Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
10/17/2001
Types of Images
We consider here still images. Examples:
Photographs (color or grayscale) Fax (bilevel) Documents (text, handwriting, graphics and photographs)
Application examples
Slide-show graphics on the Internet (catalogs, home shopping, real-estate viewing,). Images must be presented at a variety of resolution, including low resolution for browsing and high resolution for detailed inspection. Medical applications where sophisticated high resolution images (X-rays, CAT scans, etc.) need to be stored, indexed, accessed and transmitted from site to site on demand
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Table specs
Table specs
Compressed data
Entropy decoder
Dequantization
Inverse DCT
Table specs
Table specs
DECODER
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
6
7
7 7
7
8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vertical frequencies
image
DCT
image
DCT
image
DCT
1
1 1
2
2 2
3
3 3
4
4 4
5
5 5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1
image
DCT
image
2 3 4 5 6 7
DCT
3 4 5 6
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
image
DCT
image
DCT
Example
139 144 150 159 159 161 162 162 144 151 155 161 160 161 162 162 149 153 160 162 161 161 161 161 153 156 163 160 162 161 163 161 155 159 158 160 162 160 162 163 155 156 156 159 155 157 157 158 155 156 156 159 155 157 157 158 155 156 156 159 155 157 157 158
235.6 -22.6 -10.9 -7.1 -0.6 1.8 -1.3 -2.6 -1.0 -12.1 -17.5 -6.2 -9.3 -1.6 -1.9 0.2 -0.8 1.5 -0.2 1.6 -0.4 -0.3 1.6 -3.8 -5.2 -3.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 -0.3 -1.5 -1.8 2.1 -2.9 0.2 0.9 -0.1 -0.8 -0.5 1.9 -1.7 -0.1 -0.9 -0.1 -0.7 1.5 1.7 1.2 -2.7 0.4 -0.6 0.0 0.6 1.0 1.1 -0.6 1.3 -1.2 -0.1 0.3 1.3 -1.0 -0.8 -0.4
DCT coefficients
15 -2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Quantization table
Quantized coefficients
0 2 3 9 10 20 21 35
1 4 8 11 19 22 34 36
5 7 12 18 23 33 37 48
6 13 17 24 32 38 47 49
14 16 25 31 39 46 50 57
15 26 30 40 45 51 56 58
27 29 41 44 52 55 59 62
28 42 43 53 54 60 61 53
AC coefs
Intermediate Representation
Zig-zag ordering of coefficients places lowfrequency (which are more likely to be non-zero) coefficients before high-frequency coefficients (which are more likely to be null after quantization) In this way, the sequence of quantized coefficients is such that there often are long sequences of null values AC coefficients are represented in a intermediate run-length representation which encodes the runs of zero preceding any non-null coefficient
RUNLENGTH is the number of consecutive null coefs before the non-zero symbol, SIZE is the size of the symbol used to encode the non-null symbol AMPLITUDE is the actual (encoded) value
Entropy Coding
For both DC and AC coefficients, each symbol-1 is Huffman encoded (variable length prefix code)
Huffman tables are not specified in the standard and must be input to the encoder
60
80
100
120
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50 100 150 200
Pyramid Decomposition
50 100
Residuals
150
200
250
20
300
40 60 80 100 120
350
250
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300
200
350
50
100
20 40 60
10 20
150
80
30
200
40
50 60 70 80
250
300
350
JPEG Performances
Assume the pixels of an arbitrary color image are digitized to 8 bits for luminance and chrominance channels with 4:2:2 color sampling scheme.
Then effectively the source image has 16 bits/pixel
References
G.K. Wallace, The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 38(1), Feb. 1992
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