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P Diffraction
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Some fraction of the incident power is reflected from the open end and some is radiated out Radiation coming out of a rectangular aperture
Diffraction Radiation coming out of a integrated dielectric waveguide (e.g. a semiconductor laser)
ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University
z Incident radiation
Assumption: Assume that we know the field for all time right at the aperture
r E ( x , y = 0, z , t )
This we could know for example from our knowledge of the incident (and reflected) fields behind the aperture
r E ( x , y , z, t ) = ?
r K
r H1
r H2
r r r H2 H1 = K n
r K r H1 r H2
n
r r H1 = H2
r r 2H2 = K n
r r H s (r ) r r E s (r ) r r E s (r ) = o
Equivalent problem
K r r r 2H s (r ) K (r ) = n
r r H s (r )
Principle of Equivalence is a mathematical statement of the old Huygens Principle that said that every point on a wave-front can be considered a source of radiation
r Ea ( x , z ) E ( x , y = 0, z ) = z r E (x , z ) a H ( x , y = 0, z ) = x
H E x
r r 2 Ha ( x , z ) K (x , z ) = y =z 2 Ea ( x , z )
x y
r 2 Ea ( x , z ) J (x, y , z ) = z (y )
Knowing the current density, use the superposition integral for the vector potential to calculate the fields:
r r r r '
dv '
r r r r r r c2 r Aff (r ) Eff (r ) = Aff (r ) j r j (in far field ) r r r o k j k r r J (r ') e j k r . r ' dv ' = j e r 4 r r r r r r r r Aff (r ) Note that in the far-field: Aff (r ) jk Aff (r ) = jk r
&
Lz L z z 2 2
Lx Lz
x
sin( ) [r z ] = r
y To get:
r r j k sin( ) e j k r Eff (r ) = 2 r r + ky y + kz z k = kx x
Or:
Lz 2 Lx 2 Lz 2 Lx 2
r r
r r j k sin( ) e j k r Eff (r ) = 2 r
Lz 2 Lx 2 Lz 2 Lx 2
otherwise
Lx L x x 2 2
&
Lz L z z 2 2
Lx Lz
x y
r r j k Eff (r ) = E a sin( ) e j k r 2 r
Lz 2 L x 2 Lz 2 L x 2
Far-field is proportional to the 2D Fourier transform of the shape of the aperture Or:
r r j k Eff (r ) = E a sin( ) e j k r 2 r
Lz 2 Lz 2
e j k z z ' dz '
Lx 2 Lx 2
e j k x x 'dx '
IFT: f ( x ) = F (k x ) e j k x x
dk x 2
F (k x )
Lx 2
Lx 2
kx
2 kx = Lx 4
Width of main lobe in k-space = L x The far-field E-field is proportional to the 2D FT of the aperture shape
r r j k E a sin( ) e j k r Eff (r ) = 2 r
()
Lx 2 Lx 2
e j k x x ' dx '
Lz 2 Lz 2
e j k z z ' dz '
()
Lx Lz
x E
Lz = Lx
For: =
'
Lx Lz
x E
'null
y Angular width of main lobe in vertical direction is governed by the function:
sin( 'null ) =
2 = kLz Lz
Lz = Lx
Rectangular Aperture: Angular Widths of the Main Lobe = z 2 k x = k sin( ) cos( ) = k sin( ') For: = '
Lx
Lz
x
'null
sin( 'null ) =
2 = kLx Lx
Lz = Lx
Lx Lz
x
y
0
k Lx = 4 p( , = 2 )
90
k Lz = 4
180
ECE 303 Fall 2005 Farhan Rana Cornell University
'null
sin( 'null ) = 2 = kLx Lx
x slit
Lx
'
Lx sin( ') 2
x slit
Lx
Lz = Lx
Lx Lz
x E
Lz = 3 Lx Lx
H
Lz
x E
sin( 'null ) =
2 = kLz Lz
sin( 'null ) =
2 = kLx Lx
10
Lx Lz
x E
1 2o
Ea
Lx Lz
2 4 = 2 A( , )
rad Lx Lz sin2 ( )
sin(k x Lx 2 ) sin(k z Lz 2 ) k z Lz 2 k x Lx 2
Maximum possible effective area of any aperture antenna (of any shape) is equal to its actual physical area
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