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APPENDIX: DERIVATION OF EXPRESSIONS FOR STRESS AND STRESS COUPLE TENSORS OF PARTICLE SYSTEMS AS EQUIVALENT COSSERAT CONTINUA

This appendix presents detailed derivations of expressions for stress and stress couple tensors of particle systems as examples for deriving equivalent macroscopic quantities of the homogenized Cosserat continua, following strictly the principles, logic and term definitions in Kruyt (2003). The detailed derivations for expressions for displacement compatibility equation, couple stress and rotation gradient vectors, and virtual and complementary virtual works can be obtained using similar techniques. The conventions for variables, indices and definitions are the same as those used in Section 11.5. In order to establish equivalent Cosserat continuum models for discrete particle systems, moments are needed to obtain the discrete equilibrium equations (i.e., the equations of motion under static conditions). The main principle is that, by multiplying these equations by 1 and summing over all particles, the continuum equilibrium equations can be retrieved. By multiplying the equilibrium equations by position vectors and summing over all particles, the micro-mechanics expression for the averaged Cauchy stress tensor and the averaged couple stress tensor can be obtained. An alternative approach to obtain these expressions is to use the continuum mechanical definition of these tensors, but this approach will not be included.

A.1 Continuum Equilibrium Equations

Continuum equivalents of the discrete equilibrium equations of the particle assembly, Eqn (11.35), are obtained by multiplying these equations by 1 and summing over all particles. From the force equilibrium equation in Eqn (11.35), the summation leads to X X pq X p fj fj 0 A1
p q p qp The first double summation in Eqn (A1) consists of terms f pq j f j as action and reaction contact qp summation has forces between particle p and q, which equals zero since f pq j f j . The second single R R a continuum equivalent of B nk kj dB (see Eqn (11.29a)), which can be expressed as V @kj =@ xk dV, using the divergence theorem. The continuum equivalent of the discrete force equilibrium equations is given as

@kj 0 @ xk

A2

540

since the result holds for any sub-volume. It is identical to the classical continuum force equilibrium equations for quasi-static deformations without body forces. Similarly from the discrete moment equilibrium equation in Eqn (11.35), one can obtain X X pq X p pq pq p p j ejkl Ck fl j ejki Ck fi 0 A3
p q p

The first double summation consists of action and reaction rotational torques
pq pq qp qp qp pq j ejkl Ck f l j ejkl Ck f l 0 qp pq qp pq qp since pq j j , Cj Cj and f j f j . Equation (A3) then is reduced to X p p p j ejkl Ck fl 0 p

A4

A5

which has a continuum equivalent of (cf. Eqn (11.29a)) Z nm mj ejkl xk ml dB 0
B

A6

Using the divergence theorem again on this expression gives Z @ mj ejkl xk ml dV 0 @ xm
V

A7

Hence the continuum equivalent of the discrete moment equilibrium equations is @ mj ejkl xk ml 0 @ xm A8

since the result holds for any sub-volume. Expanding Eqn (A8) and using the continuum force equilibrium equation (A2), one finally obtains @mj ejkl kl 0 @ xm A9

which is identical to the continuum moment equilibrium equations for quasi-static deformations. It should be noted that it is not possible to obtain this result without using Eqn (11.29b), with the couple traction vector independent of the translational contact forces whose effects on moments are represented in the second term in Eqn (A9)).

A.2 Moments of Equilibrium Equations

By multiplying the force equilibrium equation (the first Eqn in (11.35)) by Xip and summing over all particles, one obtains X X p pq X p p Xj f j Xi f j 0 A10
p q p

The first double summation contains components

541

q qp q p pq pq pq Xjp f pq j Xj f j Xi Xi f j li f j

A11

qp pq pq qp qp since f pq j f j . Since li f j li f j is a proper contact property, then the first term of Eqn (A10) X X p pq X can be written as c Xj f j lc A12 if j p q c2 C I

 p p Using the definition of the edge vector for a boundary contact, lp i Ci Xi as defined in Section 11.5, we obtain a new version of Eqn (A10) X X  p c lc Ci f j 0 A13 if j c2 C I [ C B  2B

Recall Eqn (11.29a), the second term in Eqn (A13) has a continuum equivalent of Z X  p Z @ xi kj Ci f j xi nk kj dB dV @ xk  2B
B V

A14

after applying the divergence theorem. Using the continuum force equilibrium Eqn (A2) once more, the micro-mechanics expression for the average homogenized stress tensor hij i becomes Z 1 1 X c c ij dV lf A15 hij i V V c 2C i j
V

Multiplying the moment equilibrium equation in Eqn (A2) by Xip and summing over all particles, an expression for the average homogenized couple stress tensor is obtained by X X p pq X p p pq pq p p Xi j ejkl Ck fl Xi j ejkl Ck fl 0 A16
p q p q qp q p pq pq pq pq qp Using the same technique with Xip pq j Xi j Xi Xi j li j (since j j ) and P qp qp c li j , the first term and second term in the double summation can be written as c2CI lc i j P c c c and ejkl c2CI li Ck f l . Using the same definition of the edge vector for a boundary contact,  p p lp i Ci Xi , then leads to X X X     c c c lc lc Ci j ejkl Ck fl0 A17 i j ejkl i Ck f l pq lpq i j c2C I [C B c2 C I [ C B  2B

The continuum equivalent of the third term in Eqn (A17) is Z Z @ xi mj ejkl xk ml xi nm mj ejkl xk ml dB dV @ xm
B V

A18

after using the divergence theorem. Recalling the continuum force and moment equilibrium equations (A2) and (A10A12), the averaged couple stress tensor hij i is given by 2 0 13 Z Z X 1 14X c c c c c hij i ij dV l  ejkl @ Ck li f l xk il dV A5 A19 V V c2 C i j c2 V
V V

542

Using relation (11.31) for the equivalence of a sum over contacts with a volume integral, expression (A15) for the averaged stress tensor can be written as Z Z ij dV mV xhli f j xidV A20
V V

Since this relation holds for any volume V, it follows that ij x mV xhli f j xi Similarly one obtains X
c2V c c c Ck li f l

A21 Z
V

Z
V

mV xxk hli f j xidV

xk ij xdV

A22

by using Eqns (A21) and (11.31). Hence the last two terms in Eqn (A19) cancel each other, the micromechanics expression for the averaged couple stress tensor becomes Z Z 1 1X c c 1 ij dV li j mV xhli j xidV A23 hij i V V c2 C V
V V

Since this relation holds for any volume V, it follows that ij mV xhli j xi A24

Recalling the moment equilibrium equation (11.35), an alternative form for the second equation in (11.35), by taking the moments with respect to the particle centers, may be written as X pq X pq pq   j p rk f l ejkl rkp f p A25 j ejkl l 0
q q

which uses the relative co-ordinates. Multiplication of this equation by 1 and then summing it over all particles, one obtains X X pq X p  j ejkl rkpq f pq j ejkl rkp f p A26 l l 0
p q p

Using the same arguments as before, the first term of the double summation equals zero since each qp pq qp pq pq qp contact between particles p and q will contribute pq j j j j 0. Since li ri ri and qp pq f j f j , the contribution of each contact in the second term in the double summation becomes
qp qp pq qp pq pq pq A27 ejkl rkpq f pq l rk f l ejkl rk rk f l ejkl li f l P c and the total sum can be expressed simply as ejkl c 2 CI lc k f l . Using the definition of the boundary edge  (or branch) vector li (cf. Section 11.5.3), the contribution of the contact forces in the single summation in P c Eqn (A26) is ejkl c 2 CB lc k f l . The moment equilibrium equation (A26) is simplified as X X  c j ejkl lc A28 kfl 0  B c2 C I [ C B