FILTER APPLICATION GUIDE

Filtration is not a new science. In fact, the principles of filtration date back to ancient times when man first obtained clear drinking water by filtering river water through sand. Today filtration is a highly technical and recognized science throughout the world with the demand for new applications and technology continuously increasing. The following information is presented to assist the customer in determining the type of filtration components best suited to the system to be filtered. The primary function of a filtration device is to reduce or eliminate undesirable contaminants from fluids prior to encountering sensitive components in the fluid system. It is these contaminants which when allowed to flow freely in a fluid system cause wear, malfunction, and often failure of expensive components such as valves, cylinders, actuators, bearings, and various other mechanisms. What are these contaminants, and where do they come from? Firstly, contamination is inherent in every fluid system. Contaminants are present not only in the fluid itself but are generated by mechanical components in the fluid system and gathered into the fluid as it circulates through the system. In general, contaminant sources can be categorized as internal and external . External contaminants come from such sources as dust, dirt, corrosion, manufacturing processes, assembly, "0" rings, adhesives, paint and various other environmental sources. Contaminants from external sources may range in size from 1 to 500 micrometers. Internal contaminants are generated by conditions such as adhesive wear (galling), abrasive wear, surface fatigue, erosion, chemical wear, excessive heat, micro biological growth, and even from filter unloading (see glossary) of previously trapped contaminants. Contaminants from internal sources may range in size from 0.5 to 750 micrometers. Particles greater than 25 micrometers are capable of causing catastrophic failure of components. As a relative size comparison, the average diameter of one human hair is 70 micrometers. The need for high technology filtration is self-evident not only in the technical sense but in the economic sense as well. With today's skyrocketing capital equipment and maintenance costs preventative measures are an absolute must. A filtration device provides insurance against costly breakdowns and repairs which can be minimized or avoided by using the proper filter for a given fluid system. What is the proper filtration device for a particular fluid system? There are several factors which maybe involved in determining system needs and many factors involved in selecting the correct filter(s). The complexity of the fluid system. the various functions of the system and the type of components used in the system should be considered when selecting a filter(s). For example: A complex fluid system might require several filters to adequately protect system components from the detrimental effects of contamination. In general, the types of filters are as follows: Pressure Filter - A pressure filter is the primary filter in a fluid system and is located downstream from the main pump. It is exposed to full system pressure and should not allow fluid to bypass the filtration medium. Preventing fluid bypass may be accomplished in several ways such as: a) Use of a "non-bypass" filter. b) Use of a device which restricts flow as differential pressure increases.

The function of a pressure filter is to protect components downstream from contamination generated by the pump. However, a pressure filter does not protect downstream components by contaminants generated from each other (see Point of Use Filter). Return Filter - A return filter is located downstream of the working system components and upstream of the fluid reservoir. The function of a return filter is to remove contaminants generated by system components before the fluid returns to the reservoir. The return filter may also serve as the fill filter and/or pump case drain or cooling filter depending on the fluid system design . Kidney Loop (Bypass Filter) - A kidney loop is located in a separately powered, in dependently operated loop of the main system. The purpose of a polish filter is to cleanse reservoir fluid. Breather Filter - A breather filter is used in fluid systems where the reservoir is vented to atmosphere. Its function is to prevent ingestion of environmental contaminants into the fluid system. Point of Use Filter (Last Chance Filter) - A Point of Use Filter is simply a pressure filter located immediately upstream of a critical component or group of components for the purpose of preventing contaminants generated by other components from entering the critical component. A Point of Use Filter should have an element collapse rating of one and one half times the system operating pressure. The essential parameters which should be considered when incorporating any of the above filtration devices into a fluid system are: fluid type, flow rate, operating pressure, pressure surge, and temperature. While the mechanical components of a filtration system are essential ingredients in contamination control, it is the filter element, and more specifically, the filter medium which is the core of a filtration device. The selection of a filter element in conjunction with a filter assembly involves evaluating the above factors plus the size and nature of contaminants, and the filter medium best suited for the system. Before an analysis of these factors can be made, however, certain basic characteristics must be known. They are: allowable pressure loss through the filter medium, and the filtration requirement based upon the most contamination sensitive component to be protected in the fluid system (i.e.: pump, servo valve, control valve, bearing, etc.). Since the filtration rating is the key aspect of a filter element, it is appropriate here to discuss the mechanics of the filtration process. What is filtration and how is it used in contamination control? Simply stated, filtration is the physical or mechanical process of cleansing fluid whereby particles in a fluid are captured, retained, or trapped during the passage of the fluid through a porous medium. The material and construction of the porous filter medium determines the type or category of filtration process. There are three general classifications for filtration ratings: Macro-Filtration -The retention of particles greater in size than 2m. Micro-Filtration -The retention of particles from 2m to 0.2 m in size. Ultra-Filtration -The retention of particles 0.2m and smaller in size.

The actual process of retaining or capturing particles in the preceding categories is accomplished by one or both of two mechanical processes; surface retention, and depth retention both of which rely upon two physical phenomena. a)Direct interception: The mechanical action of particle retention as a result of a particle being larger than a pore or opening in the filter medium. b)Adsorption: The retention of particles by electrostatic forces or molecular attraction between the particles and the filter medium.

Surface Filtration works by direct interception of contaminants. Particles larger than the pore size of the medium are stopped at the upstream surface of the medium. Adsorptive forces, technically play a minor role in surface filtration but can have an effect on the filtration characteristics and service life of a surface filter due to its pores being irregular in shape and direction. When exposed to fluid flow, two notable effects occur in surface type media: As some of the pores are partially blocked by contaminants, a reduction in the effective pore size results in an increase in efficiency relative to removing finer particles. A layer of trapped particles builds on the surface of the media forming a filter in itself which becomes progressively finer with increased operation.

The most common type of surface filter is the screen filter. A screen filter is generally made from metal or plastic and is constructed in the form of a thin sheet of woven fiber to produce a series of uniform pores. Depth filtration although more prevalent in use is significantly more complex than surface filtration and utilizes the combined principles of direct interception and adsorption as illustrated below. o o o Depth entrapment -Where particles are trapped within the media matrix by random encounter of restricted areas (i.e.: pores small enough to prevent passage). Inertial impaction - Where contaminant particles impinge directly onto the filter medium and are retained by adsorptive surface forces or by the force of fluid flow. Brownian Movement - Where random movement causes smaller particles (generally less than one m) to diffuse throughout the filter medium, irrespective of fluid flow, where some particles will be retained by adsorptive forces. Gravity - Where gravitational effect operates on larger particles (usually over 30 m) when viscosity and fluid velocity are low enough to allow particles to been the filter medium and be retained by adsorptive forces. The combination of absorptive forces and Brownian movement enables a depth type filter to remove particles considerably smaller than the size of the smallest pore through the medium.

Depth filtration for fluids generally employs fibrous media. Fibrous media is constructed of a layer or mat of fine fibers ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 30 m. The fibers are randomly oriented and intertwined so as to create numerous tortuous flow passages or pores in which the particles are trapped. The most commonly used materials for depth type media are: cellulose, cotton, micro fiberglass, and synthetics such as rayon. Understanding the construction and function of a filtration device, the obvious questions are how is verification of filtration integrity achieved, what are the characteristics to be verified, and what are the methods used to assure conformance? The performance of filtration media are evaluated on the following basic criteria and test methods most of which are standard through out the industry and are governed by military, NFPA, and 1SO standards. Filter elements are rated by the following standards: Absolute filtration rating. Nominal filtration rating, Beta filtration rating, and Efficiency. (Refer to glossary for definition of these standards.) The test methods used to verify the ratings and their relationship to the ratings are as follows: Bubble point test - This test is used to determine conformance to the filtration rating of a filter element. The test is non-destructive and consists of immersing the filter element in a liquid (usually isopropyl alcohol) and applying air pressure to the outlet of the element while rotating the element horizontally in the liquid. The air pressure is gradually increased until a steady stream of air bubbles emits from the outside of the filter medium. The bubble point test data are related to the maximumpore size by the equation P = K4r Cos d (Poiseuille'sLaw)

Where: r =

P =

Bubble point pressure

Surface tension of the wetting agent Angle of contact of the wetting agent to the filter medium Maximum pore diameter Shape correction factor of random shape.

= d K = =

(This K factor is necessary because virtually no pores are uniformly shaped but are The K factor may be determined using the maximum particle unpassed test data.)

Clean Pressure Drop -This test is used to determine the flow rating of a filter element. The test is nondestructive and consists of installing the clean filter element in the test system and pumping clean test fluid through the element at various specified flow rates, and a control temperature. The differential pressure (less tare) is measured and recorded and the optimum flow capacity (based upon P ) is established. Dirt Holding Capacity-This test is used to determine the relative service life of a filter element. The test is destructive and consists of installing the clean filter element in the test system and under constant flow conditions, incrementally adding a specified amount of test contaminant (usually AC fine dust) to the test fluid upstream of the filter element at timed intervals. As the filter begins to retain more contaminant, the differential pressure increases. The P is measured and recorded after each cycle of adding contaminant and a graph generated which shows contaminant capacity versus pressure drop. The graph is used to determine the optimum life cycle of the filter element. Maximum Particle Passed - This test is used to determine the size of the largest hard spherical particle which will pass through a filter under specific test conditions. Thus, it is an indication of the largest pore in the filter and therefore the filter's absolute rating. The test is destructive and consists of installing the clean filter element in the test system and circulating the test fluid through a "clean-up" filter until a sample of the fluid yields a predetermined cleanliness level. A measured quantity of artificial contaminant of graded and known particle size range (usually spherical glassbeads 2-80m in diameter) is added to the contaminant mixing chamber and thoroughly agitated in the test fluid. The resulting mixture is then passed through the test filter and the effluent caught in a clean beaker. The contents of the beaker are passed through a very fine membrane filter which is then examined under a high powered microscope and the diameter of the largest bead on the membrane filter determined. The diameter of the largest bead, expressed in m is considered to the absolute rating of the filter element. Degree of Filtration -This test is a measure of the efficiency of a filter element (expressed as a Percentage) in removing a specific artificial contaminant at a predetermined concentration under specific test conditions. The test method and system are similar to those used for the maximum particle test except that the weight of test contaminant effluent which passed through the filter element is determined by grave metric analysis. Degree of Filtration or Nominal Rating where A = Weight of Test contaminant added. M = Weight of test contaminant retained by membrane.

Multi-Pass Test -This test is used to determine the Beta ratio of a filter element. The test is destructive and consists of installing the filter element in a test system and adding a predetermined quantity of artificial contaminant (usually AC Fine Dust) to the system and recirculating contaminant which is not trapped by the filter element. At the same time, new contaminant is continually added to the system in order to maintain a constant fluid contamination level. On line, samples of the test fluid are then withdrawn simultaneously upstream and

downstream of the filter element at predetermined levels of P across the element. The fluid samples are then analyzed on line using a calibrated automatic particle counter and the cumulative particle size distribution is determined. From these data, the Beta filtration rating may be calculated as follows: x = Nu / Nd Where x =Beta Filtration Ratio ("-rating") for contamination size >Xm Nu = Number of particles greater than size (Xm) per unit volume of fluid upstream of the filter. Nd = Number of particles greater than the same size (X m) per unit volume of fluid downstream of the filter. Example: for particles 10 m and greater, Nu = 4684 Nd = 45

Then 10 = 4684 / 45 = 104 The -Rating can be converted to an Efficiency Rating ("E x") by the following formula

Where Ex = Efficiency, expressed as %, of the filter medium's ability to remove particles over a particle size (X), by count. Example: E10 = 104 - 1 ...................................................... 104..% -Ratios x 100 = 99.04%

Efficiency

1 2 20 50 100 1000 10000

0 50 95% 98% 99% 99.9% 99.99%

Cold Start Test - This test is used to determine the integrity of a filter element under adverse conditions such as the occurrence of high differential pressures generated in a hydraulic system in subfreezing weather. The test consists of installing a previously bubble tested filter element into a test system, then forcing cooled oil (usually --65F) through the element to create a specific P across the element for a specified time period. The element is then bubble tested again to ensure that the integrity of the media and/or construction has not been adversely affected by the high differential pressure. Media Migration Test -This test is used to determine the nature and amount of material released from a filter's own media under controlled test conditions. The test is nondestructive and consists of microscopic and grave metric analysis of effluent from the test filter.

Flow Fatigue Test-This test is used to determine the ability of a filter element to withstand pulsating flow. The test is destructive and consists of subjecting a previously bubble tested filter element to a flow cycle ranging from zero GPM to rated flow. The element is then bubble tested again to determine if its integrity has been maintained. Collapse Test -This test is used to determine the structural integrity of a filter element. The test is destructive and consists of subjecting the element by (artificial contaminant or simulated blockage) to rated flow (and subsequent increase in P) until the element center tube fails. The point of failure is considered to be the element collapse rating.

Verification of production on a Quality Assurance level is fine for technical data and control records, but what about actual usage in the field? How does the user know that the filter is functioning properly or when it should be replaced? There are several types of devices and some control methods which can be employed for this purpose. The simplest (but not always the best) control method is to use a non-bypass filter housing with a high collapse filter element. This method has the advantage of continuous full flow filtration. However, as the filter element becomes clogged with contaminant, the P increases until eventually the system does not function, thus forcing element replacement. Obviously periodic maintenance based upon projected element life is more desirable than system malfunction. Then there are the differential pressure indicators which generate a signal (usually a red button) when a certain level of P has been sensed. There are several variations of this device such as an electrical indicator which generates a remote electrical signal (i.e.: to the cockpit of an airplane, or the control panel of a tractor) or an impending bypass device which warns that bypass valve cracking pressure is approaching. Additionally, there are differential pressure indicators which under certain circumstances (such as on a milling machine or industrial hydraulic circuit) allow for constant monitoring of the P across a filtration device and will generate a signal to shutdown the equipment when a specified P level has been sensed. Whichever method of verification is selected, a sound maintenance program is essential to equipment longevity. Attendant to maintenance considerations is the decision on cleanable versus disposable filter elements. There are advantages and disadvantages to both types. Cleanable filter elements are constructed of metal (for purposes of this discussion confined to wire cloth) and are as the name implies-- re-cleanable and thus re-usable usually for three to ten life cycles. However, they are more expensive than their disposable counterparts, and with each successive cleaning cycle achieve only a percentage of their original clean efficiency rating. Also a more sophisticated maintenance program is required since adequate spares are required as well as documentation on cleaning cycles and subsequent re-verification of integrity. On the advantage side, however, cleanable elements offer: strength and durability, minimal media migration, absolute micron rating, compatibility with virtually all fluids, and use at extremely high or low (cryogenic) temperatures. Disposable filter elements (sometimes called throwaways)are less expensive, require no maintenance (other than replacement), provide excellent filtration efficiency, offer lower clean P and contaminant capacity than cleanable elements of the same micron rating, and are discarded and replaced at the end of their life cycle. The disadvantages of disposable elements are susceptibility to media migration, limited temperature resistance, increased susceptibility to flow fatigue, and limited fluid compatibility. To this point, we have discussed the various complexities of Filtration Components, but what about the fluids that are to be filtered? There are many types of fluids available today and virtually all are filterable, ranging from such viscous materials as molasses and grease to some non-viscous substances such as water and gasoline. In general, the characteristics of fluids may be categorized for the purposes of filtration as follows: Liquid Gaseous Combustible Fire Resistant Corrosive

While fluids of the above categories do not have any effect upon the mechanics of the filtration process, they do have a profound effect on the design and construction of filtration devices. For further information, see the technical data section of this catalog for fluid materials compatibility and properties of various

commonly used fluids. Western Filter has endeavored to present a factual and usable reference in the foregoing information of the Filter Application Guide. Combining the guide, technical data section, and the product pages of this catalog should result in correct filter selection. However, if there are any questions, special circumstances which were not covered, special fluids to be filtered, or special applications, the members of our technical staff are available to give assistance and recommendations. Simply write or call Western Filter. LOCATING FILTERS IN A FLUID SYSTEM While there is no definite rule regarding location of filters in a fluid system, every effort should be made to achieve the optimum positioning in which the fluid system will function with the highest degree of efficiency, There are several types of filters available to perform the various functions required in a fluid system. They are: Pressure Filter, Return Filter, Suction Filter, Polish Filter (By-Pass Filter), Breather Filter, and Point of Use Filter (Last Chance Filter). For definition of these terms, seethe filter application guide. The following schematic illustrates optimum location of filters for the system shown. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATION OF FILTER LOCATION IN A FLUID SYSTEM

The Pressure Filter (1) is the primary filter in the system and is located downstream of the pump but upstream of the components to be protected from contaminants. The Pressure Filter is exposed to full system pressure plus pump ripple and should not allow fluid to bypass the filter medium. In general, the filter medium utilized in this filter is the most efficient in the system and therefore, a non-bypass filter is recommended. While the Pressure Filter protects system components from contaminants generated directly from the pump, it does not protect components from contaminants generated from other upstream components. A Point of Use Filter (2) serves to protect a contaminant sensitive or critical component. A Point of Use Filter is simply a pressure filter used in a special application in the fluid system and is positioned immediately upstream of the critical component. The filter element used with a Point of Use Filter generally has a collapse rating of one and one half times the system operating pressure.

The Return Filter (3) is located downstream of the working components and upstream of the fluid reservoir. The function of the Return Filter is to remove residual and system generated contaminants, thus preventing them from returning to the reservoir. Return Filters are often subjected to unstable flow surges and should utilize a filter medium capable of tolerating this variable condition. A Return Filter may also serve as afill filter and or case drain cooling filter. The Breather Filter (4) is positioned on the reservoir when the reservoir is vented to atmosphere and is used to prevent ingestion of environmental contaminants into the fluid system. The Bypass Filter (5) is located in a separately powered independently operated loop of the main system and is used to cleanse reservoir fluid. Since the Bypass Filter circuit is independently controlled, it may be used to generate positive pressure in the reservoir, thus supercharging the main pump and preventing cavitation. The Suction Filter (6) may be used in instances where the fluid reservoir is open to atmosphere or where a return filter is not used, however, when using a Suction Filter in a fluid system, care must be taken to assure that trapped contaminants do not cause pump starvation. The foregoing information presents general guidelines for locating filters in a fluid system, however, as the complexity of a fluid system increases so does the complexity of locating its filters and careful system analysis is required in selecting not only the filtration components, but the filter medium(s) as well. Members of the Western Filter technical staff are available to help solve your systems filtration problems.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS COMMON TO THE FILTER INDUSTRY Absolute Micrometer Rating -- The diameter of the largest solid particle which a specified filter media will pass. Actuation Pressure --A pressure setting at which a P indicator actuates a signal device indicating that a pre-determined differential pressure has been sensed. Bar-- A unit of pressure. One(l) Bar = 14.5 PSI. Beta Ratio -- The ratio of the number of particles greater than a specified micrometer in the influent fluid to the number of particles larger than the specified micrometer in the effluent fluid when calibrated to specific test conditions. (See Filter Application Guide-- Multi-Pass Test.) Bubble Point-The differential gas pressure which when applied to a filter element submerged near the surface of a test fluid causes the first steady emission of gas bubbles from the filter element. By-Pass-Valve-- A mechanical device which actuates when a predetermined differential pressure occurs across a filter element thus insuring uninterrupted flow to the downstream side of the filtration system without significant pressure loss. Case Shut-Off Valve -- A mechanism which permits filter element removal and/or replacement in a filter assembly without draining the fluid from the system or introducing excessive trapped air. Center Tube -- A support device designed to support the filter media in a filter element while permitting fluid flow and resisting element collapse to a predetermined differential pressure. Centipoise -- A unit of absolute viscosity (one centipoise = 0.01 poise). Centistoke -- A unit of kinematic viscosity (one centistoke = 0.01 stoke).

Cleanable Filter Element-- A filter element which upon reaching a predetermined level of contaminant (determined by differential pressure) can be cleaned to an acceptable level of performance for re-use in its fluid system. (Note: There is usually a maximum number of times specified for re-cleaning and re-use.) Collapse Pressure -- The minimum differential pressure which a filter element will withstand without permanent deformation. Contaminant Capacity -- The resultant weight (usually in grams) of an artificial contaminant (usually AC fine test dust) which when added at specified intervals and at a specific flow rate produces a differential pressure across a filter element which can be converted or related to the useful life of a filter element (usually expressed in hours). Depth Type Filtration -- A filter medium which primarily retains contaminant within tortuous passages. Differential Pressure The difference in pressure between two points in a fluid system usually in filtration systems expressed as P between a housing inlet and outlet, P across a filter element or P through a bypass valve with a completely blocked filter element. Differential Pressure Indicator --A device which provides a signal (either mechanical or electrical), when a predetermined differential pressure is sensed between two points in the fluid system. Disposable Filter Element-- A filter element which is not recleanable and is therefore discarded and replaced at the end of its useful life. (Sometimes referred to as a throwaway or non-cleanable element.) Edge Type Filtration-- A filter medium whose passages are formed by the adjacent surfaces of stacked discs, edge wound ribbons, or single layer filament. Effective Filtration Area That area of the fluid medium in a filter element which is exposed to flow. Efficiency-- The ability of a filter element to remove/retain a specific artificial contaminant in a specified concentration under controlled test conditions. Efficiency is expressed in percent. (See Filter Application Guide -- Degree of Filtration and Multi-Pass Test.) Effluent -- The fluid leaving a component after having passed through the mechanism of the component. Filter Assembly-- A filtering device consisting of a housing, case, seals, and filter element which directs flow from an inlet port, through a filter element and through an outlet port, and in so doing reduces fluid contamination. Filter Element- A porous device which performs the actual filtration process. Filtration --The process of separating insoluble particulate matter from a gas or fluid by passing the fluid through a filter medium which allows only particulate of a predetermined size to pass while removing/retaining particulate matter greater in micrometers than the predetermined size. Flow Fatigue Resistance-- The ability of a filter medium to resist structural failure or deterioration from cyclic loading. Fluid-- a gas or a liquid. Fluid Compatibility --The appropriateness of using the materials of a filter assembly, filter element or seal in conjunction with a specified fluid. Full Flow Filter -- A filter which filters all influent flow. Influent-- The fluid entering a component.

In-line Filter-- A filter assembly in which the inlet, outlet, and filter element axes are in a straight line. Kinematic Viscosity -- The ratio of absolute viscosity (poise) to the specific gravity of a fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke. L-Type Filter-- A filter assembly in which the inlet and outlet ports are positioned at 90 degrees to each other. Mean Filtration Rating-- A measurement of the average pore size of a specific filter medium. Media Migration -- Separation and/or deterioration of components of the filter medium and subsequent release into the effluent. (Often caused by flow fatigue; see above.) Medium --The porous material that performs the actual process of filtration (usually referred to in terms of its plural; media). Micrometer(m)--A unit of length. A micrometer is one millionth of a meter or 0.000039" (39 millionth's of an inch). Expressed in convenient terms-- 25 micrometers are approximately equal to one thousandth of an inch (.001"). Multi-Pass Test -- A test used to determine the Beta ratio of a filter element. (See Filter Application Guide -- Multi-Pass Test,) Nominal Filtration Rating--An arbitrary micrometer value established by a filter manufacturer as a relative indication of average filtration capability. Partial Flow Filter -- A filter which filters only a portion of the influent flow. Pascal/Kilopascal (kPa)- A unit of pressure (Kilopascal Preferred). One(l) kPa = 6.895 PSI. Permeability -- The relationship of flow per unit area to differential pressure across a filter medium. Poise --The standard unit of absolute viscosity. It is the ratio of the shearing stress to the shear rate of a 2 fluid and is expressed in dyne seconds per square centimeter (DYNE SEC/CM ). Pore -- A small channel or opening in a filter medium which allows passage of fluid. Pore Size Distribution -- The ratio of the number of holes of a given size to the total number of holes per unit area expressed as a percent and as a function of hole size. Porosity--The ratio of pore volume to total volume of a filter medium expressed as a percent. PSIA -- Pounds per square inch absolute = PS1G (Gage) + atmospheric pressure (14.696). PSID(P)-- Pounds per square inch differential. PSIG-- Pounds per square inch gage = PSIA minus atmospheric pressure (14.696). Rated Flow -- The optimum flow rate for which a filter is designed. Reservoir Filter -- A filter installed in a reservoir in series with a suction or return line. Restrictor (Flow)-- A device designed to produce pressure drop in a fluid system or line by reducing the cross sectional flow area.

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SCFM -- Standard cubic feet per minute, i.e., units of gas flow rate. A standard cubic foot is a measured volume of gas at 760 millimeters of mercury pressure (1 bar) and O degrees centigrade. SideSeal --The longitudinal seam joint of a convoluted filter element pack. Specific Gravity --The ratio of the weight of a given volume of material to the weight of an equal volume of water. Strainer--A coarse or more open filter element usually greater than 50 m. Surface Type Filtration -- A filter medium which primarily retains contaminant on the influent face. Surge control-- A device used in differential pressure indicators which prevents pressure surges from falsely actuating the P indicator by forcing the fluid through a delay circuit thus allowing time for the surge to subside before the indicator mechanism senses the transient surge pressure. SUS = Saybolt Universal Seconds-A measure of viscosity. The time in seconds for 60 cubic centimeters (cc) of oil to flow through a standard orifice at a specific temperature. System Silting -- The agglomeration and settling of ultrafine particles in a fluid system. T-Type Filter-- A filter assembly in which the inlet and outlet ports are on opposite ends of a common axis and with the filter element axis perpendicular to that common axis. Thermal Lockout -- A device used in differential pressure indicators which prevents actuation below a predetermined temperature. Its purpose is to avoid false actuations during periods of high fluid viscosity such as experienced when starting hydraulic systems in cold weather. Torr --The unit of pressure used in vacuum measurement; equal to 1/760 of a Standard atmosphere. Unloading -- The release or washing through of contaminant which was previously trapped or retained by the filter medium. Viscosity -- A measure of the internal friction or the resistance of a fluid to flow. The standard unit of measurement is poise or SUS. Viscosity Index-- A measure of the viscosity-temperature characteristics of a fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference fluids (ASTM designation D567-53). Wash Filter--A filter in which a larger unfiltered quantity of fluid flowing parallel to the filter element axis is utilized to continuously clean the influent surface which filters the lesser flow. Wire Cloth -- A metallic filter medium formed by weaving fine wires into a cloth with a controlled pore size. WESTERN FILTER MEDIA Western Fitter products are synonymous with high technology filtration. Sound design, and extremely high quality assurance standards have produced a wide variety of filter medias for every phase of fluid filtration. Following is a description of the various filter medias available at Western Filter.

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etaPore etaPore

TM

Media is comprised of several layers of filter medium convoluted in sequential stages to provide etaPoreTM media are microfiberglass, etaPore
TM

TM

Beta rated filtration. The materials most commonly used in synthetic fabrics, and wire mesh. eta3, eta 10, and Application Guide.)

is a depth type filtration medium and is available in

eta25 ratings. (For definition and explanation of eta ratio, see Glossary and Filter etaPoreTM is used in disposable type filter elements and offers extremely high

filtration efficiency, low clean P, excellent contaminant capacity, and increased temperature range compared to conventional filter media. Temperature range: -65 degrees F to +325 degrees F. Resin Impregnated Cellulosic Media(RIC). Resin Impregnated Cellulose Is basic paper filter medium which is fabricated using very fine cellulose fibers (usually 0.5m to 30m diameter) combined with a resin binder to produce a medium with controlled pore size and good structural stability. RIC is a depth type filtration medium and is available as a nominally rated filter medium in 2, 5, 10, 25, and 40 micrometer ratings. This type of medium is used in disposable type filter elements and offers excellent filtration efficiency, low clean P, good contaminant capacity, and low relative cost. Temperature range: -65 degrees F to + 275 degrees F. Wire Cloth Media Wire cloth is a basic surface filtration medium consisting of a series of very thin metal wires (.0015 in DIA to .006 in DIA) usually CRES, which are interwoven to create a controlled pore size. Because of the degree of control in the weaving process, these media can be assigned an absolute filtration rating (see Glossary) and offer the additional advantage of being recleanable. Wire cloth filter medias are available in 2m (nominal) 10m (absolute), 5m (nominal)/15m (absolute), 10m (nominal) 25m (absolute), and 25m (nominal)/40m (absolute) ratings for macro filtration applications and coarser ratings for strainer applications. Wire cloth offers excellent strength, durability, compatibility with virtually all fluids, and usage at extreme temperature ranges. Temperature range: -450 degrees F to + 1,500 degrees F (welded) WestaPore
TM

WestaPore combines resin impregnated cellulosic media and wirecloth media to produce an absolute rated disposable filter element. WestaPoreTM utilizes the combined advantages of depth and surface type filter medium and is available in 2m (nominal)/l0m (absolute), 5m (nominal)/l5m (absolute), and 10m (nominal)/25m (absolute) ratings. The main advantage of WestaPoreTM is the combination of a low cost filter medium and an absolute micrometer rated medium into a disposable filter element at a reasonable cost. Temperature range: -65 degrees F to + 275 degrees F.

TM

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