Fault Location Estimation on Transmission Lines Using Wavelet Transform and Artificial Neural Network

Las Vegas Nevada, USA, June 26-29, 2006

S. EKICI Department of Electrical Education Firat University Elazig, Turkey S. YILDIRIM Department of Electrical Education Firat University Elazig, Turkey

Abstract - This paper presents a wavelet transform (WT) and artificial neural network (ANN) based algorithm for estimating fault location on transmission lines. The algorithm is developed as a one-end frequency based technique and used both voltage and current effect resulting from remote end of the power system. Fault simulation is carry out in Alternative Transient Program (ATP). One cycle of waveform, covering pre-fault and post-fault information is abstracted for analysis. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used for data preprocessing and this data are used for training and testing ANN. Five types of mother wavelet are used for signal processing to identify a suitable wavelet family that is more appropriate for use in estimating fault location. It is found that the proposed method gives satisfactory results and will be useful for estimating fault location. Keywords: Transmission lines, fault location, wavelet transform, artificial neural network.

analyzing scale by the factor of two has been used [3]. This paper is aimed to propose a WT and ANN based fault locator algorithm. By this purpose, 380 kV transmission line has been simulated using ATP [4]. The voltage and current waveforms which are obtained from receiving end of power system has been abstracted for further analysis. These signals are then used in DWT. Five types of mother wavelets, Daubechies (db5), Biorthogonal (bior5.5), Coiflets (coif5), Symlets (sym5) and Reverse Biorthogonal (rbio5.5) have been considered for signal processing. The data sets which are obtained from DWT, has been used for training and testing of ANN.

2.0 Wavelet Transform

Wavelet transform (WT) is a mathematical technique used for many application of signal processing [3], [5]. Wavelet is much more powerful than conventional method in processing the stochastic signals because of analyzing the waveform time-scale region. In wavelet transform, the band of analysis can be adjusted so that low frequency and high frequency components can be windowing by different scale factor. Recently WT is widely used in signal processing applications, such as denoising, filtering, and image compression [1]. Many pattern recognition algorithms have been developed based on the wavelet transforms. It also has been used widely by the power system researchers. According to scale factor, wavelet categorized different section. In this paper the wavelet which is named Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) by two scale factor was used. For any function ( f ), DWT is written as,

1.0 Introduction
Fault location estimation is very important issue in power system engineering in order to clear faults quickly and restore power supply as soon as possible with minimum interruption. This is necessary for health of power equipment and satisfaction of customer. In the past, several methods have been used for estimating fault location with different techniques such as line impedance based numerical method, traveling wave methods and fourier analysis [1]. Nowadays, high frequency components in stead of traditional methods have been used [2]. Fourier transform are used to abstract fundamental frequency component but it has been shown that fourier transform based analysis sometimes are not exactly enough. Recently wavelet transform has been used extensively for estimating fault location accurately. The most important characteristic of wavelet transform is to analyze the waveform on time-scale rather than frequency. In this paper, discrete wavelet transform which has a change in the

DWT (m, n ) =

1 2m

f (k )
k

n k2m 2m

(1 )

where, is mother wavelet [3], [5]. The decomposition for three levels is shown Figure 1.

Signal

used as the activation function of the hidden layer neurons. Saturated linear function was used for the output layer.
cD1

cA1

cA2

cD2

V&I

x1

cA3

cD3
V&I x6 input layer output layer

Location

Fig.1. Three level signal decomposition diagram.

3.0 Artificial Neural Network

Artificial neural network (ANN) is made up of many computational processing elements called neurons or nodes [6], [7]. These nodes operate in parallel and are connected together in topologies that are loosely modeled after biological neural systems [8]. The training of ANN is carried out to associate correct output responses to particular input pattern. Once trained properly, an ANN has the ability to generalize when similar, but not identical patterns are introduced to the network [9]. A popular model for ANN is the multilayered one shown in Figure 2. The multi-layer perceptron has the ability of handling complex and non-linear input-output relationship with hidden layer [10]. Application of ANN to pattern recognition [11], [12] has been widely studied. Multilayer feed forward networks [13] were chosen to process the prepared input data which were obtained from wavelet transform. For designing WT and ANN based fault locator, 6 inputs and 1 output neuron were used for training ANN. For testing ANN, 5 inputs and 1 output neuron were chosen among 11 fault data which were obtained from ATP simulation. The number of neurons for the hidden layer is chosen to be 12. Hyperbolic tangent function was

hidden layer

Fi

Fig. 2. The proposed ANN structure.

4.0 Case Studies and Simulation Results

In this paper, fault location estimation was performed on a power system simulation as shown in Figure 3. The simulation was performed using ATP. The detection of fault location using conventional methods involves very complicate operation and may be introduced error. The main purpose of this paper is to detect distance from sending end to fault point accurately and easily. Three phase model of overhead power transmission line has 360 km long and 380 kV voltage. The fault location is assumed at 11 point L1-L11 every 36 km s distance. The simulation time is 110 ms with 10 time step. Scale factor is 1:1000 for power system characteristic parameter. Considering the scale factor, line resistance 13 ohm, line inductance 290 mH, mutual capacitance 1 F , earth resistance 5 ohm and earth capacitance 2 F was selected.

360 km

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

L7

L8

L9

L10

L11 Load

380 kV Line

Fig. 3. Sample power system.

The ANNs were trained and tested for different fault point and wavelet families when a phase to ground fault occurred on the transmission line.

Actual location of the faults and the outputs of ANN are shown in Table 1. For every ANN output, the results were compared as shown

Table 1. Actual and estimated fault location Actual location,km 36 108 180 252 324 db5 35.74 107.98 180.03 251.93 324.00 bior5.5 37.45 107.74 180.12 252.07 324.05 coif5 33.66 108.34 180.04 252.05 323.90 sym5 36.25 108.03 180.12 252.10 324.21 rbio5.5 34.99 108.12 180.15 252.02 323.95

actual

coif5

37 36 35

sym5

252,1
rbio5.5
actual

bior5.5

sym5 sym5 coif5 rbio5.5 rbio5.5

38

bior5.5

252,15

db5

252,05 252 251,95 251,9 251,85 251,8

coif5

34 33 32 31

108,4 108,3 108,1 108 107,9 107,8 107,7 107,6 107,5 107,4
actual

coif5

sym5

actual

db5

bior5.5

Fig. 4. The comparison of actual and estimated fault locations.

rbio5.5

180,2
bior5.5

180,15 180,1
actual

sym5

5.0 Conclusion
The application of the wavelet transform to detect fault location in transmission lines has been investigated. The most suitable wavelet family has been made to identify for use in detection of fault locate. Five different types of wavelet have been chosen as a mother wavelet for ANNs input and output data set. It is found that better results can be produced using Daubechies db5 wavelet. The use of ANN as a pattern classifier to simulate a fault locator has been also investigated. The results of ANN are very satisfactory. The simulation for 380 kV transmission line was performed using ATP. Assuming the fault occur at different point of transmission line, fault current and voltage waveform abstracted for further analysis.

180,05 180 179,95 179,9

db5

ti

coif5

db5

bior5.5

108,2

324,25 324,2 324,15 324,1 324,05 324 323,95 323,9 323,85 323,8 323,75 323,7

rbio5.5

db5

The waveforms obtained from ATP have been converted as a MATLAB file for feature extraction. DWT has been used for feature extraction. This feature vector has been used for training and testing ANN to detect fault location precisely. Finally, it was shown that the proposed method has provided a great accuracy for use in detection of transmission line fault location.

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6.0 References
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