1.

First Amendment Act: 1951 To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restriction on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9 introduced to protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law Insert articles 31A and 31B. Insert schedule 9 Amend articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376. 2. 4th Amendment -1955 Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the constitution Amend articles 31, 35 band 305. Amend schedule 9 3. 7th amendment- 1956 Reorganization of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union Territories Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A. Amend part 8. Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7 4. 9th amendment -1960 Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc. Amended schedule 1 5. 19th amendment- 1966 Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts Amend Art-324 6. 20th amendment-1966 Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to overcome the effect of judgement invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh Amended 233A 7. 24th amendment- 1971 Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution

After this amendment, the President is bound to assent to Constitution Amendment. Amend articles 13Ins cl (4) in 13 and 368 8. 25th Amendment- 1972 Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property. The jurisdiction of courts to determine the adequacy of compensation was taken away. No law which declared to lay down that it was for giving effect to the principles laid in art-39 (b)(c), would be called in question on the ground that it is inconsistent with FRs- 14, 19, 31. Amend article 31. Insert article 31C 9. 26th amendment- 1971 Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic. Insert article 363A. Remove articles 291 and 362 10. 28th amendment- 1972 Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post independence. Insert article 312A. Remove article 314 11. 30th amendment- 1973 Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law. Amended Art- 133 12. 32nd amendment- 1974 Protection of regional rights in Telengana and Andhra regions of State of Amend article 371. Insert articles 371D and 371E. Amend schedule 7

Andhra Pradesh.

13. 35th amendment- 1975 Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India, as associate state. Amend articles 80 and 81. Insert article 2A. Insert schedule 1 14. 36th amendment- 1975 Formation of Sikkim as a full-fledged state with in Indian union.

Remove article 2A. Amend schedules 1 and 4. Remove schedule 1 15. 38th amendment -1975 Emergency by president or ordinances by president or governor, would not come under judicial review. Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360.

16. 39th amendment- 1975 Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister. Questions regarding elections of PM, president, Vice-president and speaker of loksabha are taken out of the judicial purview.

Amend articles 71 and 329. Insert article 329A. 17. 40th amendment- 1976 All lands, minerals etc underlying the ocean with in the territorial waters or the continent shelf or the exclusive economic zone of India shall vest in the union. Power to determine the limits of territorial waters, continent shelf were vested in the parliament. Amend article 297. Amend schedule 9

18. 42nd amendment- 1976 Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic. Obligatory for prez to act in accordance to the advice of Council of Ministers. President can proclaim emergency in either part or whole. gave the Directive Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights It further imposed limits on the power and jurisdiction of the judiciary raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from five to six years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State to deal with law and order problems envisaged the establishment of administrative tribunals for service matters of Government employees and also other tribunals for economic offences. The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional Amendment could be questioned in any court of law. Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A. Insert parts 4A and 14A. Amend schedule 7 Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172,

189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F. 19. 43rd amendment- 1978 Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42 The Supreme Court will now have power to invalidate State laws, a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts will also be able to go into the question of constitutional validity of Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to obtain speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court. Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366. Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A 20. 44th amendment- 1979 Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Right to property was taken as a fundamental right, put in 300A Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F Insert articles 134A and 361A. Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A. Amend part 12. Amend schedule 9. 21. 52nd amendment- 1985 Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191. Insert schedule 10 22. 58th amendment- 1987 Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments. Insert article 394A. Amend part 22 23. 59th amendment- 1988 Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab. Amend article 356. Insert article 359A 24. 61st amendment- 1989 Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18. Amended Art 326 25. 65th amendment- 1990

National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its stututory powers specifed in The Constitution. -Amended Art-338 26. 69th amendment- 1991 To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Insert articles 239AA and 239AB 27. 70th amendment- 1991 Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election Amend- Art 54, 239 AA 28. 73rd Amendment- 1993 Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level of administration in villages. Insert part 9 29. 74th amendment- 1993 Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities Insert part 9A

30. 81st amendment- 2000 It provides that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered separately for filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the previous list will not be considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective year. Amend- Art 16 31. 82nd amendment- 2000 It provides that nothing in the Article 355 shall prevent the State from making any provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for relaxation in qualifying marks with respect to examination/job/promotion. Amend- Art 355 Both 81st & 82nd amendments were made in supersession of Supreme Court's judgements 32. 86th amendment -2002 Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six. Amend articles 45 and 51A. Insert article 21A 33. 89th amendment- 2003 The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. Amend article 338.

Insert article 338A 34. 90th amendment- 2003 Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area. Amend article 332. 35. 91st amendment- 2004 Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws. This amendment deleted paragraph 3 of the Tenth Schedule. Deleting this paragraph allowed onethird of the legislature party to split without attracting provisions of the existing ant defection law. The Constitution (Ninety First Amendment) debarred the defectors from holding any public office as a minister or any other remunerative post till the end of the current term or till fresh elections are hold. Amend articles 75 and 164. Insert article 361B. Amend schedule 10. 36. 92nd amendment 2004 Enable Levy of Service Tax & Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as Official Languages. Insert article 268A. Amend schedules 7 and 8 37. 93rd amendment- 2006 In conclusion, this amendment enables the constitution to provide for reservations for OBCs in all "educational institutions" including private, whether aided or unaided, excepting minority educational institutions. It brought all private institutions, whether aided or unaided, under the purview of the Government's policies on reservation and fee structure, Reservation for socially and educationally backward classes. Amend article 15 38. 94th amendment-2006 To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkand and Chattisgarh States and excluded bihar from 164. Amend article 164 39. 95th amendment- 2010 To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years. 40. 96th amendment- 2010 Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya" Amended Sch-8 41. 97th amendment- 2012 Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies.

The Constitution (106th Amendment) Bill proposed to to insert a new part IX B in the Constitution and adding Articles 243ZH through 243ZT providing for incorporation, regulation and winding up of cooperative societies. The bill specified maximum number of Board members and the tenure of the members. The bill also specified for elections to be held before the expiry of the term of the Board. The bill specified that the Board of a co-operative society that has government shareholding or loans can be superseded for the maximum period of six months. State governments can co-opt upto two nominees on the Board of a co-operative society. The Bill specified certain offences related to co-operative societies. State legislatures can define the penalties related to co-operative societies. Voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management. Audit by independent auditors or Auditing firms out of the panel approved by State Government or an authority authorized by the Government in this behalf. Free and fair elections to be conducted by an independent body. Directors in the Cooperative Societies will also include two women and one Scheduled Caste representatives.

42. 98th amendment bill- lapsed The Constitution 98th amendment Bill sought to constitute a National Judicial Commission. The bill propsed to include a Chapter IV-A in Part V of the Constitution which shall be in charge of appointing judges to the higher judiciary and for transferring High Court Judges. The bill also sought to empower the National Judicial Commission to draw up a code of ethics for judges, inquire into the cases of misconduct or deviant actions of a judge other than those that are punishable with his or her removal, and advise the chief justice of India or chief justice of High Courts appropriately after such enquiry. 99th amendment bill-90th amendment act 100th amendment -92nd amendment act 101st amendment 102nd amendment 43. 103rd amendment- Lapsed The Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Bill, 2004 along with National Commission for Minorities (Repeal) Bill, 2004 was introduced in Lok Sabha in 2004 Background: In 6 states& UTs viz. Jammu & Kashmir, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Punjab, the Hindus are a minority in contrast with the rest of the country. The minority standard of Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists and Parsees who are designated as minority in India should not be applicable to these states. For example, in Punjab Sikhs are in majority, in J& K Muslims are in majority. "On August 8, 2005, a Supreme Court judgment decreed that Jains should not be treated as a

minority at the national level and no more communities should be declared as a minority at the national level. Only the state government may declare communities as minorities. ." Bill proposed states as the basic unit to judge which community is a minority in which state. Some features: The National Commission for Minorities (Repeal) Bill, 2004 repeals the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. It proposed to dissolve the National Commission for Minorities. The Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Bill, 2004 proposed to establish a new National Commission for Minorities, with a constitutional status, in order to inspire greater confidence towards the effectiveness of the Commission. The states would be asked for their view on the basis of data available as to who is a minority. They will be consulted by the President of India, would then notify the minorities in that state. While the President is to consult the states, he would not be bound to act on their advice. 104th amendmenet-93rd act 105th amendment-94th act 106th amendment- lapsed 44. 107th amendment- 2007-lapse To include Gorkha Hill Council, Darjeeling in the Sixth Schedule. The Sixth Schedule provides for the creation of autonomous District Councils in certain tribal areas of the North-Eastern states. The Bill seeks to form a District Council for the hill areas of Darjeeling in West Bengal called the Gorkha Hill Council, Darjeeling (GHC). All District Councils have the power to make laws on a range of subjects such as the allotment of land, use of water course, and inheritance of property. The GHC has the power to make laws on 45 additional subjects such as agriculture, education and transport. The laws made by GHC cannot nullify the existing rights and privileges of any Indian citizen, including land rights, if such citizen is otherwise eligible to acquire land within that area. Thirteen per cent of the people living in Darjeeling district belong to Scheduled Tribes. 45. 108th amendment bill- 2008, passed by RS. Seeks to reserve one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. The allocation of reserved seats shall be determined by such authority as prescribed by Parliament. One third of the total number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be reserved for women of those groups in the Lok Sabha and the legislative assemblies. Reserved seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in the state or union territory. Reservation of seats for women shall cease to exist 15 years after the commencement of this Amendment Act. 109th amendment- 95th amendment Act 46. 110th amendment bill- 2009-Pending The Bill seeks to amend the article to enhance the quantum of reservation women from one-third to one half of the total seats in the Panchayats. Similar reservation shall be provided among the total number of offices of Chairpersons.

111th amendment bill- 97th amendment 47. 112th amendment- 2009-Pending to provide for 50% reservation of women in Urban Local Bodies. Through this Bill the Government of India seeks to increase the representation of women in Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) from the present level of one-third to 50 percent which would also include enhancement of reservation for women upto 50 percent in seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and 50 percent reservations for women in the posts of Chairpersons. 113rd amendment-96th act 48. 114th amendment- 2010-Pending The Constitution allows every judge of a High Court including additional and acting judges to hold office till 62 years. The Bill increases the age limit to 65 years. amend Articles 217 and 224 49. 115th amendment- 2011-Pending The Bill seeks to amend the Constitution to provide for the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST). The Bill allows both Parliament and state legislatures to frame laws with respect to GST. Parliament will have the exclusive power to levy GST on imports and inter-state trade. The Bill creates a Goods and Services Tax Council consisting of state Finance Ministers, the Union Finance Minister, and Union Minister of State for Revenue to make recommendations with respect to GST. The Bill provides for a Dispute Settlement Authority to settle disputes between states or between states and the Union with regard to GST. Appeals from the Authority lie with the Supreme Court. The Bill exempts certain commodities from GST, including petroleum products and alcoholic liquor for human consumption. 50. 116th amendment- 2011- Negatived The Bill amends the Constitution by inserting a new Part XIVB (adding Articles 323C and 323D) to the Constitution. It provides an outline for establishing a Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for the states. The Bill also amends the Third Schedule (insertion of Part IX) to provide for the form of oath to be taken by the Chairperson and members of Lokpal and the Lokayukta. The Bill provides that that there shall be a Lokpal for the Union and a Lokayukta for the States 51. 117th amendment- 2012- passed by RS In 1992, the Supreme Court in the case of Indira Sawhney v Union of India had held reservations in promotions to be unconstitutional. Subsequently in 1995, the central government had amended the Constitution and inserted Article 16(4A). This provided for reservation in promotions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes which in the opinion of the state are not adequately represented in the services. In 2006, the Supreme Court in the case of M. Nagraj v Union of India upheld the constitutional validity of the amendment. While upholding the validity of the amendment, the court held that before framing any law on this issue, the state will have to satisfy the test of; (a) backwardness of the particular SC and ST group; (b) inadequate representation of the said group; and (c) efficiency of administration. In April 2012, the Supreme Court struck down the UP Government Seniority Rules which provided

for reservations in promotions. The court held that the state government had not undertaken any exercise to identify whether there was backwardness and inadequate representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the state government. In light of the recent judgment of the Supreme Court, the central government has introduced the present Bill amending the Constitution. The Bill seeks to substitute Article 16(4A) of the Constitution of India. The Bill provides that all the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes notified in the Constitutional shall be deemed to be backward. Article 335 of the Constitution states that the claims of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have to be balanced with maintaining efficiency in administration.The Bill states that provision of the amendment shall override the provision of Article 335. 52. 118th amendment-2013 a. A resolution to make special provisions for the Hyderabad Karnataka Region was passed by the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council of Karnataka in March 2012. The resolution aims to establish an institutional mechanism to develop the region and promote inclusive growth. b. The Bill seeks to insert Article 371J in the Constitution to empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region c. includes the districts of Gulbarga, Bidar, Raichur, Koppal, Yadgir and Bellary d. The President may allow the Governor to take the following steps for development of the region: (i) setting up a development board for the Region; (ii) ensure equitable allocation of funds for development of the Region; and (iii) provide for reservation in educational and vocational training institutions, and state government positions in the Region for persons from the Region.