. =eep the green belt from bird hunters and avoid disturbing them. 2ttract wild life by planting shrubs! trees that bear berries and fruits. :ncourage frogs and toads to stay in the farm as they are very good predators of insect pests.
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4aise domestic fowls li"e chic"en and duc"s and allow them to feed on the range! or field where they will not destroy young plants. 6oose and Muscovy duc"s can also help in weeding your field. The fowls are early morning and late afternoon feeders! so you can release them to the field during these times. HO) BIOCONTRO3 )ORK: T,e me-,od o. iolo*ical con-rol or iocon-rol ma5e1 /1e o. na-/ral a*en-1 1/c, a1 .riendl! ene.icial in1ec-1 in con-rollin* pe1-1# T,e na-/ral a*en-1 con-rol -,e pe1- -,ro/*,: M PREDATION MPARA:ITI<ATION MIN4ECTION
T,e iolo*ical a*en-1 ma! e *ro/ped a1 .ollo+1: Preda-or1 such as ladybird beetle! spiders! dragonflies and mites. Para1i-e1 such as Trichogramma! 0raconids Pa-,o*en1 such as bacteria and fungi which cause diseases. Ad6an-a*e1 o. iolo*ical= par-ic/larl! -,e Tric,o*ramma me-,od: -afe to man! animals! fishes and birds. -afe to the environment with very high level (EE;FB*) of control 4e9uire less labor than the chemical control. 4e9uires minimal e penses. 7heap compared to chemicals. Di1ad6an-a*e1: Mery hard to rear commercially. It will need laboratory facilities secure! sanitized and away from other biological rearing facility.
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It will need constant attention and monitoring by e pert wor"ers. ,ue to comple parasites that will attac" the host and feed competitors during rearing and field placement. Will need correct timing in rearing and field release that farmers should well understand and follow right application procedures. TRICHOGRAMMA CONTRO3 METHOD The Trichogramma as a biological control of insect pest li"e 2sian corn borer and other borers is now the focus of interest of farmers avoiding the too much use of poisonous synthetic chemicals that endangers the environment and health. 0orers that infest rice! corn! fruits and vegetables and are among the most destructive pests that reduces the yield and income of the farmers. To control insect borers! many farmers use to ic chemical insecticides. 2n alternative control is the use of biological control method using the P242-IT1I, W2-P T417+1642MM2. Trichogramma species are tiny wasps less than ( mm in size which parasitize the egg of over A)) variety of insect pests! among which is the corn borer! rice borer and fruit borers! bollworms! diamond bac" moth and other insects with soft and hairless eggs. Trichogramma are produced in laboratories! following mass rearing techni9ues. 2bout (!?)) K A))) Trichogramma are glues onto cards about A/ A/ in size. These Trichogramma carrying cards are the Trichocards! which are placed in the cornfield following a distribution! patterning about () meters apart. The Trichocards are hung on corn plants. Trichogramma completes is life cycle from egg to egg in D;E days following the stages'
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EGG 3ATR$A PUPA )a1p EGG The Trichogramma wasp lays eggs on the host! the corn borer eggs. 2fter a day the Trichogramma egg develop into a larva which feed on the content of the corn borer egg. The corn borer eggs are destroyed and no corn borer! later develop. This is why the Trichogramma is called a parasite. -ome @;? days after! the Trichogramma larva have developed! they change into pupae. 2t this stage the whitish corn borer eggs turn blac" in color indicating that Trichogramma has parasitized them. )&e a!(%t )ri &ogramma 'as# emerges $rom t&e #arasitiAe! egg o$ t&e borer 7=8 !ays a$ter t&e )ri &ogramma ovi#osition. 5e'%y &at &e! )ri &ogramma 1as# mate an! t&en rea & $or $res& orn borer eggs to #arasitiAe. CONTRO3ING CORN BORER 2 714# 014:4 :66 M2-- 71#T2I#- 201$T @);B) :66-. 2 Trichogramma wasp is capable of parasitizing C);D) corn borer eggs. 1ne Trichogramma generation succeeds another as long as Trichogramma find borer eggs to feed on. Many of the Trichogramma dies after the corn cropping season due to the absence of corn and corn borer. -ome survive by feeding on borer eggs found on grasses and other crops such as sugarcane! sorghum! and palay and fruit trees. In transporting Trichocards! be sure they are not e posed to heat as they easily die in high temperature. =eep them dry. Place them on plants with the side of the card with eggs facing the plant. It needs D);()) Trichocards per hectare. 4reG/enc! o. applica-ion: 7orn. 4ice -orghum A;@ times at D days interval. %ruit trees (,urian! etc.) D;(( times at A days and D day&s interval.
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1ther crops (7acao! etc.) interval.
A;D
times at A days and D days
Da! o. applica-ion: ; A ? B B C D E F ;' (( (A (@ (B ;B (C (D (E (F &' A( The proper instruction in applying Trichogramma shall be made by the :ntomologist providing Trichocards or strips. %or corn! Trichocards are placed on the third or fourth leaf from the ground. Place at the fourth and fifth wee" after planting. ,istance of placement is (A meter or (D steps apart. BRACONID Brac@o@nid ( ra5anid) Plural' braconids! %amily' 0raconidae Para1i-ic .l!: 2 fly whose larvae lives as parasite on other insects. Braconid )a1p is a larvae parasites that will attac" on larvae of any insect pests that will undergo larval stages and later the larvae will die and many braconids will emerge on a single dead larvae. It also attac"s flies! beetles and aphids. It can be either endo or ecto parasites in living hosts. Ho+ -o 1e- /p a Braconid .ield rearin* 1-a-ion# $nli"e trichogramma! were egg cards are placed on plants at interval of () meters! 0raconids are set in the field in shaded bo es where feeds! host larvae and braconids are reared and released. (. 7onstruct a field shed to house the bo es containers! protected with screen from predators and water or oil barriers from ants. A. 4ear initial set of braconids in the laboratory for field placement. @. Place the braconids infested larvae in containers with ready feeds (rice or corn grits and brand) at the field shed stations.
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B. When population of braconids reaches to the desired level! stop feeding to ma"e the braconids fly out and loo" for insect pest larvae to parasitize. ?. To increase population again! introduce more barconid infested larvae and feeds into the rearing containers at the field stations. BIO @ IPM IPM is a "ind of management using different strategies and techni9ues such as cultural! biological and chemical in controlling insect pests and diseases in agricultural crops. T,ree (?) 5ind1 o. in1ec- con-rol:
1. C/l-/ral con-rol: Hand preparation! cultivation!
cropping pattern! irrigation and drainage! pruning and thinning! etc. 2. Biolo*olical : $sing predators! parasites and pathogens. 3. C,emical: The use of chemical or organic biological preparations as insecticides or insect repellant. Ba1ic iolo*ical con-rol proced/re: (. Introduction of potential natural enemies. A. 2ugmentation through periodic release of natural enemies. @. 7onservation by maintaining an alternate food for the natural enemies while the pest population is low. Biolo*ical con-rol a*en-1:
1. Preda-or1 such as ants! ladybird beetle! lace wings!
spider! preying mantis! hover flies! birds! frogs! etc. 2. Pa-,o*en1 such as 0acteria and fungus li"e mf! bt! npv! etc. 3. Para1i-e1 li"e Trichogramma and 0raconids.
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Di..eren- 5ind1 o. c,emical pe1-icide1:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
In1ec-icide1 for insect pests. 4/n*icide for fungus or mold. Bac-ericide for bacteria. Nema-ocide for nematodes. Her icide for weeds or herbs. Roden-icide for rodents or rats. Acaricide for trips and mites.
The above information can help farmers lower their cost of production! protect the environment from degradation! preserve the ecosystem and bio;diversity as well as producing healthful food crops that are safe and free from to ic chemical residues causing ailments. MICRO@BIO3OGICA3 4ARMING 0acteria! yeast and molds are now being introduced in 2griculture to help farmers grow crops with lesser or no dependence on to ic synthetic chemicals. -ome of the products now available in the mar"et for mango culture are'
a. M%COMET (Metharizium anisop iae! M.a. is a pure
culture of beneficial soil inhabiting fungus that is used for the biological control of more than @)) species of insects and athropods. It is used in controlling aphids! beetles! leaf miner! fruit borers! earworm! cric"ets! diamond bac" moth! worms! hoppers! locust! nematodes! blac" bug! housefly! spittle bug! white grub weevil! wireworm! thrips! tic"s! termites! coc"roaches! whiteflies and other insect pests.
b. M%COBO "Beuvaria bassiana! discovered by 0alsamo
Muillemin! is a pure culture of beneficial fungus that is used as a biological control agent to parasitize insects. This is used in controlling more than A)) species of insects. 2mong them are anta! aphids! diamond bac"
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moth! coc"roaches! mealybugs! psyllids! thrips! whitefly! and termites. These two products are cultures by 6racia 7orporation! A? 2gripino #eri -r. -t. (- of #%2) 0aloy! 7agayan de 1ro 7ity! Philippines. Tel. #o. ()EE);E??;ACAD! cell no. )FA);AEE;()B? 7ontact person' Mr. -andy :mperio! brother of ,r. :nrico :mperio who introduced this beneficial fungus from +awaii.
KOREAN TECHNO3OG% ON ORGANIC 4ARMING ;# IMO A Indi*eno/1 Micro ial Or*ani1m (4or compo1-in* inoc/lan-) a. Mi ( "ilo coo"ed rice with ( "ilo muscovado sugar. b. Place in earthen 8ar or plastic pail. c. 7over with clean Manila paper and fasten with rubber strip. d. 2llow to ferment for D to (B days. e. -eparate the 8uice in clean container and seal! ready for use. f. ,osage and usage' Mi B tbsp I ( liter of water or ( litter IM1 to ()) liters water and spray on plants and
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soil root zone. -pray on hog feeds and animal manure to eliminate malodor. $se IM1 as inoculants in composting degradable organic matter. &# OC A Or*anic Compo1- .orm/la-ion and ma5in* (4or compo1-in* inoc/lan-) a. Materials to be used' 1. ()) "ilos or A bags of rice or corn brand. 2. ()) "ilos or A bags of top soil. 3. ).? "ilo IM1 (Indigenous Microbial 1rganism). 4. ).? "ilo %%22 (%ermented %ish 2mino 2cid). b. Mi thoroughly the above materials and cover with plastic sheet. c. %erment the materials for D to (B days. d. IM1 and %%22 can also be used as inoculants in ma"ing compost with the use of sawdust or hammer; milled corncobs with chic"en dung or other animal manure. ?# 44AA A 4ermen-ed 4i1, Amino Acid .orm/la-ion (4or .oliar .er-ili2er and *ro+-, ac-i6a-or) a. Mi ( "ilo unwashed fresh trash fish with ( "ilo muscovado sugar or molasses. b. Place in earthen 8ar or plastic pail. c. 7over with clean Manila paper and fasten with rubber strip. d. 2llow the materials to ferment for D to (B days e. -9ueeze out the 8uice and place in a clean container and seal. f. 7ollect the solid fishbone to be used for ma"ing calcium nutrient spray formula for plants. g. Ruice is used as foliar fertilizer to induce vegetative growth. h. ,osage' ( liter %%22 to ( drum (A)) liters) of water or ( ml %%22 to ( liter of water. (# CPN A Calci/m .or Plan- N/-rien- .orm/la-ion (4or 4oliar 4er-ili2er) a. 7rush ( "ilo egg shell and burn.
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b. Mi with () liters of pure coconut vinegar. c. Place in a 8ar and cover with clean Manila paper. %asten with rubber strip. d. Het it stay in the 8ar for @ wee"s! and ad A "ilos fishbone. (%ishbone from ma"ing %%22 can be used.) e. 2fter B wee"s! the li9uid can be used as 7alcium #utrient spray on plants. f. ,osage' ( ml to ( liter of water or ( litter to ( drum (A)) liters) water B# 44K A 4ermen-ed 4r/i- K/ice .orm/la-ion (4or .oliar 4er-ili2er and drenc, .er-ili2er .or 1eedlin*1) a. Mi ( "ilo chopped banana or other fruits (e cept citrus)! and mi with ( "ilo muscovado or molasses. b. Place in an earthen 8ar or plastic pail. c. 7over with clean Manila paper and tie with rubber strip. d. 2llow to ferment for D to (B days and separate the 8uice in clean container and seal. e. $sage' 2nimal drin" nutrient enhancement. f. ,osage' Mi ( liter %%R to ( drum (A)) liters) of water or ( ml %%R to ( liter of water C# 4PK 1eedlin*1) a. Mi ( "ilo chopped banana pseudo stem) A feet long on the upper most section to be ta"en at ? a.m. b. Mi with ( "ilo muscovado or molasses and place in a 8ar or plastic pail. c. 7over the mouth of the 8ar with clean Manila paper and fasten with rubber strip. d. 2llow to ferment for D to (B days and s9ueeze out the 8uice. e. $sage' +og and livestoc" drin". f. ,osage' ( liter of %PR to ( drum (A)) litters) of water or (ml %PR to ( liter water. A 4ermen-ed 4r/i- K/ice .orm/la-ion (4or 4oliar 4er-ili2er or drenc, .er-ili2er .or
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D# 3AB: A 3ac-ic Acid Bac-erial :er/m .orm/la-ion (4or 4oliar 4er-ili2er or 1eedlin* drenc,) a. Mi ( "ilo uncoo"ed brown rice and or fresh mil" with (.? liters water inside a 8ar. b. 7over the 8ar with clean Manila paper and tie with rubber strip. c. 2llow to ferment for D to (B days. d. $sage' The 8uice can be used as soil conditioner or fertilizer. e. ,osage' Mi A ml 8uice with ( liter of water. (( tbs. per gallon water). E# OHN A Orien-al Her al N/-rien- .orm/la-ion /1in* GAR3IC (4or 4oliar in1ec- repellan- and ./n*icide) a. Mi ( "ilo clean ginger! crushed by stone of wood (no metal implement should be used)! with ( "ilo muscovado sugar or molasses and place in a 8ar. b. Pour in a bottle of gin! 6inebra -an Miguel B)* proof. c. 7over the mouth of the 8ar with a clean Manila paper and tie it with a rubber strip. d. 2llow to ferment for D to (B days. e. $sage' OHN is used as spray against insects and fungi. $. ,osage' @ ml OHN (garlic) mi with ( liter of water. ((.? tbs per gallon) F# OHN A Orien-al Her al N/-rien- .orm/la-ion /1in* GINGER (4or .oliar in1ec- repellan- and ./n*icide) a. Mi ( "ilo clean ginger! crushed by stone of wood (no metal implement should be used)! with ( "ilo muscovado sugar or molasses and place in a 8ar. b. Pour in a bottle of gin! 6inebra -an Miguel B)* proof. c. 7over the mouth of the 8ar with a clean Manila paper and tie it with a rubber strip. d. 2llow to ferment for D to (B days.
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e. $sage' OHN is used as spray against insects and
fungi. $. ,osage' @ ml OHN (ginger) mi water.((.? tbs. per gallon) ;'#:T A :eed Trea-men- .or *ermina-ion ,osage and treatment of li9uid formulations
with ( liter of
).A * 4PK ).A * BR$ (0rown 4ice Minegar) or 7oconut vinegar. ).A * OHN ().( * 1+# 6arlic L ).( * 1+# 6inger) Mi the above formulations together with water. +ow to use' -oa" the seeds to be germinated for B to E hours. %or slow germinating seeds! soa" the seeds for a longer time. ;;#:) A :ea )a-er /1a*e a1 1pra! .or plan-1 a*ain1di1ea1e1 6et sea water from the blue colored area or deep portion where water is clear and uncontaminated with land pollution. Mi ( liter of seawater with @) ml fresh water in a plastic container and let it stay for a duration of A days. The mi ture can then be used as spray on disease infected plants. U:AGE GUIDE: IMO A 44K A 4PK A 44AA A :) A 4or early vegetative growth. 4or early vegetative stage. 4or early vegetative stage. 4or late growth stage and bearing period. 4or late growth stage and bearing period.
JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
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HO) TO PREPARE 4AA (4i1, Amino Acid) 4O3IAR 4ERTI<ER (Gro+-, ,ormone +i-, in1ec- and di1ea1e con-rol proper-ie1)
Ma-erial1: Trash fish ? "ilos Moscovado 3 =inugay or molasses ? "ilos 7oo"ed rice or corn grits. A "ilos +erbal mi (garlic! ginger! hot pepper) @ "ilos 2loe vera ( "ilo Probiotics (beneficial microorganism) ? ml 7oconut water (tuba) or natural vinegar A gallons Plastic container with cover ? gallon capacity O-,er ,er al plan-1 -,a- ma! e added: +agunoy! Ma"abyhay or Panyawan. A "ilos Proced/re: 7hop! grind or pound solid materials li"e fish and herbal mi . Place all the above ingredients in the Plastic container and mi . 7over the container with cheesecloth or Manila paper and tie securely. Het it ferment for (? to @) days Mi materials from time to time (every ? days)
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6ather the fermented 8uice and place in bottles or plastic containers. 7over tightly and store in dry cool and dar" place until needed for use. U1e: This will serve as foliar fertilizer! insect repellant and fungicide %or foliar spray mi A tbs. 8uice (%22) to ( gallon water or ( liter %%2 to ()) liters water.
HO) TO MAKE %OUR O)N :UGAR Ma-erial1: -ugar cane 8uice or fresh coconut 8uice (tuba) 0ig coo"ing stainless steel basin Wooden mi ing ladle -tove and fuel Proced/re: Press fresh sugarcane to e tract 8uice sucrose content 1r gather fresh coconut 8uice (tuba) sucrose content
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; )E.)* ; (C.E*
Place in the coo"ing basin 0oil to dehydrate Mi continuously until totally dry and dehydrated with wooden ladle. Place the dehydrated brown sugar (moscovado) in clean dry containers. 4eady for storage and use. U1e1: May be used for food! food preparation processing %eed additive for poultry and livestoc" %or bioorganic preparations and additive. and
HO) TO MAKE $IRGINE COCONUT OI3 Processing virgin coconut oil right in your own home and "itchen is very easy and simple. 6rit the meat of freshly opened mature coconut. Pour a little water and mush the greeted coconut meat. Press to e tract the coconut mil". Het the mil" stay overnight or for () to (A hours. The water will settle down the container and the oil will float. ,rain out the water. +eat the oil in stainless steel "ettle in B? to D) degrees temperature for (? to @) minutes to remove and evaporate remaining water in the oil. 0etter heat oil in double "ettle where the first has water in direct contact with fire and the other with oil inside the casserole with heated water. Place the virgin coconut oil in bottle and seal. -tore in room temperature away from sunlight. 2nother way of preserving virgin oil is by freezing instead of heating. Mirgin coconut oil is used for various purposes. It is used for medication! beauty and body s"in ointment! coo"ing oil! lubricant! fuel! etc. It does not get rancid when the right procedure is done.
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TAKING CARE O4 %OUR :OI3 THE NATURA3 )A%: -everal researches have found that declining crop yield is related to the loss of soil 9uality. -oils are threatened by water and wind erosion! salinisation! and nutrient depletion! chemical interference that "ills microbiological soil born organisms and other things. -oil depletion is causing sever impact on agriculture li"e what is now happening in the Philippines. We are 8ust now wa"ing up to the growing magnitude of soil depletion in most agricultural lands using conventional farming! heavily dependent on chemical fertilization! herbal! pest and disease control. The :cological -ociety of the Philippines headed by its president 2ntonio M. 7laparols is very much concerned on the deteriorating soil condition of the country. 6lobal warming ma"es things worse. 2s the ground heat up! organic matter decompose more rapidly! reducing soil fertility! releasing carbon dio ide which increase the warming effects. +igh priority for soil restoration through carbon se9uestration or storing carbon in the soil securely so that it is not easily re;emitted through soil conservation and incorporation of organic fertilizers. 7omposts are natural fertilizers that supply soils with vital plant nutrients helping to retain water and air. It restores soil structure! soil carbon anti;biotic activity. 7ompost or organic fertilizers improves soil te ture! helps to control weeds! pest and diseases. The prices of commercial chemical fertilizers price are s"yroc"eting! beyond the purchasing power of the marginal farmers. 2ttention is now focused on teaching and encouraging farmers and entrepreneurs to invest on the production of organic fertilizers.
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1rganic fertilizers can easily be made by farmers from readily available materials such as plant leaves and residues! animal waste and other biodegradable substances. They do not have to buy or get credit to ma"e their own fertilizer and soil conditioners. -oil fertility and health can also be restored with resting the soil for a year or two! green manure! incorporating crop residue with soil during land preparation or cultivation! and planting of trees along farm boarders and ban"s of waterways. The Philippines is among the (D most bio;diverse countries in the world. Part of the Philippines treasure are the large forest trees which are rapidly vanishing. Trees are contributing to the ecological balance as they help clean the air and conserve water. 1ne hectare of forest is needed to supply the fresh nitrogen needed by B) persons. Trees and wild vegetation are not only needed in the countryside and farming areas! but more so in communities and urban areas where population density is high. $rban gardens and soils can be improved by growing trees and using organic compost fertilizers.
U:E O4 ORGANIC COMPO:T 4ERTI3I<ER AND BIO MICRO INOCU3ANT: 1rganic compost fertilizer is the closest we can return to natural farming. The emerging farming system is towards the use of organic fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizer. There are now available in the mar"et several Pro;biotic li"e 0IM and Tricograma that helps hasten the brea"down and decomposition of organic cellulous materials to convert them into organic fertilizer. :imple +a! o. preparin* or*anic compo1-:
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The old practice is the sandwich type where different organic materials or waste are pilled layer after layer li"e plant residue L animal waste L soil and repeat the process until reaching a meter high. =eep it moist and insert a bamboo with ventilated holes to aerate until the material decomposes. Then mi the material and "eep it moist until totally decomposed. 2erate and e pose to sunlight before applying as fertilizer. The new practice is chopping or hammer;milling the organic materials then spraying pro;biotic to the mass! "eep it moist and cover with plastic sheet to avoid dehydration. Mi the mass at least once a wee". With sufficient digester (microorganism or pro;biotic) it will ta"e less than a month to convert organic materials into ready to use fertilizer. Mi ing a combination of different organic materials both plant and animal source will insure a more complete nutrient content of the organic fertilizer. Pro;biotic spray or inoculation of the compost will present destructive and undesirable microorganisms to grow. The odor becomes pleasant. COMPO:T Compo1-in*= essentially a rapid self heating process by which organic material is decomposed and stabilized! was practiced by ancient :gyptians! 6ree"s and 4omans and is even mentioned in religious te ts. ,uring the past A) years! this time honored practice has developed into a robust waste;management technology that generates valuable organic soil amendments.
Biolo*ical -rea-men- -ec,nolo*ie1 may be either aerobic or anaerobic. 2erobic systems use o ygen! but anaerobic ones don&t. 0oth may use heat to fuel the reactions that brea" down organic matter in manure. In composting! heat is generated by microbes
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that digest organic matter. 2fter decomposition! it will be good to sanitize the organic compound by drying or e posing it to sunlight for a day or two. .#utrient stabilization in composted manure allows soil microbes and plants to use the nutrients in a slow;release and beneficial manner. 7ompost may even help reduce demand for nitrogen in certain crops./ -ays Patricia Miller of the :nvironmental Microbial -afety Haboratory in 0eltsville! Maryland 7omposting is one of several technologies used to treat animal manure! sewage sludge! and other organic residuals! which may contain pathogens or parasites of public health concern. In any manure slurry system! solid can be composted. Hi9uids can be further processed to stabilize nitrogen and phosphorus in soluble forms compatible with current nutrient;management re9uirements. -oil structure is easy to improve with compost. 1rganic matter is the most important source of plant nutrients contributing to the fertility of the soil. 7ompost material sustains healthy plant growth by providing food for both living microorganisms! speeding up their multiplication and absorption of the roots. 1rganic matter ha also dual role that helps water move through the soil and at the same time improve the soil&s water holding capacity. $nli"e depleted soils of organic matter! soils rich in humus retain a good surface and do not crust or clod after heavy rains. 2eration is good in humus rich soils and this important factor means root growth is good. 1rganic matter also acts as storage for nutrients! increases cat ion e change capacity and acts as a regulator for nutrients! so they are not all releases at one time. HO) TO PREPARE %OUR O)N 3ACTO BA:I33AI 3ACTO BA:I33AI is one of the beneficial microorganisms called pro;biotic. It helps in the brea"ing down of cellulose fibers and converts organic materials into humus and fertilizer. Producing your own stoc" of lacto bacilli can easily by done using the following procedure' (. $se rice wash or finely grounded grain preferably brown rice mi in water.
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A. Place in a wide plastic basin and cover loosely to allow ventilation. @. 2llow it to ferment for D days. 0acteria including lacto bacilli in air will infect solution. B. -train li9uid and place in bigger plastic container. ?. 2dd () parts mil" (s"im! powdered! condensed or fresh) Mil" is best feed for lacto bacilli will multiply rapidly and overgrow other bacteria in solution. . C. 7over loosely to allow ventilation and ferment for another one wee". D. The flotsam consisting of fats! carbohydrate and protein contain lacto bacilli. E. -coop the flotsam and mi with food or feed materials. 2 yellow colored li9uid will form containing a great concentration of lacto bacilli. F. -tore in refrigeration or room temperature. ().Mi li9uid in e9ual 9uantity of rough brown sugar! moscovado or molasses. ((.Mi stoc" solution in A) parts water. $se to is with compost materials. (A.,osage' $se A;B tbs. per gallon water and spray to plants. HO) TO MAKE COMPO:T T,e 1and+ic, me-,od: a. b. c. d. 1rganic materials such as animal waste! plant waste and topsoil are placed in layers one on top of the other until they reach a high of @ feet. The material is watered moist and covered with coconut leaves or plastic sheet in order that moisture will be retained. Mi the compost pill after two wee"s! moist and cover again. 4epeat mi ing once a wee"! until the compost materials are totally decompose with the appearance of soil.
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e. f.
,ry in direct sunlight to "ill or eliminate unwanted microorganisms such as fungus and bacteria. The material is now ready for use or placed in sac"s for storage or shipment.
Biolo*ical .a1- compo1-in*: a. 6ather the organic material! chop or hammer mill and mi thoroughly. b. Water them moist with pro;biotic microorganism (lactobacilli or trichoderma) mi ed in the water. c. 7over the compost pile with plastic sheet. d. Mi the material every wee". e. It will usually ta"e only B wee"s to totally decompose the material with the aid of the microorganisms that help digest the cellulose materials. f. -undry the decomposed organic material (fertilizer) to "ill unwanted microorganisms. g. The material is now ready for use or bagging for storage or shipment. 4ield compo1-in*: a. 2fter harvest and 8ust before plowing and land preparation! gather the organic materials! chop or hammer mill. b. -pread the materials evenly in the field. In case the plant waste residues are in the field! then step a. will not be necessary. c. -pray the organic material in the field with pro;biotic microorganism. d. Plow and dis";harrow the field to mi the organic material with the soil. e. If possible do the above operation 8ust before an e pected rain or irrigate the field after the plowing of cultivation. This will allow the microorganism to wor" fast! and multiply. In the process! digesting the organic material into organic fertilizer or soil amendment.
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#ote that the pro;biotic organisms will continue wor"ing in the soil! as long as favorable conditions li"e ade9uate soil moisture and presence of organic materials. :-ep1 in compo1-in* +i-, +ild 1/n.lo+er: (. Hoo" for a suitable area! partly or fully shaded. A. 6ather compost materials such as rice straw! animal manure! and other farm waste. @. 7ollect wild sunflower and chop the young stem and leaves into small pieces. B. -tic" a bamboo with holes to serve as ventilator of the compost pile. ?. Pile crops residue and farm waste in the following se9uence' rice straw! sunflower! manure! soil and repeat the layering. Proportion' A;@ parts fresh sunflower! ( part rice straw! A parts manure and ( part soil. C. Water the pile until thoroughly wet. D. 7over pile with leaves! sac" or plastic sheet to minimize evaporation. E. 7hec" the moisture every A days! and wet in case compost dry up. F. 7hec" also the temperature. If it is warm! then decomposition is ta"ing place. ().2fter @ to B wee"s! chec" the compose pile and if it has turn into soil humus physical form it is most li"ely ripe. ((.In case the compose will not immediately be used! air dry before placing into sac"s or in a shady dry place. %armers are encouraged to implement simple and ine pensive ways of producing organic fertilizers through the use of indigenous technology. They may adopt other methods of composting by using other materials and plant waste available in their respective farms. $EMICOMPO:TING
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$ERMICOMPO:TING is composting plant materials with worms. The advantage of vermi;composting to that of the usual conventional compost pile is that the process is faster and the resulting organic soil is richer in certain nutrients provided by the earthworms themselves. It is rich in H/mic acid= +,ic, is a growth promoting. 2frican #ight 7rawler (Eudrilis eugeniae) earthworm are incredible eaters and will eat and e pel their own weight every day when conditions are right. It ta"es C) days or less for fresh organic waste to be converted into compost fertilizer. 1ur native earthworm may also be employed. :-ep1 in $ermi@compo1-in*: f. +ave a shed for the composting site to protect the worms from direct sunlight and from torrential rains to be able to do their wor" undisturbed. The worms need a good living condition! dimly lit area to live in with enough moisture. g. 7onstruct a storage area for digested compost before it is screened and bagged. h. 7onstruct the compost bed for worms to digest with concrete hollow bloc"s three bloc"s high with a depth of @);B? cm.! ( meter wide by A meters long or longer. 0e sure that the soil bed is well drained under the composting bed. The worms will not escape into the soil if there is available food to digest. i. $se a shredder or hammer mill to crush the organic materials into small particles easy to decompose and eaten by the earthworms. 6ood food' They need A?* nitrogen from legumes li"e madre de cacao and ipil;ipil leaves! chic"en droppings and cattle dung! etc. and D?* carbon source li"e grasses! rice and corn stal"s! cogon and sugarcane tops. 8. Mi ing old animal manure and chic"en droppings (A months old) with shredded vegetable waste will improve the nutrient content of the finish product. ,o not use fresh manure for the ammonia produced will give discomfort to the worms. ". Water the bed from time to time to "eep them moist but not flooded so as not to drown the worms.
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l. %ence off or screen in the beds to "eep out chic"ens! birds! rodents and other pest that will eat or bother the worms in the wormery. m. Mi a little ordinary soil to the fresh shredded vegetable materials before introducing the worms. n. Place one "ilogram of worms per s9uare meter for fast composting. ();A) pieces may do to start with but it will ta"e longer time to compost while the worms breed to increase their number. 2 "ilo of worms are sold for P?)) and they breed fast in two months. o. Inoculating and spraying the compost materials with pro;biotic bacteria will help fast tract decomposition and the worms to digest the compost in much shorter time. p. When the compost is digested! the worms become less active. It is time to herd them to another compartment with fresh food materials. 2s they leave! the digested compost is ready for harvest and transferred to the stoc"ing or holding area for screening! drying and pac"ing. 9. +arvesting will be easier by allowing the bed with completely digested compost material to dry up so the worms will move to the ne t compartment with moisture and fresh shredded vegetable food materials. r. -creen the material with J inch mesh before weighing and bagging for sale. 2 ?) "ilo bag humus is sold for P(?) to P@)) to gardeners. If you use it in your own farm! there is no need of screening. (#ote' 7ommercial imported chemical fertilizer today prices have gone over PC)) per ?) "ilo bag) The worm&s feces are called 6ermin@ca1-in* or ,/m/1# 7ompost ta"es A;@ months to decompose! while shredded materials fed to worms ta"es only (?;A( days. Ad6an-a*e1 o. $ermicompo1-in*:
1. En6ironmen- .riendl!# The use of organic fertilizer! vermin;
casting of humus is one! revives the soil fertility level and brings bac" life to soil environment! improves soil te ture and improves water holding capacity.
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Economical# Investment on vermicomposting is only about PA.)) per "ilo while commercial chemical fertilizer cost PE;(? per "ilo. 3. Hi*,er Crop %ield# +umus have shown its potency in inducing higher crop yield for a longer period. Mermi;casting humus is found to be more effective compared to ordinary compost and chemical fertilizers. 4. Mar5e- Po-en-ial i1 $er! Bi*# 1rganically grown food crops are increasing in mar"et demand. 1rganic fertilizer has li"ewise increase in use as imported commercial fertilizer have been increasing its prices. 5. No impor-ed inp/-1 reG/ired# %armers can ma"e their own organic fertilizer from farm waste materials. This means no dependence on imports and oil price fluctuations. 6. Heal-,./l# 1rganic farming is considered as healthful way of growing food crops. 7. 3e11er ri15. Producing your own fertilizer will ma"e you unaffected by e change rates and fluctuation changes in the prices of other commodities. There is less or no ris" at all producing your own fertilizer and even selling e cess re9uirement of your own farm. 8. Undemandin* la orer1# The worms themselves them selves are the wor"ers converting farm waste materials into organic plant food nutrients. 9. Bi* 1a6in*1# Producing your own fertilizer is a big savings and cost cutting for the farmers. 10. Income@earner# This technology can help farmers earn more from their farm waste
2.
MAGGOT COMPO:TING Instead of using earthworm! a simple natural process has been discovered in fast composting. 2 mi ture of sawdust and chic"en or 9uail droppings are placed in a compost pile covered with shed. The maggots eat up the cellulose in a few wee"s instead of several months. To prevent the maggots to complete its cycle to adult flies! chic"ens are allowed to scratch and pea" the growing maggots! a source of animal protein. -praying or drenching the compost pile with pro;biotic
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microorganisms (beneficial bacteria and fungi) will help hasten decomposition and prevent foul odor. :3UDGE 4ERTI3I<ER 3iG/id 1e+a*e 1l/d*e being disposed as communal waste contain essential elements needed by crops! ma"ing it a potential organic fertilizer and soil conditioner for sugarcane farms! corn fields! rice lands and even fruit orchards and vegetable gardens. In a research conducted by Huzon 2gricultural 4esearch and : tension 7enter (H24:7) of the -ugar 4egulatory 2dministration (-42) in cooperation with Manila Water 7ompany! Inc.! the use of li9uid sewage sludge for agricultural purposes was assessed to determine its effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. The study was conducted at H24:7 4G, %arm at %loridablanca! Pampanga. It was confirmed the application of li9uid sewage sludge in the barren sandy lahar deposits of %loridablanca! Pampanga the soil became richer and sustain healthy and productive sugar cane! compared with untreated field.
COMPO:TING CROP RE:IDUE IN THE 4IE3D 4ice and corn are among the traditional crops grown by %ilipino farmers. 2s the usual practice is removing the debris and burn them to clear the land and cultivate for ne t planting. Tones of organic materials are wasted and lost.
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1rganic farmers spread rice straw and corn cubs bac" to the field immediately after harvest. They are sprayed with beneficial microorganisms or pro;biotic or bacteria and plowed under. In B wee"s! they are decomposed and the field is ready for land preparation for new planting. This practice is also being started with big pineapple and banana plantations in Mindanao. -ome sugarcane planters found the benefit of composting cane residue in the field instead of the usual practice of burning after harvest then cultivating and fertilizing. %ield composting of crop residue help retain and improve soil fertility! at the start reduces the use of chemical fertilizer to the time that no more synthetic fertilizer is needed. 7oconut trees and other fruit trees have lots of leaves! bracts! twigs! flowers and fruits that fall to the grown. When these materials are allowed to decompose beneath the trees! they turn into humus and fertilizer to the trees. $nfortunately! because of clean culture! they are removed and burned. Teaching the farmers to return the crop residue to the soil from where they came from will both enrich the soil and sustain productivity of the trees without relying solely on chemical or synthetic fertilizers.
GREEN MANURING 6reen manuring is the is the planting of seasonal crops usually legumes li"e beans and plowing them under at their tender age during flowering and early fruiting when they are rich in nutrients. Plowing under weeds and grasses! allowing them to decompose is also green manuring. -praying them with pro;biotic will hasten their decomposition. These practices have long been done by farmers& century bac"! until commercial chemical fertilizers have been introduced to the mar"et.
CO$ER CROPPING
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7over cropping is the growing of low crawling plants usually leguminous vines li"e centrocema pubisence and "udsu to protect the soil surface from water erosion! prevent the growth of no ious weeds and help increase soil fertility. These are grown beneath fruit trees and taller crops.
INDIGENOU: POTTING MATERIA3: 6arden soils have been the usual potting materials for gardeners. +owever there are different Potting mi and indigenous materials that gardeners and nursery operators may use. +ere are some of the suggestions offered to readers by 2nthony 6aw of 2im Trading 7orporation! 7alihan! -an Pedro 7ity! Haguna with Tele ()BF) E));(?DA' 2 mi ture of fertile garden or topsoil decomposed organic materials and fine river sand at ('('( ratio. Rice ,/ll c,arcoal is half burned rice hull. It contains a high level of carbon needed by plants for normal growth. It ma"es the mi ed medium looses and easier for root development. It helps retain fertilizer and releases to plants in a longer time. 4ice hull charcoal is mi ed in ('B ratios with other potting materials. It is good for seedling trays! potted plants! vegetable pots and herbs in pots. )a1,ed coco pea- comes from the hus" of coconut. The coconut hush is shredded and soa"ed in water for several days and washed with fresh clean water. It has a good water holding capacity. It is mi ed with other materials at ('( ratio. Mery good for seedling trays! vegetable plots! potted plants and fruit bearing trees. 4ermen-ed Ba*a11e and garden soil at ('B ratios 0agasse is sugarcane pulp. ,ecomposed bagasse is rich in humates providing plants with essential trace elements. It is suitable for fast growing vegetables li"e peachy! mustard and lettuce.
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P/mice :-one1 are small volcanic roc"s with other materials at ('? ratios. Pumice stones prevent panning or the compacting of the medium due to strong watering. They are good for seedling trays! potted flowering plants! and orchid community pots. Gran/la-ed c,arcoal comes from coconut shell. It is a good material for drainage that prevents e cessive moisture that damaged the roots. It is a source of carbon a plant nutrient needed in maturing. 2 layer or two is placed at the bottom of the pot before potting materials are place into the pot. Po+dered c,arcoal# The coconut shell or wooden charcoal is pulverized into powder. It helps absorb foul odor of decomposing organic materials. It helps beneficial bacteria hasten decomposing process. -pread at leas an inch thic" on compost pills or decomposing materials. :,or- cocon/- .i er from coconut hus" is separated through decortications. It is a good mulching material for sensitive plants. ( to A layers is place on top of soil or partly mi ed with soil to prevent erosion. Gran/la-ed <eoli-e are chipped from boulders and used as absorbent material. %ertilizers and plant nutrients absorbed by seolite are released to the plant roots slowly and continually for a longer period of time. It controls the growth of molds and fungus! especially in nitrogen rich medium. C/ ed cocon/- ,/15 The hus"s are sterilized and then chopped to produce uniform sized cubes! It has a good water holding capacity and ideal for aerial plants ti"e anthuriums! bromeliads! dendrobiums! and other high value aerial plants. :OI3 CONDITIONER:
There are many "inds of soil conditioners! depending on the different soil conditions and deficiencies. Progressive farmers should "now them and how to use them properly to ma"e their soil rich and highly productive as the years go by. 2mong them are'
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A*ric/l-/ral lime! to correct very acid soils and brings the p+ level to near p+;D! which is neutral and suitable to most plant growth and availability of plant nutrients for root absorption. Or*anic .er-ili2er1= to both improve the soil te ture and increase its fertility. C,emical .er-ili2er1! to supply the nutrient deficiency of the soil and meet the nutrient re9uirement of the crops grown. Or*anic compo1-1 are decomposed or partly decompose or plain organic materials place or incorporated into the soil to improve its te ture and later through the action of microorganisms are fully digested and converted into soil nutrients that are readily absorbed by the plant roots. Pro io-ic1 or Micro e1 are beneficial bacteria and microorganisms that helps digest and decompose organic materials and convert them into soil nutrients made available to root absorption. There are now a lot of available preparations of these microorganisms sold in the mar"et. They are usually mi ed in water and sprayed into the soil or organic compost to help hasten decomposition and fight the bad or undesirable microorganisms in the soil. Probiotics can help reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and help improve the te ture of the soil. MICROORGANI:M: ENHANCE: CROP PRODUCTI$IT% (2s reported by 0engie P. 6ibe! -GT Media -ervice)
Microor*ani1m1= also "nown as microbes! are microscopic organisms li"e bacteria! protozoa! algae! fungus and virus. They are found in soil! water and atmosphere! and ine tricably intermingled in the environment. There are bad and good organisms. -ome of them can enhance crop productivity. The #ational Institute of Molecular 0iology and 0iotechnology (0I1T:7+) of the $niversity of the Philippines Hos 0anos ($PH0)
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produced two! 0iological #itrogen %i ers (0#%)' 0io;# and #itro Plus. Bio@N is solid inoculants in powdered form that contains any of the two important strains of bacteria isolated from the roots of talahib grass that can convert the nitrogen from the air into ammonia. It can substitute @);?)* of the nitrogen re9uirement of rice and corn. 0io;# increases the yield of rice and corn by as much as @?* compared with unfertilized treatments! maintains the natural soil properties and fertility! and ma"es plants healthy and green even in drought and in the presence of pests. Ni-ro Pl/1 is legume inoculants! which can substitute for nitrogen chemical fertilizer at a much cheaper cost. This is a bacterium called rhizobia! which are specific for legumes such as soybeans! peanut! mungbeans! cowpea and pole sitao. The bacteria reside inside the nodules of leguminous plants where they can fi nitrogen directly from the air. #itro Plus can replace @);?)* of the nitrogen re9uirement of the crop. M#$orrhiza is a symbiotic association between the roots of plant and fungus. The association provides many benefits to plants. It increases the absorption of nutrients li"e phosphorous and water! serves as a biological control agent against infection! improves soil properties! increase the tolerance of the crop to environmental stresses (drought! diseases! mineral imbalances). 0I1T:7+ has come up with two Mycorrhiza products' Micogroe and Mycovam. M!co*roe is a soil based bio;fertilizers tablet form that promotes survival and growth of forest species li"e eucalyptus! pines! agoho and dipterocarps. The tablet is inoculated into tree seedlings during their nursery stage. -ome C);E)* of the fertilizer re9uirements of the trees in the fields are replaced by using this microb inoculant.
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M!co6am on the other hand! is in powdered form! soil inoculant effective for agricultural crops li"e rice! corn potatoes! eggplant! fruit trees and forest trees. It is also added during the nursery phase of seedling or inoculating seeds 8ust immediately before planting. It can replace fertilizer re9uirement by as much as C) to E)* nitrogen. 0ioorganic microorganisms can decompose agricultural residues and convert into bioorganic fertilizer! which enhances the growth of plants. 0I1T:7+ has li"ewise produced an organic fertilizer technology that uses two microorganisms' Trichoderma harzianum or compost fungus activator (7%2)! brand 0I1;S$I7=. The other is Azotobacter sp.! free;living nitrogen fi ing bacteria! brand 0I1;%IT. BIO@NUICK enhances the process of decomposition by reducing the composting period from ?;C months to only @;B wee"s! after which the resulting compost is inoculated with BIO@4I". Inoculation of one wee" produces nitrogen;enriched compost that can be applied to field crops! vegetables and fruit trees. These materials are available at 0I1T:7+! $P! Hos 0anos! Haguna at very reasonable price. 4eservations and orders have to be made at least one month before pic"up or need.
MU3CHING M/lc,in* is the covering of the soil surface to slow down soil moisture evaporation or conserve soil moisture! prevent growth of weeds and "eep the soil soft and friable. In the process! beneficial
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microorganisms digesting cellulose are protected from the sun and continue their wor" of converting organic materials in the soil into organic fertilizer. There are different methods of mulching' 7overing soil with cut grasses! weeds! straw! sawdust! rice hull or other vegetative materials that eventually decomposes and mi with the soil to add to its humus or organic content. 7overing soil surface with plastic sheet! usually blac" with silver surface. 7ultivating or brea"ing soil surface before summer to brea" moisture evaporation. #ew technology of mulching is the use of greenhouses or covering the plants with nets to both reduce sunlight intensity and brea" the force of raindrops. This is coupled with the use of ultra violet ray plastic transparent roofing. These practices are the emerging conventional technologies that help farmers grow high value commercial crops in compact and limited areas. The higher the organic content of the soil particles! the more moisture holding capacity it has. There are 8ells from seaweed when incorporated with the soil improves its water holding capacity and releases moisture slowly to the roots. This is one advantage in using humus and decomposed organic fertilizers. I::UE: AND 4ACT: ON ORGANIC 4ERTI3I<ER: I::UE: 1rganic materials after undergoing decomposition! especially when applied in large 9uantities! could cause groundwater pollution. 4ACT: Inorganic chemical fertilizers are more pollutants to groundwater even in smaller 9uantity than organic materials.
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Plant do not use directly the nutrient found in organic materials since this has to first undergo mineralization. The amount of essential plant nutrients in organic materials are very low compared with synthetic chemical fertilizers.
1rganic fertilizer releases the plant food nutrients within a few days slowly and last at a longer stretch of time that ta"es years 1rganic materials are claimed to improve physical properties of soil but this could only be true in aerobic soil condition! -oil organic matter will not increase significantly in 8ust one or two years of applying organic materials.
1rganic fertilizer is not the sole factor in improving the 9uality of the food product such as increased anti;o idant content. $sing purely organic fertilizers3materials will not ma"e your crop productive as when chemical fertilizers are used solely. 1rganic fertilizers3materials
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This is true to all types of fertilizers and plant food nutrients. Plants absorb them in the simplest mineral ion forms. This is true! that is why bigger volume of organic materials is applied to the soil. +owever organic fertilizers carrying the (D nutrients needed by plants while chemical fertilizer may only carry A to ? nutrient elements. 7hemical fertilizers on the other hand may have immediate and fast release of nutrients and is dissipated in only @to B months. This claim is not entirely true as irrigated lands where organic fertilizers have been incorporated during land preparation show outstandingly better crop growth and yield. This may be true if the 9uantity of organic fertilizer applied is minimal! however! periodic application will be improving soil capacity of sustaining increasing crop productivity as the years go by. Ies there are mineral soil conditioners that will help enhance your soil with organic fertilizer to improve food crop 9uality. This is not true. 1rganically grown fruits and vegetables without chemical fertilizers have been producing commercially well. This is one big benefit in using
incorporated in the soil improves the soil te ture! nutrient content and feeds microorganisms and "eep the soil alive.
organic materials. The heavy use of chemical fertilizer have the tendency to ma"e the soil acidic and "ills microorganisms and life forms in the soil ma"ing it barren.
4ARMER:7: E"PERIENCE:= OB:ER$ATION: AND PRACTICE: )ORTH :HARING AND EMU3ATING In the -eptember A))@ issue of 2griculture Magazine! we read the e perience of a mango grower who turned to natural organic farming after e periencing big losses due to the high cost of chemical pesticides. +e is 7ol. Mirgilio :carma of 0atangas with ?!))) bearing trees. +ere is what 7ol. :carma did. 1n his A))) trees he stopped using chemical pesticides and replaced them with his own concoction of organic preparations. +is organic concoction did not only control pest and diseases! but also invigorated the trees. The materials he used are neem tree leaves! garlic! vinegar! coconut water! gin (alcohol)! molasses! trash fish! rice brand and effective microorganism (Pro;biotic). +e prepared his concoction in three ()) litters plastic drums. In the .ir1- dr/m he filled it (3@ with neem leaves! added ? "ilos of molasses! () "ilos of crushed garlic! AB bottles of gin (alcohol)! ( gallon of vinegar and filled the drum with water! then covered. 2llowed it to ferment for (? days! opening the cover to relish methane gas accumulating. The 1econd dr/m was filled half with trash fish! A) "ilos of molasses and filled the drum with water. 7over and allowed to ferment for (? days. The -,ird dr/m was filled wit A) "ilos of molasses and A litters of pro;biotic (:ffective Microorganism)! ? "ilos of rice brand and coconut water to fill the drum. 7over and allowed to stay for (? days.
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2fter (? days! N litter of li9uid was ta"en from each drum and mi ed to ()) litters of water and sprayed on the mango trees on a wee"ly interval. The result! fruit flies and mango hoppers were driven away. The A))) trees sprayed with the organic preparation had a very stri"ing contrast with the @))) trees not treated. The prayed trees were very fruitful! and the fruits were unblemished by fruit fly or anthracnose< while the @))) trees untreated were attac"ed by hoppers and fruit flies and were unproductive. 7ol. :carma also observed the treated trees were much healthier. +e surmised that the fish emulsion with Probiotics supplied nitrogen amino acid essential for plant growth. The organic preparations can also be used to other plants li"e ampalaya! patola! guava! macopa! papaya! caimito! banana! balimbing! siniguelas! pechay and other fruit bearing plants and vegetables. @o@o@o@ Or*anic 6e*e-a le *ro+er1= Ref and Hydia van +aute bought a A))) s9. m. land in 0alubad ,os! -ilang 7avite where they built a greenhouse and grew organic vegetables! free from to ic chemical pesticides. They use organic fertilizer. When insect pest come into the greenhouse! they spray the plants with concoction of pepper. 1verall! they grow disease free and insect free healthy vegetables. They follow a system of crop rotation. They have classified their vegetables into the 7abbage group! %oliage group! %ruit Megetable group! 4oot 7rop group and the Hegumes group. The different groups have their own peculiar pests and diseases! e plains Ret. To avoid pest and disease problems! they rotate the different groups. %or instance! legumes are planted where
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tomato and eggplants were planted previously. Pechay and lettuce on the other hand may be grown where carrots were planted before! and so on. 2nother techni9ue in avoiding pest and diseases is to intercrop plants that repel insect pests such as marigold. 0esides repelling insects! its roots also secrets a substance that "ills nematodes in the soil. In cases where the vegetables are still infested! the couple! spray them with organic pesticide li"e 0asilus thoringensis (0t) commercially prepared in powdered form and mi ed with water for application to plants.
ORGANIC MANGO T,ere i1 no+ a *ro+in* mar5e- demand .or or*anicall! *ro+n .r/i-1 and .ood crop1 e1peciall! in E/rope= and 1lo+l! in.l/encin* -,e +orld mar5e-1# PREDA (People1 reco6er!= Empo+ermen- and De6elopmen- A11i1-ance 4o/nda-ion= Inc#) i1 +or5in* on -,e commercial prod/c-ion o. Cer-i.ied Or*anic dried man*o# PREDA a*ric/l-/ri1-1 are +or5in* +i-, man*o .armer1 all o6er Cen-ral 3/2on on -,e .ir1- p,a1e o. 8going organicO -rainin*# )e ,a6e -o -a5e no-e ,o+e6er= +i-, -,e c,emical poll/-ion o. -,e 1oil= air and +a-er +orld+ide= +e canno- 1a! -,a- crop1 are *ro+n ;''P or*anic# ),a- +e can do i1 prod/ce .r/i-1 and .ood crop1 +i-,o/- -o0ic c,emical re1id/e +,en ,ar6e1-ed or con1/med# BOTANICA3 PE:TICIDE: .or MANGO -tudies on botanical plants with! pesticidal properties against mango leafhoppers were done by ,r. +ernani 6olez and #enita %. >amora of 6uimaras Island&s #ational Mango 4esearch 7enter (#M47). %ield test of different crud e tracts showed that
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tobacco plus detergent and combined e tracts of kakawati, tubli and ripe sili plus detergent !TR") were effective against mango hoppers. %urthermore! =T4, as bio;spray was also effective in the control of mealybugs attac"ing the flowers of mango. Incidence of borer damage was also minimized by spray application of different e tracts (tubli, tobacco, lagundi, atis and makabuhay). 2 comparative study is conducted by mango growers assisted by the 2gricultural Training Institute (2TI)! at Tu"awal! 2label! -arangani Province. The study consist of comparing practices of (. Mango 6rower 7ontractor practice A. 7hemical 7ompany 4ecommendations @. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) B. #atural 1rganic and 0iological practice ?. With 7ontrol trees Initial observation shows the 7hemical 7ompany recommendations and the #atural 1rganic and 0iological practices are competing in e cellence. The study shows that growing chemical free organic mango is commercially attainable. PO:T HAR$E:T TREATMENT T,ere are 1e6eral po1- ,ar6e1- -rea-men- ein* emplo!ed:
? Plain +arm +a-er +a1,in* with (* salt solution or detergent
and chlorine. ,ry fruits after washing as re;infection occur when fruits are moist.
!? Ho- )a-er Trea-men- (H)T) where fruits are dipped in ?A;??
degrees water for () minutes. 2 new innovation dip in ?F to C) degrees water for @) seconds to one minute. The temperature range should be strictly maintained and monitored to avoid scalding if it rises! and if it drops! may not control the pest and diseases of the fruits. 2ir;dry immediately after dipping. 2dding chlorine to the water helps control diseases
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The author designed and fabricated a simple +WT tan" made out of one sheet stainless steel plate heated by HP6. ,imension is A) @) inches and (E inches high. It has a capacity of A crates of A) "ilos per crate per loading. The unit can easily be transported to the site of harvest. It cost PE!))) to P()!))) per complete unit with stand! gas stove burner! HP6 tan" with hose! regulator and thermometer. 2 bigger stainless steel tan" with C crates capacity cost PA)!))).)) fabricated by a machine shop in 6en. -antos 7ity.
"? E0-ended Ho- )a-er Trea-men- (EH)T) K ,ipping the fruit in
BC ; BE degrees 7entigrade for F) minutes. This treatment is practiced in Me ico for mango e ported to the $-2.
;? $apor Hea- Trea-men- ($HT) where fruits are sub8ected to
heated vapor until the inner flesh of the fruit reaches BC degrees for () minutes. This treatment is re9uired for mangoes e ported to Rapan! and =orea. It is non to ic and non chemical disinfectant.
%? C,emical Trea-men- K $sing fungicide to control fruit rot.
%ungicides are dissolved in water where the fruits are dipped. 0enomyl (?));())) ppm) and other suitable fungicides are used.
(? %umigation with :thylene dibromide (:,0) at the rate of (C
grams per cubic meter for A hours at A?o7 is done for mangoes e ported to 2ustralia and #ew >ealand. This will control and destroy the insect eggs in the fruit. The 2ustralian government has now banned the use of :,0. The Philippine government is negotiating to replace ir with M+T to control fruit fly. Irradiation seems to be more favored by 2ustralia.
,? Irradia-ion K This is a new introduction to access fruits and
food preparation to $-2 and other countries re9uiring such 9uarantine procedure. These treatments tend to control fruit born diseases li"e 2nthracnose and -tem :nd 4ot as well as "ill insect eggs li"e %ruit %ly. 0e sure to fully dry the fruits after treatment! before pac"ing
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because wet and moist fruits are easily re;infected by fungal rot diseases.
:TEP: IN HOT )ATER TREATMENT (. +eat water up to ??U7 and main the temperature range at ?A; ??U7 during operations. 2 ?F;C) degrees for fast treatment. A. Place mango in perforated plastic crate or bas"et that fits into the hot water tan" to ma imize the number of fruits that can be treated in one dipping. In the absence of plastic crate! any other suitable containers that will not cause bruises on the fruits may be used. This will avoid direct contact of the fruits with the hot metal bottom of the tan" that can cause heat in8uries or scalding. @. ,ip the mango into the hot water submerged for ? to () minutes! chec"ing the temperature is between ?A;??U7. 2 faster procedure is @) to C) seconds dipping in ?F to C) degrees water. It is advisable to move the crates now and then to e9ualize the heat and help remove the dirt from the fruits. B. $se electric fan to hasten drying. When fully dried! sort them and pac" carefully in fruit bo es or crates for storage or shipment to the mar"et. ?. -ome buyers do not want chemically treated fruits! so +WT or M+T are done without using fungicide of chemicals.
95
The above operations should be done within B to E hours after harvest. It is even preferable for small 9uantity harvest to do the whole operation right in the field or farm. Treat fruits within B hour of pic"ing while late are still wet. +arvested mangoes should never be e posed to direct sunlight! wind! rain and other contaminants! either in the farm or during transport to the processing plant and pac"aging site. If this cannot be avoided! thorough washing and hot water treatment should be done and completely dried and pac"ed avoiding re;contamination. AGRO CHEMICA3 PRICE: ,r. Pablito P. Pamplona and Marisa 6arcia! professors of the $niversity of -outhern Mindanao made a study tour with fruit growers in Mindanao to Thailand! Indonesia and Malaysia. They found that cost of producing one;"ilo mango in Thailand is only P@.)) per "ilo while in Mindanao averages PC.)) to PD.)) a "ilo. T,e compara-i6e price1 P,ilippine1 and T,ailand: AGROCHEMICA3: o. a*ri@c,emical1 in -,e
P,ilippine Price1 (Da6ao) (. 7ultar (6rowth P?! @)) (A?*) per regulator) litter A. 7onfidor (Insecticide) C!BB) per litter @. ,ecis A.? :7 D?) per (Insecticide) litter B.=arateA.?:7 E?) per (Insecticide) litter ?. 2liette (!C)) per (%ungicide) litter C. 4ound $p (!?)) per (+erbicide) gallon T,e 1ol/-ion1 -o correc- -,e di1pari-! are=
96
T,ailand Price1 (C,an-ar /ri) PA?) ((?*) per litter E)) @)) @?) BF) BE) gallon per litter per litter per litter per litter per
a. 2dopt %ree Trade by removing barriers for %ilipino farmers to access to cheap agri;chemicals b. 6overnment through the ,TI and ,2 import directly agri;chemicals from cheap sources and sell to %ilipino farmers by bypassing layers of trades increasing the prices. c. 6o #atural farming with organic and biological technology. ORGANIC 4ARMER: Mr# Ko1e (Ba-c,o!) and his life partner Mr1# Pamela (Pam) Henare1 of -itio 0alugo! 0ry. 2langilan! 0acolod 7ity are practicing organic farming. They grow blac" pepper and lettuce organically. They do not want to contaminate the drin"ing water of the city which comes from their farm area. 0esides the vegetables and flowers! raise ?)!))) heads of broiler from where they source their organic fertilizer! chic"en droppings! @!))) s9. meters rice field! calamansi! pineapple! fruit trees and different variety of vegetables. Mr# Ramon U!= owner of 4$ %oundry G Machine -hop 7orp. in 0acolod 7ity is a new convert of organic farming. +e was re9uested by Mr. Rose /0achoy/ +enares to repaid his imported shredder. 0ecause of the encounter! 4$ %oundry is now manufacturing his own version of shredders for groups of farmers and local government units converting their organic waste in public mar"ets into organic fertilizers. Mr. $y realized that agriculture and industry have to progress together to support one another. +e himself is now engage in vermi;composting and organic gardening. +e also set up a model organic farm at 0ago 7ity with a partner to showcase how integrated organic gardening. It can be adopted by small farmers and earn more. Mr. 4amon $y is willing to teach farmers and H6$ sponsored groups and learn how they can produce their own fertilizer without relying so much on imported chemical fertilizers whose price is going up beyond the purchasing power of most %ilipino farmers.
97
Mr. $y observed that using chemical fertilizers may be cost effective at first! in the long run the cost increases because the soil gets depleted (as friendly microorganisms are eliminated) so more and more fertilizer will be needed. 1n the other hand! the application of organic fertilizer may progress slowly! but the cost of production will decrease and soil productivity increases as the years go by. 3ina Adoracion= a retired teacher at Malungon! -arangani Province grow organic rice! banana and other crops. -he produces superior 9uality rice seeds. Their organic rice sell more than rice grown conventionally with chemical fertilizer and pesticide spray. -he finds the farm environment healthy as she ma"es more money selling organic crops. R/e R# Rama1= Manager and proprietress of -::, W14H, in 6en. -antos 7ity grows organic vegetable in here demo vegetable garden. -he introduces the use of compost fertilizer and pro;biotic to counter pathogens. 4ue have been conducting trainings and seminars on organic farming in cooperation with H6$s! #61s and interested farmer groups. Mr# Pa- Aco1-a= a +orticulturist and 0usinessman has been growing strawberry for the last (A years. +e now grow different variety of lettuce in his @!))) s9. meter greenhouse farm at Hamtang! Ha Trinidad! 0enguet. Pat is one of the pioneering organic farming practitioners. +e has a shredder and compost pile! designed to turn shredded plant residue into organic humus. +e uses this material in growing his vegetables. +e uses probiotics and enzymes to speed up raw materials. Pat says! he wor" his land the natural way as his Master! the Hord 6od wishes. ORGANIC BANANA GRO)ING Carlos Im$ang- a ?at(n!an Banana $armer at )a%aytay, "(b%a ion 6a%(ngon, /arangani "rovi e &as t&is to s&are. 3is $arm is 3 &e tares #%ante! to ?at(n!an Banana at a !istan e o$ 3 x 6 meters. 3e #ra ti es %ean (%t(re, 'it& t&e 'ee!s an! banana %eaves %e$t to !e om#ose in
98
bet'een &i%%s. 3e (ses organi m(% & an! organi 'aste as &is $erti%iAer. 3e !oes not s#ray &emi a%s or bagging o$ b(n &es as !one 'it& ?a atan an! 7aven!is& banana gro'ing. 3e #r(nes o$$ !isease! %eaves an! bra 4 to #revent s#rea! o$ $(nga% !iseases. It ta"es () t) (A months from planting to flowering. %ruit emergence ta"es (B to (C days! and A.? months from flower emergence to fruit maturity and harvest. +e maintains A to @ suc"ers per hill at different stages of growth. : cess suc"ers are removed to concentrate nutrient to fruit development. Provide good drainage and aeration to "eep the plants dry with ma imum sunlight e posure. -oil moisture is maintained with the mulching. +e does not plow to avoid damaging roots that will serve as entry point of diseases. The average production is () to @? "ilos per bunch. +e mar"ets at the local Public Mar"et of Malungon at P().)) per "ilo whole sale to retailers. +e has a wee"ly harvest of ()) to (@) "ilos from V hectare. +e is e panding his area to C hectares. +e observed that his yield increases during the rainy season and drops during summer months. 4eplant after @ to ? years with ( year rest or planted to legume crops. It is a good practice to rest the land for one year and allow the growth of natural vegetation and microorganisms that help decompose and turn plant residue and convert them to organic fertilizer and readily available plant nutrients.
ORGANIC 4I:H CU3TURE Inland fish culture has been originally practiced in la"es and ponds the natural way. They 8ust building the pond and allow fish to live! tribe and grow. 2s new technology are introduced! many fishpond operators were feeding the fish with ready mi ed and milled commercial fish feeds. They also use chemical fertilizers to induce growth of algae fish food. 2erators are used to help introduce o ygen into the waters as heavy pollution depletes the air in water.
99
3o6en $ilc,e1 of -ibunag! 6uimaras started using ( ton organic fertilizer per hectare of fishpond instead of chemical fertilizer. They decompose the organic fertilizer (chic"en droppings) with pro;biotic or beneficial microorganism. It ta"es @ wee"s from treatment of bacteria before the organic fertilizer is applied on the pond. 2fter a few days the pond is filled with water and side dressed with li9uid algal booster. +is harvest increased by A?*. +e uses fingerlings caught from the wild and limits fry population so as not to over stoc" the pond. The biological fish culture technology was introduced by 2idine 6alvan of 6rowbio %arming -ystem of 0acolod 7ity. Bang(s is &arveste! in 2.5 mont&s instea! o$ t&e (s(a% 3 mont&s. )&e $is& siAe are 4 #ie es to a 4i%o. A$ter &arvest, t&ere is ri & a%gae s(##%y in t&e #on!, t&at t&ere 'as no nee! to a!! $is& $ee!. )&ere is no nee! $or anot&er mont& #on! #re#aration $or t&e next ro##ing. 15 !ays is eno(g&. )&ey a!! more #ro=bioti ba teria $or enAymes to ontin(e t&e #ro!( tion o$ $is& $oo!. )&e !ea! a%gae, $is& %itter an! ot&er organi 'aste in t&e #on! are onverte! into n(trients by t&e enAymes an! be ome $is& $oo! again. <t is re y %ing 'aste.
HERBA3 P3ANT: Plants were created for animals. While we also use them for plant nutrition and protection! they are more used as food and medication to "eep man and animals healthy productive and have a long life. +ere is one. (2 bonus to our readers) #$"R%&E''A A()(T)&A or &E*TE''A 7ommon name K 6otu =ola! Payong;payong! Ta"ip;"uhol It is referred to as Indian 6inseng. 2nother variety is =oto =ola. Two leaves a day keeps sickness and old age away +erbalist calls 6otu =ola as the finest herbal tunic.
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The leaves appear to act as brain food. A;@ leaves a day eaten raw strengthen worn out body tissues and the brain to a remar"able degree. (. It prevents 0rain fatigue and nervous brea"down. Two to three leaves a day will "eep old age away provided that the body is e posed to the sun for a time being for each day. A. It cures the nervous and mental problems! heart problems! age spots! and thyroid stimulant. @. It improves s"in and relieves s"in problems! leprosy! tuberculosis! and venereal diseases. B. It assists in healing menopausal problems. depressions! impotence! and
?. It also serves as an aphrodisiac. The Indians use the plant as a diuretic to remove e cess fluid from the body and stimulate stimulants to the "idney and bladder as a blood purifier. 6otu "ola has also been used as cancer treatment! and herb used by Rason Winters as told in his story in his inspiring boo" .=IHHI#6 72#7:4/ that is usually available in health and food shop. 0ecause 6otu =ola #ydrocella asistica) is an 2sian herb! it is not mentioned in :uropean herbals! as they do not grow naturally there. It was renowned 7hinese herbalist P41%. HI 7+2#6 I$#! who lived to the age of A?C years as a user of that herb that awo"e the Western World as to its value. +e was born on (CDD and in (F@@ the #ew Ior" Times announced the death of the remar"able oriental whose life span had reach over two and a half;century. The 7hinese government officially recorded his age. 2t AC) years of age Prof. Iun still gave
101
courses of lectures (Its lecture lasting @ hours) on longevity at the 7hinese $niversity. Those who saw him declared that he did not appear older than a man of DA did. +e stood erect and strong and had his own natural hair and teeth. 2fter Hi 7hung/s death! the %rench government has done e tensive studies. They found out that there is un"nown vitamin that they called Mitamin I for the youth vitamin because it was found to have a beneficial effect on the brain and endocrine glands. 2nother %rench 0io;7hemist Rules Hepino who undertoo" e tensive researches of the plant and found out that it had a rare tonic properties that had mar"ed energizing effect on the nerves and brain cells to "eep them functioning well. Many people who too" 6otu =ola daily tell how they no longer feel brain fatigue. Their memory is strengthened and a feeling of mental and physical well being and energy had been e perienced. It is considered as brain food. The lady who too" the herbal for si wee"s said that she did not feel fatigue despite heavy schedule and she was more rela and her arthritic pain gone. %or years she had not been able to ta"e the ring off her finger because of arthritis. 0ut after ta"ing the herb for several wee"s! she was able to remove her ring again. 4ecently a lady from 0risbane came to pic" up her friend who has been sic" and also troubled with high blood pressure. -he started ta"ing the herb. In her ne t chec"up! the doctor too" her pressure three times as he could not believe that her blood pressure for ten years normalized due to her ta"ing 6otu =ola daily with in two wee"s. 6oto "ola #ydrocella asistica) can be eaten straight from the plant or added to salad or chopped as a last minute garnish or meal li"e parsley. It has a slight bitter flavor. The
102
leaves can be used as fresh or died for iced fruit 8uice sweetened with honey. 0ut do not over eat. It may result to headache! dizziness! or too much energy and sleeplessness at bedtime. 6otu "ola is a rich source of chlorophyll! Mitamins 2! 0! 7! ,! = and particularly minerals and magnesium. The plant is easy to grow and adapts in most soils. 2 F? years old lady in wheel chair at the 6eneral -antos 7ity +ome for the 2ged has now left her wheel chair after eating #ydrocella asistica for two months. -he was suffering from sever 2rthritis with high blood and diabetes. #ow she can wal" and move around with a cane. -oon she says! even the cane may no longer be needed as she feels progressively getting stronger and active. 1ther old fol"s in the home for the aged also say their health and strength are improving as they daily eat fresh +ydrocella asistica leaves. They claim that three (@) leaves a day is enough. Too many inta"es cause headaches to some. It tastes pleasantly bitter when chewed fine and 8uicy. The plant is a soft tender crawling vine with roots and a leaf at every node. +ydrocella asistica leaves are shaped li"e umbrella with al long pistil. They grow well on moist soil partly shaded areas. It is fast growing! ideal to replace no ious weeds between fruit trees in orchard farms. It appears to help enrich the soil as green manure plant. Planting materials are now available in tray pot. 7ontact Marietta +. 4ivera at @) Hapu Hapu -t.! 6eneral -antos 7ity. Tel ()E@) @)(;)((D JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ
103
T,ere are more Na-/ral and Or*anic and Biolo*ical 4armin* 1!1-em1 -,a- ,a6e no- !e- een incl/ded in -,i1 man/1crip-# T,i1 -ec,nolo*! +e ,a6e >/1- pre1en-ed are 1/..icien- .or e*inner1= .armer1 and en-,/1ia1-1 -o 1-ar- on -,e road on na-/ral .armin* and prod/cin* 1a.e and ,eal-,./l .ood crop1# )e 1/**e1- -,a- o/r reader1 em ar5 on !o/r o+n re1earc,= 1-/d!= -rial1 and readin*1 -o learn more and e a paro. a ne+ mo6emen- o. en6ironmen-al and ecolo*! .riendl! .armin*# T,e ne+ mo6emen- ,ope1 -o rin* ac5 -,e ird1 o. -,e air= .ro*1 and rep-ile1 on -,e land= and .i1,e1 o. -,e +a-er1 and 1-ream1 -,a- di1appear eca/1e o. -,e /nre1-ric-ed /1e o. -o0ic c,emical1 in a*ric/l-/re# T,e lo1- io ecolo*ical alance and di6er1i-! o. na-/re +ill e ac5 +i-, -,e ric, .er-ile 1oil1 -,acan 1/1-ain crop prod/c-ion and rene+ -,e .ace o. -,e ear-, nearer -o i-1 primal ori*in# 3e- /1 1-/d! and learn na-/ral la+1 .or -,e! are God71 la+1 -,a+ill ,elp /1 .arm -,e na-/ral +a!1# In -,e proce11= +e +ill e prod/cin* 1a.e= ,eal-,./l .ood +,ile pro-ec-in* -,e en6ironmen-= 1/1-ainin* alance eco1!1-em and pre1er6in* io@di6er1i-! in o/r .arm1# Good l/c5 and ,app! prod/c-i6e Na-/ral 4armin*# ACKNO)3EGEMENT T,e li.e-ime +or51= re1earc,= and 1-/die1 o. Pedro D# :an*a-anan= B:A= M:c# And Ronel 3# :an*a-anan= B:A= MA*r# T,e! ,a6e een an in1pira-ion in promo-in* or*anic .armin* -o -,e 4ilipino .armer1= and ,elp prod/ce 1a.e and ,eal-,./l or*anicall! *ro+n .ood a- lo+er co1- and 1el.@1/1-ainin* na-/ral .armin* 1!1-em# Mr# <ac B# :arian= Edi-or o. A%ri$u ture Month # Ma%azine, +,o ,a1 a +ide 1o/rce o. in.orma-ion on a*ric/l-/ral -ec,nolo*!= and ,a1 een /n1el.i1, in 1,arin* -,em -o ,elp .a1-
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-rac- -,e de6elopmen- o. 1e6eral P,ilippine a*ric/l-/ral ind/1-rie1 and 6en-/re1# Mi11 3ina Adoracion a re-ired -eac,er no+ a ./ll -ime .armer1 adop-in* -,e Ma1i5ap +a! o. na-/ral and or*anic .armin* a- ,er Mal/n*on .arm1# :,e prod/ce1 or*anicall! *ro+n rice and .r/i-1# Ms. 4ue 4. 4amas! proprietor of -eed World and currently busy educating and conducting training&s on organic farming with the use of pro;biotic. +er demo;vegetable crops are organically grown. -::, W14H,! M.6. 4ivera %arm! #at. +wy. Hagao. 6eneral -antos 7ity. Tele . )E@;@)A;)BBB! Tel. )E@;@)A;)B?C 7ell' )F(D;F?(;?@CB) Mr. 2ntonio .Toto/ Marin III! Pathologist and practicing farmer. +e is an advocate of organic and biotechnology who ma"es his own researches and studies which he shares with farmers in seminars and training. 7ell #o. )F(E;@AF;A)@@. To the farmers who encourage this writer to continue improving and promoting this manuscript to help and guide them in returning to natural farming. The ,epartment of Trade and Industry (,TI) 4egion (A Who facilitated the early printing and reproduction of this manuscript! and conducted special forum to launch the handboo" on #atural %arming on 1ctober A(! A))B at =oronadal 7ity. 6overnment and none government agencies and educational institution supporting this trust and development of natural farming to include' ,2;2TI! %P2! ,TI! ,1-T! 6:#-2%71! MI#%4$IT! 6:M! M-$;6-7! $-M;=20272#! $,P. 4or more in.orma-ion and con1/l-a-ion plea1e con-ac-: RE" A# RI$ERA A*ronomi1-= A*ric/l-/ral Con1/l-an105
?' 3ap/ 3ap/ :-ree-= General :an-o1 Ci-! E@mail: rari6eraEQ!a,oo#com )e%ex: 083=301=0117 7e%% "&one: 0917=746=2029
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NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A.

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

"" "; "( ;0

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

. C,emical 1e0 a--rac-an- A The use of PHEROMONE a

!. Bl/e elec-ric lamp surrounded with electrically charged

mess wire that electrocutes insects upon contact.

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

COMMON IN:ECT PE:T: AND THEIR CONTRO3

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

or chew leaves and tender parts. Con-rol mea1/re1:

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

gardens with good water supply! while watering their plants

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

!? ACAPU3CO (Ca11ia ala-a) 3ea6e1 A : tract 8uice and spray

;? PAPA%A (Carica papa!a) Heaves K Pound! soa" in water and

%? :EN:ITI$E P3ANT H MAKAHI%A (Mimo1a p/dica) ),ole

2? MA%ANA (Cole/1 1c/-ellarioide1) 3ea6e1 A : tract 8uice of

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

0? 3AGUNDI ($i-e0 ne*/ndo) Heaves K : tract 8uice of one

!? IPI3@IPI3 (3e/caena le/cocep,ala) 3ea6e1 K Pound and

"? RED ONION (Alli/m 1epa) B/l

%? KAMANTIGUI (Impatiens balsa mina) Heaves K : tract 8uice

(? MANA (Ratropha multipida) Heaves K : tract 8uice of one

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist

NATURAL & ORGANIC FARMING By: Rex A. Rivera, Agronomist