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css rel=stylesheet></link></p> #Lecture 02: Reconstruction ##Perspectives on Ruinscapes How did people think about the ruined Southern capital, and how did that play ou t in politics? Lincoln's visit to Richmond (1865 Apr. 4): the image of the confederacy in ruins was taken well by former slaves. Slavery had heavily driven the society of antebellum South. *How deeply rooted was slavery in the US before the Civil war?* Slavery was not only rooted in contemporary ethical views (slaves were "civilize d" by the institution) but also by federal law ($1k fine for a marshal who faile d to arrest a runaway slave). Slavery also fueled Northern growth (cotton mills in the North), territorial gro wth (people expanding westward to Texas brought slaves with them, and fought for independence from Mexico since slavery was outlawed there). ##Early forms of reconstruction Reconstruction was a policy designed to integrate the South into the US. Abraham Lincoln's 1863 Ten Percent Plan: a state can be reintegrated into the Un ion when 10% of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegia nce to the US, and 10% of the 1860 vote count form that state had promised to ab ide by emancipation, and all but the highest ranking Confederate officials would be pardoned. This was a wartime strategy designed to divide the Confederacy int o pro-reunion and anti-reunion campso. The **freedmen's bureau** was an agency designed to: establish schools provide aid to the poor and aged settle disputes between whites and African Americans, and among freedpeople securing for former slaves equality

The Bureau ed from 1865-1870 but was hamstrung by lack of support - at any time there were under 1000 agents in the entire South. However, it was responsible fo r some reforms: 3000 schools, serving 150k students, reported to the bureau by 1 869. The bureau divided land into 40-acre plots for rental and eventual sale to former slaves. ##Presidential reconstruction and its cultures Andrew Johnson was a former tailor who had worked his way up through Tennessee p olitics. A racist and a states' rights advocate, he was (for his own reasons) op posed to the confederacy. Johnson was chosen by Lincoln as a running mate to boo st his popularity as a unifier. Johnson's "presidential reconstruction" did not focus of racial equality and gav e states a large amount of leeway. All southern people were pardoned except high ranking officials and those who had prewar estates valued in excess of $25000, who had to apply for individual pardons from Johnson himself.

Johnson called for state conventions elected only by rights, and gave them free reign as long as they abolished slavery and repudiated secession. He vetoed a bi ll that would have given all native born people citizenship, stating that it wou ld discriminate against whites. **Black codes**: - granted African Mericans certain rights - marriage, property ownership, limite d access to courts - denied rights to testify in court, serve on juries, belong to militias, and vo te - delineated jobs available to African Americans - barred African Americans from owning land. ##Sharecropping A landowner gives farmers all the necessary tools, seeds, and supplies to grow c rops in exchange for half of the harvest. Landlords, who owned the shops, would sell supplies at exorbitant costs, locking the farmers into *debt peonage* - ess entially, serfdom. African Americans were heavily restricted by cities as well. A group of Radical Republicans, born in New England, with the goals of overthrow ing the former slave owning elite and using the power of the federal government to foster a social revolution in the South. Quote: "The whole fabric of Southern society must be changed. Without this, this government can never be, as it neve r has been, a true republic" (Thaddeus Stevens, senator). ##The Fourteenth Amendment and the beginning of radical reconstruction legislati on: - Citizenship clause - Due Process: preventing state and local governments cannod deprive people of l ife, liberty, or property without due process. - Equal Protection clause: states must protect all citizens equally under its la ws Johnson's opposition to the radical policies led to Johnson's impeachment (altho ugh he stayed in office), and the 14th amendment was passed over his objections. Johnson lost the next presidency to Ulysses S. Grant. After Grant's election, Congress established the fifteenth amendment, preventing states from denying citizens the right to vote based on "race, color, or previo us condition of servitude". ##New opportunities and new meanings under radical reconstruction State-funded public education and orphan asylum, and guarantees of rights. Repub lican empowered farmers, giving them the first claim to harvested crops, and gav e black men political power. ##Everyday Experiences The end of slavery led to greater public participation. Ex-slaves often changed their surnames from that of their masters to names of th eir own choosing, and sought families. Education case study: Fisk University. Founded on a former Union hospital, held

values that would be very familiar to a white university.