CH1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS EXAMPLE 11 Spotting Errors from Unit Inconsistencies While solving a problem, a person ended up with the following equation at some stage:

where E is the total energy and has the unit of kilojoules. Determine how to correct the error and discuss what may have caused it.

EXAMPLE 12 Obtaining Formulas from Unit

onsi!erations

tank is filled with oil whose density is!"#$ kg%m&. 'f the volume of the tank is ( ) m&, determine the amount of mass m in the tank.

EXAMPLE 1" #$e %eig$t of One Poun!&Mass *sing unity conversion ratios, show that +.$$ lbm weighs +.$$ lbf on earth ,-ig. +.+&/.

EXAMPLE 1' E(pressing #emperature )ise in *ifferent Units During a heating process, the temperature of a system rises by +$01. E2press this rise in temperature in 3, 0-, and 4.

EXAMPLE 1+ Absolute Pressure of a ,acuum

$amber

vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads #." psi at a location where the atmospheric pressure is +5.# psi. Determine the absolute pressure in the chamber.

EXAMPLE 1- Measuring Pressure .it$ a Manometer manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. 6he fluid used has a specific gravity of $."#, and the manometer column height is ## cm, as shown in -ig. +.57. 'f the local atmospheric pressure is 87 k9a, determine the absolute pressure within the tank.

EXAMPLE Manometer

1/

Measuring

Pressure

.it$

Multiflui!

6he water in a tank is pressuri:ed by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluid manometer as shown in -ig. +.58. 6he tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of +5$$ m where the atmospheric pressure is "#.7 k9a. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h+ $.+ m, h) $.) m, and h& $.&# m. 6ake the densities of water, oil, and mercury to be +$$$ kg%m &, "#$ kg%m&, and +&,7$$ kg%m&, respectively.

&

EXAMPLE 1arometer

10

Measuring

Atmosp$eric

Pressure

.it$

Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the barometric reading is ;5$ mm <g and the gravitational acceleration is g 8."+ m%s). ssume the temperature of mercury to be +$=, at

which its density is +&,#;$ kg%m&.

EXAMPLE 12 Effect of Piston %eig$t on Pressure in a 3lin!er 6he piston of a vertical piston.cylinder device containing a gas has a mass of 7$ kg and a cross>sectional area of $.$5 m), as shown in -ig. +.#5. 6he local atmospheric pressure is $.8; bar, and the gravitational acceleration is 8."+ m%s ). ,a/ Determine the pressure inside the cylinder. ,b/ 'f some heat is transferred to the gas and its volume is doubled, do you e2pect the pressure inside the cylinder to change?

EXAMPLE 114 53!rostatic Pressure in a Solar Pon! .it$ ,ariable *ensit3

5

@olar ponds are small artificial lakes of a few meters deep that are used to store solar energy. 6he rise of heated ,and thus less dense/ water to the surface is prevented by adding salt at the pond bottom. 'n a typical salt gradient solar pond, the density of water increases in the gradient :one, as shown in -ig. +.##, and the density can be e2pressed as

where r$ is the density on the water surface, : is the vertical distance measured downward from the top of the gradient :one, and < is the thickness of the gradient :one. -or < 5 m,!$ +$5$ kg%m&, and a thickness of $." m for the surface :one, calculate the gage pressure at the bottom of the gradient :one.

EXAMPLE 111 Sol6ing a S3stem of E7uations .it$ EES 6he difference of two numbers is 5, and the sum of the squares of these two numbers is equal to the sum of the numbers plus )$. Determine these two numbers.

EXAMPLE 112 Anal38ing a Multiflui! Manometer .it$ EES 4econsider the multifluid manometer discussed in E2ample +.; and
#

replotted in -ig. +.7+. Determine the air pressure in the tank using EE@. lso determine what the differential fluid height h& would be for

the same air pressure if the mercury in the last column were replaced by seawater with a density of +$&$ kg%m&.

1"

n office worker claims that a cup of cold coffee on his table

warmed up to "$01 by picking up energy from the surrounding air, which is at )#01. 's there any truth to his claim? Does this process violate any thermodynamic laws?

11/

What is the difference between intensive and e2tensive

properties?

124

Define the isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric processes.

1"2

1onsider two identical fans, one at sea level and the other on

top of a high mountain, running at identical speeds. <ow would you compare ,a/ the volume flow rates and ,b/ the mass flow rates of these two fans?
7

1'0 1onsider a ;$>kg woman who has a total foot imprint area of 5$$ cm). @he wishes to walk on the snow, but the snow cannot withstand pressures greater than $.# k9a. Determine the minimum si:e of the snowshoes needed ,imprint area per shoe/ to enable her to walk on the snow without sinking.

1+/

gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston.cylinder

device. 6he piston has a mass of 5 kg and a cross>sectional area of &# cm). compressed spring above the piston e2erts a force of 7$ A

on the piston. 'f the atmospheric pressure is 8# k9a, determine the pressure inside the cylinder.

1/1E 6he pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the manometer shown in -ig. 9+.;+E with one of the arms open to the atmosphere where the local atmospheric pressure is +5.) psia. Determine the absolute pressure in the pipeline.

1/- 1onsider a double>fluid manometer attached to an air pipe shown in -ig. 9+.;7. 'f the specific gravity of one fluid is +&.##, determine the specific gravity of the other fluid for the indicated absolute pressure of air. 6ake the atmospheric pressure to be +$$ k9a.

CH3 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

"

EXAMPLE 31 Pressure of Saturate L!"u! !# a Ta#$ A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90C. Determine the pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank.

EXAMPLE 3% Te&'erature of Saturate (a'or !# a C)*!# er A pistonc linder device contains ! ft " of saturated water vapor at 50#psia pressure. Determine the temperature and the mass of the vapor inside the c linder.

EXAMPLE 33 (o*u&e a# E#er+) C,a#+e ur!#+ E-a'orat!o# A mass of !00 g of saturated liquid water is completel vapori$ed at a constant pressure of %00 k&a. Determine 'a( the volume change and ')( the amount of energ transferred to the water.

EXAMPLE 3. Pressure a# (o*u&e of a Saturate M!/ture A rigid tank contains %0 kg of water at 90C. *f + kg of the water is in the liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine 'a( the pressure in the tank and ')( the volume of the tank.

EXAMPLE 30 Pro'ert!es of Saturate L!"u! (a'or M!/ture An +0#- vessel contains . kg of refrigerant#%".a at a pressure of %/0 k&a. Determine 'a( the temperature, ')( the qualit , 'c( the enthalp of the refrigerant, and 'd( the volume occupied ) the vapor phase.

EXAMPLE 31 I#ter#a* E#er+) of Su'er,eate (a'or Determine the internal energ of water at !0 psia and .000.

EXAMPLE 32 Te&'erature of Su'er,eate (a'or Determine the temperature of water at a state of &0.5 1&a and h!+90 k23kg.

EXAMPLE 33 A''ro/!&at!#+ Co&'resse L!"u! as Saturate L!"u! Determine the internal energ of compressed liquid water at +0C and 5 1&a, using 'a( data from the compressed liquid ta)le and ')( saturated liquid data. 4hat is the error involved in the second case5

EXAMPLE 33 A''ro/!&at!#+ Co&'resse L!"u! as Saturate L!"u! Determine the internal energ of compressed liquid water at +0C and 5 1&a, using 'a( data from the compressed liquid ta)le and ')( saturated liquid data. 4hat is the error involved in the second case5

EXAMPLE 34 T,e Use of Stea& Ta5*es to Deter&!#e Pro'ert!es Determine the missing properties and the phase descriptions in the following ta)le for water6

EXAMPLE 316 Mass of A!r !# a Roo& Determine the mass of the air in a room whose dimensions are . m 7 5 m 7/ m at %00 k&a and !5C.

EXAMPLE 311 T,e Use of 7e#era*!8e C,arts

+$

Determine the specific volume of refrigerant#%".a at % 1&a and 50C, using 'a( the ideal#gas equation of state and ')( the generali$ed compressi)ilit chart. Compare the values o)tained to the actual value of 0.0!%89/ m "3kg and determine the error involved in each case.

EXAMPLE 31% Us!#+ 7e#era*!8e C,arts to Deter&!#e Pressure Determine the pressure of water vapor at /000 and 0.5%."% ft"3l)m, using 'a( the steam ta)les, ')( the ideal#gas equation, and 'c( the generali$ed compressi)ilit chart.

EXAMPLE 313 D!ffere#t Met,o s of E-a*uat!#+ 7as Pressure &redict the pressure of nitrogen gas at 9 %85 : and v 0.00"85 m"3kg on the )asis of 'a( the ideal#gas equation of state, ')( the van der 4aals equation of state, 'c( the ;eattie#;ridgeman equation of state, and 'd( the ;enedict#4e))#<u)in equation of state. Compare the values o)tained to the e=perimentall determined value of %0,000 k&a.

EXAMPLE 31. Te&'erature Dro' of a La$e Due to E-a'orat!o# >n a summer da , the air temperature over a lake is measured to )e !5C. Determine water temperature of the lake when phase equili)rium conditions are esta)lished )etween the water in the lake and the vapor in the air for relative humidities of %0, +0, and %00 percent for the air '0ig. "/5(.

++

3.C *s there an difference )etween the intensive properties of saturated vapor at a given temperature and the vapor of a saturated mi=ture at the same temperature5

332 A pistonc linder device contains 0.+5 kg of refrigerant# %".a at ?%0C. 9he piston that is free to move has a mass of %! kg and a diameter of !5 cm. 9he local atmospheric pressure is ++ k&a. @ow, heat is transferred to refrigerant#%".a until the temperature is %5C. Determine 'a( the final pressure, ')( the change in the volume of the c linder, and 'c( the change in the enthalp of the refrigerant#%".a.

30% A rigid vessel contains ! kg of refrigerant#%".a at +00 k&a and %!0C. Determine the volume of the vessel and the total internal energ .

30. A 0.5#m" vessel contains %0 kg of refrigerant#%".a at !0C. Determine 'a( the

+)

pressure, ')( the total internal energ , and 'c( the volume occupied ) the liquid phase.

313 A pistonc linder device initiall contains steam at ".5 1&a, superheated ) 5C. @ow, steam loses heat to the surroundings and the piston moves down hitting a set of stops at which point the c linder contains saturated liquid water. 9he cooling continues until the c linder contains water at !00C. Determine 'a( the initial temperature, ')( the enthalp change per unit mass of the steam ) the time the piston first hits the stops, and 'c( the final pressure and the qualit 'if mi=ture(.

342 A %#m" tank contains !.+.% kg of steam at 0./ 1&a. Determine the temperature of the steam, using 'a( the idealgas equation, ')( the van der 4aals equation, and 'c( the steam ta)les.

CH% ENER7Y9 ENER7Y TRANSFER9 AND 7ENERAL ENER7Y ANALYSIS CH. ENER7Y ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS CH0 MASS AND ENER7Y ANALYSIS OF CONTROL (OLUMES
MASS AND ENER7Y ANALYSIS OF CONTROL (OLUMES THIS FIRST LA: OF THERMODYNAMICS EXAMPLE %1 A Car Po;ere 5) Nu<*ear Fue*
+&

An average car consumes a)out 5 - of gasoline a da , and the capacit of the fuel tank of a car is a)out 50 -. 9herefore, a car needs to )e refueled once ever %0 da s. Also, the densit of gasoline ranges from 0./+ to 0.8+ kg3-, and its lower heating value is a)out ..,000 k23kg 'that is, ..,000 :A of heat is released when % kg of gasoline is completel )urned(. Buppose all the pro)lems associated with the radioactivit and waste disposal of nuclear fuels are resolved, and a car is to )e powered ) C#!"5. *f a new car comes equipped with 0.%#kg of the nuclear fuel C#!"5, determine if this car will ever need refueling under average driving conditions '0ig. !9(.

EXAMPLE %% :!# E#er+) A site evaluated for a wind farm is o)served to have stead winds at a speed of +.5 m3s '0ig. !%0(. Determine the wind energ 'a( per unit mass, ')( for a mass of %0 kg, and 'c( for a flow rate of %%5. kg3s for air.

EXAMPLE %3 Bur#!#+ of a Ca# *e !# a# I#su*ate Roo& A candle is )urning in a well#insulated room. 9aking the room 'the air plus the candle( as the s stem, determine 'a( if there is an heat transfer during this )urning process and ')( if there is an change in the internal energ of the s stem.

EXAMPLE %. Heat!#+ of a Potato !# a# O-e# A potato initiall at room temperature '!5C( is )eing )aked in an oven that is
+5

maintained at !00C, as shown in 0ig. !!%. *s there an heat transfer during this )aking process5

EXAMPLE %0 Heat!#+ of a# O-e# 5) :or$ Tra#sfer A well#insulated electric oven is )eing heated through its heating element. *f the entire oven, including the heating element, is taken to )e the s stem, determine whether this is a heat or work interaction.

EXAMPLE %1 Heat!#+ of a# O-e# 5) Heat Tra#sfer Answer the question in D=ample !5 if the s stem is taken as onl the air in the oven without the heating element.

+#

EXAMPLE %2 Po;er Tra#s&!ss!o# 5) t,e S,aft of a Car Determine the power transmitted through the shaft of a car when the torque applied is !00 @ E m and the shaft rotates at a rate of .000 revolutions per minute 'rpm(.

EXAMPLE %3 Po;er Nee s of a Car to C*!&5 a H!** Consider a %!00#kg car cruising steadil on a level road at 90 km3h. @ow the car starts clim)ing a hill that is sloped "0 from the hori$ontal '0ig. !"5(. *f the velocit of the car is to remain constant during clim)ing, determine the additional power that must )e delivered ) the engine.

+7

EXAMPLE %4 Po;er Nee s of a Car to A<<e*erate Determine the power required to accelerate a 900#kg car shown in 0ig. !"/ from rest to a velocit of +0 km3h in !0 s on a level road.

EXAMPLE %16 Coo*!#+ of a Hot F*u! !# a Ta#$ A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while )eing stirred ) a paddle wheel. *nitiall , the internal energ of the fluid is +00 k2. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 k2 of heat, and the paddle wheel does %00 k2 of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal energ of the fluid. @eglect the energ stored in the paddle wheel.

EXAMPLE %11 A<<e*erat!o# of A!r 5) a Fa# A fan that consumes !0 4 of electric power when operating is claimed to discharge air from a ventilated room at a rate of 0.!5 kg3s at a discharge velocit of + m3s '0ig. !.+(. Determine if this claim is reasona)le.

+;

EXAMPLE %1% Heat!#+ Effe<t of a Fa# A room is initiall at the outdoor temperature of !5C. @ow a large fan that consumes !00 4 of electricit when running is turned on '0ig. !.9(. 9he heat transfer rate )etween the room and the outdoor air is given as F CA'9i 9o( where C / 43m! E C is the overall heat transfer coefficient, A "0 m! is the e=posed surface area of the room, and 9i and 9o are the indoor and outdoor air temperatures, respectivel . Determine the indoor air temperature when stead esta)lished. operating conditions are

EXAMPLE %13 A##ua* L!+,t!#+ Cost of a C*assroo& 9he lighting needs of a classroom are met ) "0 fluorescent lamps, each consuming
+"

+0 4 of electricit '0ig. !50(. 9he lights in the classroom are kept on for %! hours a da and !50 da s a ear. 0or a unit electricit cost of 8 cents per k4h, determine annual energ cost of lighting for this classroom. Also, discuss the effect of lighting on the heating and air#conditioning requirements of the room.

EXAMPLE %1. Co#ser-at!o# of E#er+) for a# Os<!**at!#+ Stee* Ba** 9he motion of a steel )all in a hemispherical )owl of radius h shown in 0ig. !5% is to )e anal $ed. 9he )all is initiall held at the highest location at point A, and then it is released. >)tain relations for the conservation of energ of the )all for the cases of frictionless and actual motions.

EXAMPLE %10 Cost of Coo$!#+ ;!t, E*e<tr!< a# 7as Ra#+es

+8

9he efficienc of cooking appliances affects the internal heat gain from them since an inefficient appliance consumes a greater amount of energ for the same task, and the e=cess energ consumed shows up as heat in the living space. 9he efficienc of open )urners is determined to )e 8" percent for electric units and "+ percent for gas units '0ig. !58(. Consider a !#k4 electric )urner at a location where the unit costs of electricit and natural gas are G0.093k4h and G0.553therm, respectivel . Determine the rate of energ consumption ) the )urner and the unit cost of utili$ed energ for )oth electric and gas )urners.

EXAMPLE %11 Perfor&a#<e of a H) rau*!< Tur5!#e7e#erator 9he water in a large lake is to )e used to generate electricit ) the installation of a h draulic tur)inegenerator at a location where the depth of the water is 50 m '0ig. ! /0(. 4ater is to )e supplied at a rate of 5000 kg3s. *f the electric power generated is measured to )e %+/! k4 and the generator efficienc is 95 percent, determine 'a( the overall efficienc of the tur)ine generator, ')( the mechanical efficienc of the

tur)ine, and 'c( the shaft power supplied ) the tur)ine to the generator.

)$

EXAMPLE %12 Cost Sa-!#+s Asso<!ate ;!t, H!+,=Eff!<!e#<) Motors A /0#hp electric motor 'a motor that delivers /0 hp of shaft power at full load( that has an efficienc of +9.0 percent is worn out and is to )e replaced ) a 9".! percent efficient high#efficienc motor '0ig. !/%(. 9he motor operates "500 hours a ear at full load. 9aking the unit cost of electricit to )e G0.0+3k4h, determine the amount of energ and mone saved as a result of installing the high#efficienc motor instead of the standard motor. Also, determine the simple pa )ack period if the purchase prices of the standard and high#efficienc motors are G.5!0 and G5%/0, respectivel .

)+

EXAMPLE %13 Re u<!#+ A!r Po**ut!o# 5) 7eot,er&a* Heat!#+ A geothermal power plant in @evada is generating electricit using geothermal water e=tracted at %+0C, and reinAected )ack to the ground at +5C. *t is proposed to utili$e the reinAected )rine for heating the residential and commercial )uildings in the area, and calculations show that the geothermal heating s stem can save %+ million therms of natural gas a ear. Determine the amount of @>= and C>! emissions the

geothermal s stem will save a ear. 9ake the average @>= and C>! emissions of gas furnaces to )e 0.00.8 kg3therm and /.. kg3therm, respectivel .

EXAMPLE %14 Heat Tra#sfer fro& a Perso# Consider a person standing in a )ree$ room at !0C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from this person if the e=posed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person are %./ m! and !9C, respectivel , and the convection heat transfer coefficient is / 43m! E C '0ig. !85(.

%13 A wind tur)ine is rotating at %5 rpm under stead winds flowing through the tur)ine at a rate of .!,000 kg3s. 9he tip velocit of the tur)ine )lade is measured to )e !50 km3h. *f %+0 k4 power is produced ) the tur)ine, determine 'a( the average velocit of the air and ')( the conversion efficienc of the tur)ine. 9ake the densit of
))

air to )e %."% kg3m".

EXAMPLE .1 Bou# ar) :or$ for a Co#sta#t=(o*u&e Pro<ess A rigid tank contains air at 500 k&a and %50C. As a result of heat transfer to the surroundings, the temperature and pressure inside the tank drop to /5C and .00 k&a, respectivel . Determine the )oundar work done during this process.

EXAMPLE .% Bou# ar) :or$ for a Co#sta#t=Pressure Pro<ess A frictionless pistonc linder device contains %0 l)m of steam at /0 psia and "!00. Heat is now transferred to the steam until the temperature reaches .000. *f the piston is not attached to a shaft and its mass is constant, determine the work done ) the steam during this process.

EXAMPLE .3 Isot,er&a* Co&'ress!o# of a# I ea* 7as A pistonc linder device initiall contains 0.. m" of air at %00 k&a and +0C. 9he air is now compressed to 0.% m" in such a wa that the temperature inside the c linder remains constant. Determine the work done during this process.

EXAMPLE .. E/'a#s!o# of a 7as a+a!#st a S'r!#+ A pistonc linder device contains 0.05 m" of a gas initiall at !00 k&a. At this state, a linear spring that has a spring constant of %50 k@3m is touching the piston )ut e=erting no force on it. @ow heat is transferred to the gas, causing the piston to rise and to compress the spring until the volume inside the c linder dou)les. *f the cross# sectional area of the piston is 0.!5 m!, determine 'a( the final pressure inside the c linder, ')( the total work done ) the gas, and 'c( the fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it.
)&

EXAMPLE .0 E*e<tr!< Heat!#+ of a 7as at Co#sta#t Pressure A pistonc linder device contains !5 g of saturated water vapor that is maintained at a constant pressure of "00 k&a. A resistance heater within the c linder is turned on and passes a current of 0.! A for 5 min from a %!0#I source. At the same time, a heat loss of ".8 k2 occurs. 'a( Bhow that for a closed s stem the )oundar work 4) and the change in internal energ C in the first#law relation can )e com)ined into one term,

H, for a constantpressure process. ')( Determine the final temperature of the steam.

EXAMPLE .1 U#restra!#e E/'a#s!o# of :ater A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts ) a partition. *nitiall , one side of the tank contains 5 kg of water at !00 k&a and !5C, and the other side is evacuated. 9he partition is then removed, and the water e=pands into the entire tank. 9he water is allowed to e=change heat with its surroundings until the temperature in the tank returns to the initial value of !5C. Determine 'a( the volume of the tank, ')( the final pressure, and 'c( the heat transfer for this process.

EXAMPLE .2 E-a*uat!o# of t,e ?u of a# I ea* 7as Air at "00 : and !00 k&a is heated at constant pressure to /00 :. Determine the change in internal energ of air per unit mass, using 'a( data from the air ta)le '9a)le A%8(, ')( the functional form of the specific heat '9a)le A!c(, and 'c( the average specific heat value '9a)le A!)(.

EXAMPLE .3 Heat!#+ of a 7as !# a Ta#$ 5) St!rr!#+ An insulated rigid tank initiall contains %.5 l)m of helium at +00 and 50 psia. A paddle wheel with a power rating of 0.0! hp is operated within the tank for "0 min.
)5

Determine 'a( the final temperature and ')( the final pressure of the helium gas.

EXAMPLE .4 Heat!#+ of a 7as 5) a Res!sta#<e Heater A pistonc linder device initiall contains 0.5 m" of nitrogen gas at .00 k&a and !8C. An electric heater within the device is turned on and is allowed to pass a current of ! A for 5 min from a %!0 I source. @itrogen e=pands at constant pressure, and a heat loss of !+00 2 occurs during the process. Determine the final temperature of nitrogen.

EXAMPLE .16 Heat!#+ of a 7as at Co#sta#t Pressure A pistonc linder device initiall contains air at %50 k&a and !8C. At this state, the piston is resting on a pair of stops, as shown in 0ig. ."!, and the enclosed volume is .00 -. 9he mass of the piston is such that a "50 k&a pressure is required to move it. 9he air is now heated until its volume has dou)led. Determine 'a( the final temperature, ')( the work done ) the air, and 'c( the total heat transferred to the air.

EXAMPLE .11 E#t,a*') of Co&'resse L!"u! Determine the enthalp of liquid water at %00C and %5 1&a 'a( ) using compressed liquid ta)les, ')( ) appro=imating it as a saturated liquid, and 'c( ) using the
)#

correction given ) Dq. ."+.

EXAMPLE .1% Coo*!#+ of a# Iro# B*o<$ 5) :ater A 50#kg iron )lock at +0C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains 0.5 m " of liquid water at !5C. Determine the temperature when thermal equili)rium is reached.

EXAMPLE .13 Te&'erature R!se ue to S*a''!#+ *f ou ever slapped someone or got slapped ourself, ou pro)a)l remem)er the )urning sensation. *magine ou had the unfortunate occasion of )eing slapped ) an angr person, which caused the temperature of the affected area of our face to rise ) %.+C 'ouchJ(. Assuming the slapping hand has a mass of %.! kg and a)out 0.%50 kg of the tissue on the face and the hand is affected ) the incident, estimate the velocit of the hand Aust )efore impact. 9ake the specific heat of the tissue to )e ".+ k23kg E C.

EXAMPLE .1. Bur#!#+ Off Lu#<, Ca*or!es A 90 kg man had two ham)urgers, a regular serving of french fries, and a !00 ml Coke for lunch '0ig. .."(. Determine how long it will take for him to )urn the lunch calories off 'a( ) watching 9I and ')( ) fast swimming. 4hat would our answers )e for a .5#kg man5

)7

EXAMPLE .10 Los!#+ :e!+,t 5) S;!t<,!#+ to Fat=Free C,!'s 9he fake fat olestra passes through the )od undigested, and thus adds $ero calorie to the diet. Although foods cooked with olestra taste prett good, the ma cause

a)dominal discomfort and the long#term effects are unknown. A % o$ '!+." g( serving of regular potato chips has %0 g of fat and %50 Calories, whereas % o$ of the so#called fat#free chips fried in olestra has onl 85 Calories. Consider a person who eats % o$ of regular potato chips ever da at lunch without gaining or losing an weight.

Determine how much weight this person will lose in one ear if he or she switches to fat#free chips '0ig. ... (.

.1 A pistonc linder device with a set of stops initiall contains 0." kg of steam at %.0 1&a and .00C. 9he location of the stops corresponds to /0 percent of the initial volume. @ow the steam is cooled. Determine the compression work if the final state is 'a( %.0 1&a and !50C and ')( 500 k&a. 'c( Also determine the temperature at the final state in part ')(.

);

.1% A mass of !.. kg of air at %50 k&a and %!C is contained in a gas#tight, frictionless pistonc linder device. 9he air is now compressed to a final pressure of /00 k&a. During the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the c linder remains constant. Calculate the work input during this process.

.%1 A pistonc linder device initiall contains 0.!5 kg of nitrogen gas at %"0 k&a and %!0C. 9he nitrogen is now e=panded isothermall to a pressure of %00 k&a. Determine the )oundar work done during this process.

.31 An insulated pistonc linder device contains 5 - of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of %85 k&a. 4ater is stirred ) a paddle wheel while a current of + A flows for .5 min through a resistor placed in the water. *f one#half of the liquid is evaporated during this constantpressure process and the paddle#wheel work amounts
)"

to .00 k2, determine the voltage of the source. Also, show the process on a &#v diagram with respect to saturation lines.

.14 A room is heated ) a )ase)oard resistance heater. 4hen the heat losses from the room on a winter da amount to /500 k23h, the air temperature in the room remains constant even though the heater operates continuousl . Determine the power rating of the heater, in k4.

EXAMPLE 01 :ater F*o; t,rou+, a 7ar e# Hose No88*e A garden hose attached with a no$$le is used to fill a %0#gal )ucket. 9he inner diameter of the hose is ! cm, and it reduces to 0.+ cm at the no$$le e=it '0ig. 59(. *f it
)8

takes 50 s to fill the )ucket with water, determine 'a( the volume and mass flow rates of water through the hose, and ')( the average velocit of water at the no$$le e=it.

EXAMPLE 0% D!s<,ar+e of :ater fro& a Ta#$ A .#ft#high, "#ft#diameter c lindrical water tank whose top is open to the atmosphere is initiall filled with water. @ow the discharge plug near the )ottom of the tank is pulled out, and a water Aet whose diameter is 0.5 in streams out '0ig. 5%0(. 9he average velocit of the Aet is given ) where h is the height of water in the tank

measured from the center of the hole 'a varia)le( and g is the gravitational acceleration. Determine how long it will take for the water level in the tank to drop to ! ft from the )ottom.

EXAMPLE 03 E#er+) Tra#s'ort 5) Mass Bteam is leaving a .#- pressure cooker whose operating pressure is %50 k&a '0ig. 5 %/(. *t is o)served that the amount of liquid in the cooker has decreased ) 0./ - in .0

&$

min after the stead operating conditions are esta)lished, and the cross#sectional area of the e=it opening is + mm!. Determine 'a( the mass flow rate of the steam and the e=it velocit , ')( the total and flow energies of the steam per unit mass, and 'c( the rate at which energ leaves the cooker ) steam.

EXAMPLE 0. De<e*erat!o# of A!r !# a D!ffuser Air at %0C and +0 k&a enters the diffuser of a Aet engine steadil with a velocit of !00 m3s. 9he inlet area of the diffuser is 0.. m !. 9he air leaves the diffuser with a velocit that is ver small compared with the inlet velocit . Determine 'a( the mass flow rate of the air and ')( the temperature of the air leaving the diffuser.

EXAMPLE 00 A<<e*erat!o# of Stea& !# a No88*e Bteam at !50 psia and 8000 steadil enters a no$$le whose inlet area is 0.! ft !. 9he mass flow rate of steam through the no$$le is %0 l)m3s. Bteam leaves the no$$le at !00 psia with a velocit of 900 ft3s. Heat losses from the no$$le per unit mass of the steam are estimated to )e %.! ;tu3l)m. Determine 'a( the inlet velocit and ')( the e=it temperature of the steam.

EXAMPLE 01 Co&'ress!#+ A!r 5) a Co&'ressor Air at %00 k&a and !+0 : is compressed steadil to /00 k&a and .00 :. 9he mass
&+

flow rate of the air is 0.0! kg3s, and a heat loss of %/ k23kg occurs during the process. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligi)le, determine the necessar power input to the compressor.

EXAMPLE 02 Po;er 7e#erat!o# 5) a Stea& Tur5!#e 9he power output of an adia)atic steam tur)ine is 5 14, and the inlet and the e=it conditions of the steam are as indicated in 0ig. 5!+. 'a( Compare the magnitudes of h, ke, and pe. ')( Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through the tur)ine. 'c( Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.

EXAMPLE 03 E/'a#s!o# of Refr!+era#t=13.a !# a Refr!+erator <efrigerant#%".a enters the capillar tu)e of a refrigerator as saturated liquid at 0.+ 1&a and is throttled to a pressure of 0.%! 1&a. Determine the qualit refrigerant at the final state and the temperature drop during this process. of the

EXAMPLE 04 M!/!#+ of Hot a# Co* :aters !# a S,o;er

&)

Consider an ordinar shower where hot water at %.00 is mi=ed with cold water at 500. *f it is desired that a stead stream of warm water at %%00 )e supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold water. Assume the heat losses from the mi=ing cham)er to )e negligi)le and the mi=ing to take place at a pressure of !0 psia.

EXAMPLE 016 Coo*!#+ of Refr!+era#t=13.a 5) :ater <efrigerant#%".a is to )e cooled ) water in a condenser. 9he refrigerant enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of / kg3min at % 1&a and 80C and leaves at "5C. 9he cooling water enters at "00 k&a and %5C and leaves at !5C. @eglecting an pressure drops, determine 'a( the mass flow rate of the cooling water required and ')( the heat transfer rate from the refrigerant to water.

EXAMPLE 011 E*e<tr!< Heat!#+ of A!r !# a House 9he electric heating s stems used in man houses consist of a simple duct with resistance heaters. Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a %5 k4 electric heating s stem. Air enters the heating section at %00 k&a and %8C with a volume flow rate of %50 m"3min. *f heat is lost from the air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of !00 4, determine the e=it temperature of air.

EXAMPLE 01% C,ar+!#+ of a R!+! Ta#$ 5) Stea& A rigid, insulated tank that is initiall evacuated is connected through a valve to a suppl line that carries steam at % 1&a and "00C. @ow the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to flow slowl into the tank until the pressure reaches % 1&a, at which point the valve is closed. Determine the final temperature of the steam in the tank.
&&

EXAMPLE 013 Coo$!#+ ;!t, a Pressure Coo$er A pressure cooker is a pot that cooks food much faster than ordinar pots ) maintaining a higher pressure and temperature during cooking. 9he pressure inside the pot is controlled ) a pressure regulator 'the petcock( that keeps the pressure at a constant level ) periodicall allowing some steam to escape, thus preventing an e=cess pressure )uildup. &ressure cookers, in general, maintain a gage pressure of ! atm 'or " atm a)solute( inside. 9herefore, pressure cookers cook at a temperature of a)out %""C 'or !8%0( instead of %00C 'or !%!0(, cutting the cooking time ) as much as 80 percent while minimi$ing the loss of nutrients. 9he newer pressure cookers use a spring valve with several pressure settings rather than a weight on the cover. A certain pressure cooker has a volume of / - and an operating pressure of 85 k&a gage. *nitiall , it contains % kg of water. Heat is supplied to the pressure cooker at a rate of 500 4 for "0 min after the operating pressure is reached. Assuming an atmospheric pressure of %00 k&a, determine 'a( the temperature at which cooking takes place and ')( the amount of water left in the pressure cooker at the end of the process.

&5

03C Does the amount of mass entering a control volume have to )e equal to the amount of mass leaving during an unstead #flow process5

03 A hair dr er is )asicall a duct of constant diameter in which a few la ers of electric resistors are placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it through the resistors where it is heated. *f the densit of air is %.!0 kg3m " at the inlet and %.05 kg3m" at the e=it, determine the percent increase in the velocit of air as it flows through the dr er.

01% A desktop computer is to )e cooled ) a fan whose flow rate is 0.". m "3min. Determine the mass flow rate of air through the fan at an elevation of ".00 m where the air densit is 0.8 kg3m". Also, if the average velocit of air is not to e=ceed %%0 m3min, determine the diameter of the casing of the fan.

012 Consider a "00#- storage tank of a solar water heating s stem initiall filled with warm water at .5C. 4arm water is withdrawn from the tank through a !#cm diameter hose at an average velocit of 0.5 m3s while cold water enters the tank at !0C at a rate of 5 -3min. Determine the amount of water in the tank after a !0#minute period. Assume the pressure in the tank remains constant at % atm.

&#

036 Air enters an adia)atic no$$le steadil at "00 k&a, !00C, and "0 m3s and leaves at %00 k&a and %+0 m3s. 9he inlet area of the no$$le is +0 cm!. Determine 'a( the mass flow rate through the no$$le, ')( the e=it temperature of the air, and 'c( the e=it area of the no$$le.

00. Argon gas enters an adia)atic tur)ine steadil at 900 k&a and .50C with a velocit of +0 m3s and leaves at %50 k&a with a velocit of %50 m3s. 9he inlet area of the tur)ine is /0 cm!. *f the power output of the tur)ine is !50 k4, determine the e=it

&7

temperature of the argon.

011 <efrigerant#%".a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 800 k&a to a pressure of %/0 k&a. Determine the temperature drop during this process and the final specific volume of the refrigerant.

CH1 THE SECOND LA: OF THERMODYNAMICS

THE SECOND LA: OF THERMODYNAMICS DKA1&-D /% @et &ower &roduction of a Heat Dngine Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of +0 14. *f the rate of waste heat reAection to a near) river is 50 14, determine the net power output and the thermal efficienc for this heat engine.

&;

DKA1&-D /! 0uel Consumption <ate of a Car A car engine with a power output of /5 hp has a thermal efficienc of !. percent. Determine the fuel consumption rate of this car if the fuel has a heating value of %9,000 ;tu3l)m 'that is, %9,000 ;tu of energ is released for each l)m of fuel )urned(.

DKA1&-D /" Heat <eAection ) a <efrigerator 9he food compartment of a refrigerator, shown in 0ig. /!., is maintained at .C ) removing heat from it at a rate of "/0 k23min. *f the required power input to the refrigerator is ! k4, determine 'a( the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator and ')( the rate of heat reAection to the room that houses the refrigerator.

DKA1&-D /. Heating a House ) a Heat &ump A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and maintain it at !0C. >n a da when the outdoor air temperature drops to !C, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of +0,000 k23h. *f the heat pump under these conditions has a C>& of !.5, determine 'a( the power consumed ) the heat pump and ')( the rate at which heat is a)sor)ed from the cold outdoor air.

DKA1&-D /5 Anal sis of a Carnot Heat Dngine A Carnot heat engine, shown in 0ig. /.+, receives 500 k2 of heat per c cle from a
&"

high#temperature source at /5!C and reAects heat to a low#temperature sink at "0C. Determine 'a( the thermal efficienc of this Carnot engine and ')( the amount of heat reAected to the sink per c cle.

DKA1&-D // A Fuestiona)le Claim for a <efrigerator An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated space at "50 while operating in a room where the temperature is 850 and that has a C>& of %".5. *s this claim reasona)le5

DKA1&-D /8 Heating a House ) a Carnot Heat &ump A heat pump is to )e used to heat a house during the winter, as shown in 0ig. /5". 9he house is to )e maintained at !%C at all times. 9he house is estimated to )e losing heat at a rate of %"5,000 k23h when the outside temperature drops to 5C. Determine the minimum power required to drive this heat pump.

&8

DKA1&-D /+ 1alfunction of a <efrigerator -ight Bwitch 9he interior lighting of refrigerators is provided ) incandescent lamps whose

switches are actuated ) the opening of the refrigerator door. Consider a refrigerator whose .0#4 light)ul) remains on continuousl as a result of a malfunction of the switch '0ig. /5+(. *f the refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of %." and the cost of electricit is + cents per k4h, determine the increase in the energ

consumption of the refrigerator and its cost per ear if the switch is not fi=ed.

//C 4hat is a thermal energ reservoir5 Live some e=amples.

/%%C Consider a pan of water )eing heated 'a( ) placing it on an electric range and ')( ) placing a heating element in the water. 4hich method is a more efficient wa of heating water5 D=plain.
5$

/!% An automo)ile engine consumes fuel at a rate of !+ -3h and delivers /0 k4 of power to the wheels. *f the fuel has a heating value of ..,000 k23kg and a densit of 0.+ g3cm", determine the efficienc of this engine.

/!+ A coal#)urning steam power plant produces a net power of "00 14 with an overall thermal efficienc of "! percent. 9he actual gravimetric airfuel ratio in the furnace is calculated to )e %! kg air3kg fuel. 9he heating value of the coal is !+,000 k23kg. Determine 'a( the amount of coal consumed during a !.#hour period and ')( the rate of air flowing through the furnace.

/"!C A heat pump is a device that a)sor)s energ from the cold outdoor air and transfers it to the warmer indoors. *s this a violation of the second law of thermod namics5 D=plain.

/.8 Determine the C>& of a heat pump that supplies energ to a house at a rate of +000 k23h for each k4 of electric power it draws. Also, determine the rate of energ a)sorption from the outdoor air.

/5% A heat pump is used to maintain a house at a constant temperature of !"C. 9he house is losing heat to the outside air through the walls and the windows at a rate of /0,000 k23h while the energ generated within the house from people, lights, and appliances amounts to .000 k23h. 0or a C>& of !.5, determine the required power input to the heat pump.

/55 <efrigerant#%".a enters the evaporator coils placed at the )ack of the free$er
5+

section of a household refrigerator at %!0 k&a with a qualit of !0 percent and leaves at %!0 k&a and ?!0C. *f the compressor consumes .50 4 of power and the C>& the refrigerator is %.!, determine 'a( the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and ')( the rate of heat reAected to the kitchen air.

/59C 4h are engineers interested in reversi)le processes even though the can never )e achieved5

/8% A Carnot heat engine operates )etween a source at %000 : and a sink at "00 :. *f the heat engine is supplied with heat at a rate of +00 k23min, determine 'a( the thermal efficienc and ')( the power output of this heat engine.

/90 A Carnot refrigerator operates in a room in which the temperature is !5C. 9he refrigerator consumes 500 4 of power when operating and has a C>& of ..5. Determine 'a( the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and ')( the temperature of the refrigerated space.

/95 A heat pump is used to maintain a house at !!C ) e=tracting heat from the outside air on a da when the outside air temperature is !C. 9he house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of %%0,000 k23h, and the heat pump consumes 5 k4 of electric power when running. *s this heat pump powerful enough to do the Ao)5

5)

CH2 E#tro')
E#tro') EXAMPLE 21 E#tro') C,a#+e ur!#+ a# Isot,er&a* Pro<ess A pistonc linder device contains a liquidvapor mi=ture of water at "00 :. During a constant#pressure process, 850 k2 of heat is transferred to the water. As a result, part of the liquid in the c linder vapori$es. Determine the entrop change of the water during this process.

EXAMPLE 2% E#tro') 7e#erat!o# ur!#+ Heat Tra#sfer Pro<esses A heat source at +00 : loses !000 k2 of heat to a sink at 'a( 500 : and ')( 850 :. Determine which heat transfer process is more irreversi)le.

EXAMPLE 23 E#tro') C,a#+e of a Su5sta#<e !# a Ta#$ A rigid tank contains 5 kg of refrigerant#%".a initiall at !0C and %.0 k&a. 9he refrigerant is now cooled while )eing stirred until its pressure drops to %00 k&a. Determine the entrop change of the refrigerant during this process.

EXAMPLE 2. E#tro') C,a#+e ur!#+ a Co#sta#t=Pressure Pro<ess

5&

A pistonc linder device initiall contains " l)m of liquid water at !0 psia and 800. 9he water is now heated at constant pressure ) the addition of ".50 ;tu of heat. Determine the entrop change of the water during this process.

EXAMPLE 20 Ise#tro'!< E/'a#s!o# of Stea& !# a Tur5!#e Bteam enters an adia)atic tur)ine at 5 1&a and .50C and leaves at a pressure of %.. 1&a. Determine the work output of the tur)ine per unit mass of steam if the process is reversi)le.

EXAMPLE 21 T,e T=S D!a+ra& of t,e Car#ot C)<*e Bhow the Carnot c cle on a 9#B diagram and indicate the areas that represent the heat supplied FH, heat reAected F-, and the net work output 4net,out on this diagram.

EXAMPLE 22 Effe<t of De#s!t) of a L!"u! o# E#tro') -iquid methane is commonl used in various cr ogenic applications. 9he critical temperature of methane is %9% : 'or ?+!C(, and thus methane must )e maintained )elow %9% : to keep it in liquid phase. 9he properties of liquid methane at various temperatures and pressures are given in 9a)le 8%. Determine the entrop change of liquid methane as it undergoes a process from %%0 : and % 1&a to %!0 : and 5 1&a 'a( using ta)ulated properties and ')( appro=imating liquid methane as an incompressi)le su)stance. 4hat is the error involved in the latter case5
55

EXAMPLE 23 E<o#o&!<s of Re'*a<!#+ a (a*-e 5) a Tur5!#e A cr ogenic manufacturing facilit handles liquid methane at %%5 : and 5 1&a at a rate of 0.!+0 m"3s . A process requires dropping the pressure of liquid methane to % 1&a, which is done ) throttling the liquid methane ) passing it through a flow resistance such as a valve. A recentl hired engineer proposes to replace the throttling valve ) a tur)ine in order to produce power while dropping the pressure to % 1&a. Csing data from 9a)le 8%, determine the ma=imum amount of power that can )e produced ) such a tur)ine. Also, determine how much this tur)ine will save the facilit from electricit usage costs per ear if the tur)ine operates continuousl '+8/0 h3 r( and the facilit pa s G0.0853k4h for electricit .

EXAMPLE 24 E#tro') C,a#+e of a# I ea* 7as Air is compressed from an initial state of %00 k&a and %8C to a final state of /00 k&a and 58C. Determine the entrop change of air during this compression process ) using 'a( propert values from the air ta)le and ')( average specific heats.

EXAMPLE 216 Ise#tro'!< Co&'ress!o# of A!r !# a Car E#+!#e

5#

Air is compressed in a car engine from !!C and 95 k&a in a reversi)le and adia)atic manner. *f the compression ratio I%3I! of this engine is +, determine the final temperature of the air.

EXAMPLE 211 Ise#tro'!< Co&'ress!o# of a# I ea* 7as Helium gas is compressed ) an adia)atic compressor from an initial state of %. psia and 500 to a final temperature of "!00 in a reversi)le manner. Determine the e=it pressure of helium.

EXAMPLE 21% Co&'ress!#+ a Su5sta#<e !# t,e L!"u! -ersus 7as P,ases Determine the compressor work input required to compress steam isentropicall from %00 k&a to % 1&a, assuming that the steam e=ists as 'a( saturated liquid and ')( saturated vapor at the inlet state.

EXAMPLE 213 :or$ I#'ut for (ar!ous Co&'ress!o# Pro<esses Air is compressed steadil ) a reversi)le compressor from an inlet state of %00 k&a and "00 : to an e=it pressure of 900 k&a. Determine the compressor work per unit mass for 'a( isentropic compression with k %.., ')( pol tropic compression with n %.", 'c( isothermal compression, and 'd( ideal twostage compression with intercooling with a pol tropic e=ponent of %.".

EXAMPLE 21. Ise#tro'!< Eff!<!e#<) of a Stea& Tur5!#e Bteam enters an adia)atic tur)ine steadil at " 1&a and .00C and leaves at 50 k&a and %00C. *f the power output of the tur)ine is ! 14, determine 'a( the isentropic
57

efficienc of the tur)ine and ')( the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the tur)ine.

EXAMPLE 210 Effe<t of Eff!<!e#<) o# Co&'ressor Po;er I#'ut Air is compressed ) an adia)atic compressor from %00 k&a and %!C to a pressure of +00 k&a at a stead rate of 0.! kg3s. *f the isentropic efficienc of the compressor is +0 percent, determine 'a( the e=it temperature of air and ')( the required power input to the compressor.

EXAMPLE 211 Effe<t of Eff!<!e#<) o# No88*e E/!t (e*o<!t) Air at !00 k&a and 950 : enters an adia)atic no$$le at low velocit and is discharged at a pressure of +0 k&a. *f the isentropic efficienc of the no$$le is 9! percent, determine 'a( the ma=imum possi)le e=it velocit , ')( the e=it temperature, and 'c( the actual e=it velocit of the air. Assume constant specific heats for air.

EXAMPLE 212 E#tro') 7e#erat!o# !# a :a** Consider stead heat transfer through a 5 m 78 m )rick wall of a house of thickness "0 cm. >n a da when the temperature of the outdoors is 0 =, the house is maintained at !8=. 9he temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the )rick wall are measured to )e !0= and 5=, respectivel , and the rate of heat transfer through the wall is %0"5 4. Determine the rate of entrop generation in the wall, and the rate of total entrop generation associated with this heat transfer process.

EXAMPLE 213 E#tro') 7e#erat!o# ur!#+ a T,rott*!#+ Pro<ess Bteam at 8 1&a and .50=is throttled in a valve to a pressure of " 1&a during a stead #flow process. Determine the entrop generated during this process and check if
5;

the increase of entrop principle is satisfied.

EXAMPLE 214 E#tro') 7e#erate ;,e# a Hot B*o<$ Is Dro''e !# a La$e A 50#kg )lock of iron casting at 500 : is thrown into a large lake that is at a temperature of !+5 :. 9he iron )lock eventuall reaches thermal equili)rium with the lake water. Assuming an average specific heat of 0..5 k23kg E : for the iron, determine 'a( the entrop change of the iron )lock, ')( the entrop change of the lake water, and 'c( the entrop generated during this process.

EXAMPLE 2%6 E#tro') 7e#erat!o# !# a M!/!#+ C,a&5er 4ater at !0 psia and 50 0 enters a mi=ing cham)er at a rate of "00 l)m3min where it is mi=ed steadil with steam entering at !0 psia and !.0 0. 9he mi=ture leaves the cham)er at !0 psia and %"0 0, and heat is lost to the surrounding air at 80 0 at a rate of %+0 ;tu3min. @eglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine the rate of entrop generation during this process.

CH3 EXER7Y> A MEASURE OF :OR? POTENTIAL

EXER7Y> A MEASURE OF :OR? POTENTIAL EXAMPLE 31 Ma/!&u& Po;er 7e#erat!o# 5) a :!# Tur5!#e A wind tur)ine with a %!#m#diameter rotor, as shown in 0ig. +/, is to )e installed at a location where the wind is )lowing steadil at an average velocit of %0 m3s.

Determine the ma=imum power that can )e generated ) the wind tur)ine.

5"

EXAMPLE 3% E/er+) Tra#sfer fro& a Fur#a<e Consider a large furnace that can transfer heat at a temperature of !000 < at a stead rate of "000 ;tu3s. Determine the rate of e=erg transfer. Assume an environment temperature of 880. flow associated with this heat

EXAMPLE 33 T,e Rate of Irre-ers!5!*!t) of a Heat E#+!#e A heat engine receives heat from a source at %!00 : at a rate of 500 k23s and reAects the waste heat to a medium at "00 : '0ig. +%%(. 9he power output of the heat engine is %+0 k4. Determine the reversi)le power and the irreversi)ilit rate for this process.

58

EXAMPLE 3. Irre-ers!5!*!t) ur!#+ t,e Coo*!#+ of a# Iro# B*o<$ A 500#kg iron )lock shown in 0ig. +%! is initiall at !00C and is allowed to cool to !8C ) transferring heat to the surrounding air at !8C. Determine the reversi)le work and the irreversi)ilit for this process.

EXAMPLE 30 Heat!#+ Pote#t!a* of a Hot Iro# B*o<$ 9he iron )lock discussed in D=ample +. is to )e used to maintain a house at !8C when the outdoor temperature is 5C. Determine the ma=imum amount of heat that can )e supplied to the house as the iron cools to !8C.

EXAMPLE 31 Se<o# =La; Eff!<!e#<) of Res!sta#<e Heaters A dealer advertises that he has Aust received a shipment of electric resistance heaters for residential )uildings that have an efficienc of %00 percent '0ig. +%9(. Assuming an indoor temperature of !%C and outdoor temperature of %0C, determine the
#$

second#law efficienc of these heaters.

EXAMPLE 32 :or$ Pote#t!a* of Co&'resse A!r !# a Ta#$ A !00 m" rigid tank contains compressed air at % 1&a and "00 :. Determine how much work can )e o)tained from this air if the environment conditions are %00 k&a and "00 :.

EXAMPLE 33 E/er+) C,a#+e ur!#+ a Co&'ress!o# Pro<ess <efrigerant#%".a is to )e compressed from 0.%. 1&a and %0C to 0.+ 1&a and 50C steadil ) a compressor. 9aking the environment conditions to )e !0C and 95 k&a, determine the e=erg change of the refrigerant during this process and the minimum work input that needs to )e supplied to the compressor per unit mass of the refrigerant.

EXAMPLE 34 7e#era* E/er+) Ba*a#<e for C*ose S)ste&s Btarting with energ and entrop )alances, derive the general e=erg )alance relation for a closed s stem 'Dq. +.%(.

EXAMPLE 316 E/er+) Destru<t!o# ur!#+ Heat Co# u<t!o# Consider stead heat transfer through a 5 m 7/ m )rick wall of a house of thickness "0 cm. >n a da when the temperature of the outdoors is 0C, the house is maintained

#+

at !8C. 9he temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the )rick wall are measured to )e !0C and 5C, respectivel , and the rate of heat transfer through the wall is %0"5 4. Determine the rate of e=erg destruction in the wall, and the rate of total e=erg destruction associated with this heat transfer process.

EXAMPLE 311 E/er+) Destru<t!o# ur!#+ E/'a#s!o# of Stea& A pistonc linder device contains 0.05 kg of steam at % 1&a and "00C. Bteam now e=pands to a final state of !00 k&a and %50C, doing work. Heat losses from the s stem to the surroundings are estimated to )e ! k2 during this process. Assuming the surroundings to )e at 90!5C and &0%00 k&a, determine 'a( the e=erg of the steam at the initial and the final states, ')( the e=erg change of the steam, 'c( the e=erg destro ed, and 'd( the second#law efficienc for the process.

EXAMPLE 31% E/er+) Destro)e

ur!#+ St!rr!#+ of a 7as

An insulated rigid tank contains ! l)m of air at !0 psia and 800. A paddle wheel inside the tank is now rotated ) an e=ternal power source until the temperature in the tank rises to %"00 '0ig. +"+(. *f the surrounding air is at 90800, determine 'a( the e=erg destro ed and ')( the reversi)le work for this process.

EXAMPLE 313 Dro''!#+ a Hot Iro# B*o<$ !#to :ater A 5#kg )lock initiall at "50C is quenched in an insulated tank that contains %00 kg of water at "0C '0ig. +.0(. Assuming the water that vapori$es during the process condenses )ack in the tank and the surroundings are at !0C and %00 k&a, determine 'a( the final equili)rium temperature, ')( the e=erg of the com)ined s stem at the initial and the final states, and 'c( the wasted work potential during this process.

#)

EXAMPLE 31. E/er+) Destru<t!o# ur!#+ Heat Tra#sfer to a 7as A frictionless pistonc linder device, shown in 0ig. +.%, initiall contains 0.0% m" of argon gas at .00 : and "50 k&a. Heat is now transferred to the argon from a furnace at %!00 :, and the argon e=pands isothermall until its volume is dou)led. @o heat transfer takes place )etween the argon and the surrounding atmospheric air, which is at 90 "00 : and &0 %00 k&a. Determine 'a( the useful work output, ')( the e=erg destro ed, and 'c( the reversi)le work for this process.

EXAMPLE 310 Se<o# =La; A#a*)s!s of a Stea& Tur5!#e Bteam enters a tur)ine steadil at " 1&a and .50C at a rate of + kg3s and e=its at 0.! 1&a and %50C, '0ig. +.5(. 9he steam is losing heat to the surrounding air at %00 k&a and !5C at a rate of "00 k4, and the kinetic and potential energ changes are negligi)le. Determine 'a( the actual power output, ')( the ma=imum possi)le power output, 'c( the second#law efficienc , 'd( the e=erg destro ed, and 'e( the e=erg of the steam at the inlet conditions.

#&

EXAMPLE 311 E/er+) Destro)e

ur!#+ M!/!#+ of F*u! Strea&s

4ater at !0 psia and 500 enters a mi=ing cham)er at a rate of "00 l)m3min, where it is mi=ed steadil with steam entering at !0 psia and !.00. 9he mi=ture leaves the cham)er at !0 psia and %"0 0, and heat is )eing lost to the surrounding air at 90 80 0 at a rate of %+0 ;tu3min '0ig. +./(. @eglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine the reversi)le power and the rate of e=erg destruction for this process.

EXAMPLE 312 C,ar+!#+ a Co&'resse A!r Stora+e S)ste& A !00 m" rigid tank initiall contains atmospheric air at %00 k&a and "00: and is to
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)e used as a storage vessel for compressed air at % 1&a and "00: '0ig. +.+(. Compressed air is to )e supplied ) a compressor that takes in atmospheric air at &0 %00 k&a and 90"00 :. Determine the minimum work requirement for this process.

331 9he radiator of a steam heating s stem has a volume of !0 - and is filled with superheated water vapor at !00 k&a and !00C. At this moment )oth the inlet and the e=it valves to the radiator are closed. After a while it is o)served that the temperature of the steam drops to +0C as a result of heat transfer to the room air, which is at !%C. Assuming the surroundings to )e at 0C, determine 'a( the amount of heat transfer to the room and ')( the ma=imum amount of heat that can )e supplied to the room if this heat from the radiator is supplied to a heat engine that is driving a heat pump. Assume the heat engine operates )etween the radiator and the surroundings.

331 An insulated pistonc linder device contains ! - of saturated liquid water at a

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constant pressure of %50 k&a. An electric resistance heater inside the c linder is turned on, and electrical work is done on the water in the amount of !!00 k2. Assuming the surroundings to )e at !5C and %00 k&a, determine 'a( the minimum work with which this process could )e accomplished and ')( the e=erg destro ed during this process.

3.4 An ordinar egg can )e appro=imated as a 5.5cm diameter sphere. 9he egg is initiall at a uniform temperature of +C and is dropped into )oiling water at 98C. 9aking the properties of egg to )e M %0!0 kg3m" and Cp "."! k23kg E C, determine how much heat is transferred to the egg ) the time the average temperature of the egg rises to 80C and the amount of e=erg destruction associated with this heat transfer process. 9ake 90!5C.

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CH1% THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS EXAMPLE 1%1 A''ro/!&at!#+ D!ffere#t!a* @ua#t!t!es 5) D!ffere#<es 9he Cp of ideal gases depends on temperature onl , and it is e=pressed as Cp'9 (dh'9 (3d9. Determine the cp of air at "00 :, using the enthalp data from 9a)le A%8, and compare it to the value listed in 9a)le A!).

EXAMPLE 1%% Tota* D!ffere#t!a* -ersus Part!a* D!ffere#t!a* Consider air at "00 : and 0.+/ m"3kg. 9he state of air changes to "0! : and 0.+8 m"3kg as a result of some distur)ance. Csing Dq. %!", estimate the change in the pressure of air.

EXAMPLE 1%3 (er!f!<at!o# of C)<*!< a# Re<!'ro<!t) Re*at!o#s Csing the ideal#gas equation of state, verif reciprocit relation at constant &. 'a( the c clic relation and ')( the

EXAMPLE 1%. (er!f!<at!o# of t,e Ma/;e** Re*at!o#s Ierif the validit of the last 1a=well relation 'Dq. %!%9( for steam at !50C and "00 k&a.

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EXAMPLE 1%0 E-a*uat!#+ t,e ,f+ of a Su5sta#<e fro& t,e P=-=T Data Csing the Clape ron equation, estimate the value of the enthalp of vapori$ation of refrigerant#%".a at !0C, and compare it with the ta)ulated value.

EXAMPLE 1%1 E/tra'o*at!#+ Ta5u*ar Data ;!t, t,e C*a'e)ro# E"uat!o# Dstimate the saturation pressure of refrigerant#%".a at 500, using the data availa)le in the refrigerant ta)les.

EXAMPLE 1%2 I#ter#a* E#er+) C,a#+e of a -a# er :aa*s 7as Derive a relation for the internal energ change as a gas that o)e s the van der 4aals equation of state. Assume that in the range of interest Cv varies according to the relationCv C% C!9, where C% andC! are constants. EXAMPLE 1%3 I#ter#a* E#er+) as a Fu#<t!o# of Te&'erature A*o#e Bhow that the internal energ of 'a( an ideal gas and ')( an incompressi)le su)stance is a function of temperature onl , uu'9(.

EXAMPLE 1%4 T,e S'e<!f!< Heat D!ffere#<e of a# I ea* 7as Bhow thatCpCv < for an ideal gas.

EXAMPLE 1%16 Aou*e=T,o&so# Coeff!<!e#t of a# I ea* 7as Bhow that the 2oule#9homson coefficient of an ideal gas is $ero.

EXAMPLE 1%11 T,e ?, a# ?s of O/)+e# at H!+, Pressures Determine the enthalp change and the entrop change of o= gen per unit mole as it undergoes a change of state from !!0 : and 5 1&a to "00 : and %0 1&a 'a( ) assuming ideal#gas )ehavior and ')( ) accounting for the deviation from ideal#gas
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)ehavior.

1%1. Consider an ideal gas at .00 : and %00 k&a. As a result of some distur)ance, the conditions of the gas change to .0. : and 9/ k&a. Dstimate the change in the specific volume of the gas using 'a( Dq. %!" and ')( the ideal#gas relation at each state.

1%10 Csing the equation of state &'v a( <9, verif 'a( the c clic relation and ')( the reciprocit relation at constant v.

1%11 Ierif the validit of the last 1a=well relation 'Dq. %!%9( for refrigerant#%".a at +0C and %.! 1&a.

1%13E Ierif the validit of the last 1a=well relation 'Dq. %!%9( for steam at +000 and .00 psia.

1%32 Derive an e=pression for the specific#heat difference CpCv for 'a( an ideal gas, ')( a van der 4aals gas, and 'c( an incompressi)le su)stance.

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1%..C 9he pressure of a fluid alwa s decreases during an adia)atic throttling process. *s this also the case for the temperature5

1%0.C 4hat is the enthalp departure5

1%01C 4h is the generali$ed enthalp departure chart prepared ) using &< and 9< as the parameters instead of & and 95

1%02 Determine the enthalp of nitrogen, in k23kg, at %85 : and + 1&a using 'a( data from the ideal#gas nitrogen ta)le and ')( the generali$ed enthalp departure chart. Compare our results to the actual value of %!5.5 k23kg.

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