PDF

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, September October (2013), IAEME
269

TIME DEPENDENT TWO DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO AREA SOURCE WITH SETTLING VELOCITY
AND TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
POLLUTANTS

Dr. Lakshminarayanachari.K

Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology,
Bangalore -560 064, INDIA.

ABSTRACT

A comprehensive time dependent two dimensional advection-diffusion numerical model for
primary pollutants emitted and converted into secondary pollutants for an urban area is presented.
This model takes into account the realistic form of variable wind velocity and eddy diffusivity
profiles. In this model we consider that the secondary pollutants are formed by means of first order
chemical conversion of primary pollutants. This assumption results in a coupled system of partial
differential equations of primary and secondary pollutants. This intricate coupled system of mixed
initial boundary value problem is solved by using Crank-Nicolson implicit finite difference
technique. The effect of time dependent emission of pollutants and the effect of various
meteorological parameters on the dispersion of pollutants on concentration contour are analysed
extensively.

Keywords: Primary and secondary pollutant, Crank-Nicolson method, Dry deposition, Gravitational
settling.

1. INTRODUCTION

The dispersion of atmospheric contaminant has become a global problem in the recent years
due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. The toxic gases and small particles could accumulate
in large quantities over urban areas, under certain meteorological conditions. This is one of the
serious health hazards in many of the cities in the world. An acute exposure to the elevated levels of
particulate air pollution has been associated with the cases of increased cardiopulmonary mortality,
hospitalization for respiratory diseases, exacerbation of asthma, decline in lung function, and
restricted life activity. Small deficits in lung function, higher risk of chronic respiratory disease and
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)

ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print)
ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 6, September October 2013, pp. 269-277
IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8376 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com

IJARET
I A E M E
270

increased mortality have also been associated with chronic exposure to respirable particulate air
pollution [1] Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a consistent increased risk for
cardiovascular functions in relation to both short- and long-term exposure to the present-day
concentrations of ambient particulate matter [2]. Exposure to the fine airborne particulate matter is
associated with cardiovascular functions and mortality in older and cardiac patients [3]. Volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), which are molecules typically containing 118 carbon atoms that
readily volatilize from the solid or liquid state, are considered a major source of indoor air pollution
and have been associated with various adverse health effects including infection and irritation of
respiratory tract, irritation to eyes, allergic skin reaction, bronchitis, and dyspnea [4: 5: 6].
A two dimensional advection-diffusion mathematical model of primary and secondary
pollutants of an area source with chemical reaction and gravitational settling is presented [7].
Rudraiah et al. have studied the atmospheric diffusion model of secondary pollutants with settling
[8]. Khan and Venkatachalappa et al. have presented a time dependent mathematical model of an air
pollutant with instantaneous and delayed removal [9: 10]. The above models are analytical in nature
with simple form of wind velocity and eddy diffusivity under restrictive assumptions.
Lakshminarayanachari et al. have studied the mathematical model with chemically reactive
pollutants without considering the settling velocity on secondary pollutants [11]. Mathematical
models are important tools and can play a crucial role in the methodology developed to predict air
quality. A numerical model for primary and secondary pollutants in the atmosphere with more
realistic wind velocity and eddy diffusivity profiles by considering the various removal mechanisms
such as dry deposition, wet deposition and gravitational settling velocity is presented.

2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT

The physical problem consists of an area source which is spread out over the surface of the
city with finite down wind and infinite cross wind dimensions. We assume that the pollutants are
emitted at a constant rate from uniformly distributed area source. The major source being vehicular
exhausts due to traffic flow and all other minor sources are aggregated. The vertical height extends
up to mixing height 624 meters above which pollutants do not rise due to the temperature profile of
the atmosphere. We have considered the source region within the urban centre (0 x l) which
extends up to l = 6 km from the origin and source free region beyond l (l x X
0
). We compute the
concentration distribution till the desired down wind distance X
0
= 12 km i.e. 0 x X
0
. We have
considered two layers, surface layer and planetary boundary layer to evaluate the wind velocity as
accurate as possible. The physical description of the model is shown schematically in figure 1.

Fig 1. Physical Layout of the Model
271

2.1 PRIMARY POLLUTANT
The basic governing equation of primary pollutant

( ) ( ) ( )
p p p
z wp p
C C C
U z K z k K C
t x z z
| |
+ = +
|

\
, (1)

where ( , , )
p p
C C x z t = is the ambient mean concentration of pollutant species, U is the mean wind
speed in x-direction,
z
K is the turbulent eddy diffusivity in z-direction,
wp
k is the first order
rainout/washout coefficient of primary pollutant
p
C and k is the first order chemical reaction rate
coefficient of primary pollutant
p
C .
We assume that the region of interest is free from pollution at the beginning of the emission. Thus
the initial conditions are

C
p
= 0 at t = 0, 0 x X
0
and 0 z H, (2)

C
p
= 0 at x = 0, 0 z H and t > 0. (3)

The air pollutants are being emitted at a steady rate from the ground level and are removed from the
atmosphere by ground absorption

0
0, 0
0
= 0,
p
z dp p
dp p
C
K V C Q at z x
t z
V C at z x X

= = <

>
`
= <
)
l
l
, (4)

0
0 , 0
p
z
C
K at z H x X
z
= = <
, 0 t > , (5)

where Q is the emission rate of primary pollutant species, l is the source length in the downwind
direction, V
dp
is the dry deposition velocity, X
0
is the length of desired domain of interest in the wind
direction and H is the mixing height.

2.2 SECONDARY POLLUTANT
The basic governing equation for the secondary pollutant C
s
is

( ) ( )
s s s s
z s g s ws s
C C C C
U z K z W V kC K C
t x z z z
| |
+ = + +
|

\
. (6)

The appropriate initial and boundary conditions on C
s
are :

C
s
= 0 at t = 0, for 0 x X
0
and 0 z H, (7)

C
s
= 0 at x = 0, for 0 z H and t > 0. (8)

Since there is no direct source for secondary pollutants, we have

272

0
0, 0 , 0
s
z s s ds s
C
K W C V C at z x X t
z
+ = = >
, (9)

0 , 0
s
z
C
K at z H t
z
= = >
, (10)

where K
ws
is the first order wet deposition coefficient of secondary pollutants, V
g
is the mass ratio of
secondary particulate species to the primary gaseous species which is being converted, W
s
is the
gravitational settling velocity and H is mixing height.

3. METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS

In order to solve the equations (1) and (6), it is essential to know the profiles of eddy
diffusivity and wind speed for various atmospheric stability conditions. It is assumed that the surface
layer terminates at ( ) 0.1 U f z k
= for neutral stability condition, where k is the Karmans Constant

0.4, f is the Coriolis parameter and U
*
is the friction velocity.
For stable case, the surface layer extends up to z = 6L, where L is the Monin-Obukhov
stability length parameter. The following wind velocity profiles are used.
In the surface layer, logarithmic profiles are used for neutral stability with ( ) 0.1 U f z k
< , ie

0
0
n
Z Z U
U
k Z
| | +
=
|
\
l (within surface layer ) . (11)

For stable flow with 0 1,
z
L
< <
0
0
n
Z Z U
U z
K Z L
( | | +
= +
( |
(
\
l . (12)

For stable flow with 1 6,
z
L
< <
0
0
5.2
n
Z Z U
U
K Z
( | | +
= +
( |
(
\
l . (13)

In the planetary boundary layer, above the surface layer, power law scheme has been used

( )
p
SL
g SL SL
m SL
Z Z
U U U U
Z Z
| |
= +
|
\
, (14)

where Ug is the geostrophic wind, Z
SL
is the top of the surface layer, U
SL
is wind at Z
SL
, Z
m
is the
mixing height H and p is an exponent which depends up on the atmospheric stability.

We have used,
0.2 for neutral condition
0.35 for slightly stable flow
0.5 for stable flow .
p

273

The following eddy diffusivity profiles are used for the entire boundary layer (surface layer
and planetary boundary layer)

4 /
*
0.4 ,
Z H
z
K U Ze
= for neutral case (15)

0.74 4.7 /
b
Z
kU Z
K e
Z L

=
`
+
)
, for stable case b = 0.91,
1/ 2
Z
L

| |
=
|
\
and
U
fL

= . (16)

U
*
is the friction velocity and f is the Coriolis parameter (= 10
-4
).

4. NUMERICAL SOLUTION

We have used Crank-Nicolson implicit finite difference method for the solution of the
equations (1) and (6).
The derivatives are replaced by the arithmetic average of its finite difference approximations
at the
th
n and ( 1)
th
n + time steps. Then equation (1) at the grid points ( , ) i j and time step 1 2 n +
can be written as

1
1 1
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
p p p p p
n n n n n
C C C C C
U z U z K z K z
z z
t x x z z z z
ij ij ij ij ij
+ ( + + (
| | | |

( (
+ + = +
| |
( (
\ \

( )( )
1
1
, 1,2,....., 1,2,.....
2
n n
wp pij pij
k k C C i j
+
+ + = =
(17)

On simplifying, equation (17) can be written as

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
n n n n n n n n
j pi ij j pij j pij j pij j pi ij j pij j pij j pij
A C B C D C E C F C G C M C N C
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + = + + + , (18)

for each i = 2,3,4,.. l max i
0
X max i , j=2,3,4,jmax-1 and n=0,1,2,3,, .
and i maxl and imaxX
0
are the i values at x = l and X
0
respectively and jmax is the value of j at z = H.

The finite difference equations for the secondary pollutant
s
C obtained from the partial differential
equation (6) can be written as

1 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n n n
n n
j s i j j s ij 1 j s ij j s ij 1 j s i j j s ij 1 j s ij j s i j 1 g s ij
AC BC DC EC FC GC MC NC VkC

+ + + +
+ +
+ + + = + + + +
, (19)

The above system of equations has a tridiagonal structure and is solved by Thomas Algorithm [12].

274

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A numerical model to study the effects of primary and secondary pollutant concentration
horizontally and vertically is developed. The results of this model have been illustrated graphically in
figures 2 - 7 to analyse the dispersion of air pollutants in the urban area downwind and vertical
direction for stable and neutral conditions of atmosphere.
In figure 2 the ground level concentration at various heights for primary and secondary
pollutants of stable case is studied. For removal mechanisms W
s
=0 and V
d
=0 for stable and neutral
cases are analysed. The primary pollutant concentration , 2 attains maximum value of 180. As
height increases i.e. , 4 and , 6 the primary pollutant concentration decreases up to 7kms
and there is no substantial decrease with height thereafter. This is because we have considered
source region up to 6kms and no source beyond 6 to 12 kms. The same effect is observed for
secondary pollutants but the concentration of secondary pollutants is maximum at the end of source
region and outside source region. The ground level concentration of secondary pollutants increases
up to 6 kms and remains constant thereafter in source free region. As height increases the
concentration of secondary pollutants decreases.
In figure 3 the concentration at various distances for primary and secondary pollutants of
stable case is studied. As distance increases the primary pollutant concentration increases in the
source region and is maximum at the end of source region and is rapidly decreases thereafter. The
concentration is zero around 55mts height for stable case because we have considered the sources at
the ground level. The secondary pollutant concentration increases with downwind distance and is
maximum in the source free region. The concentration of secondary pollutants is zero about 70mts
height.
In figure 4 the Ground level concentration at various heights of primary and secondary
pollutants for neutral case is obtained. It is observed that the pollutant concentration is 55 at the end
of source region. The concentration is low in neutral atmosphere when compared to stable case.
This shows that neutral atmosphere enhances vertical diffusion.
In figure 5 the same effect is observed but the concentration of primary and secondary
pollutants are zero at the heights 350 and 400 respectively. This shows that neutral condition
enhances vertical diffusion and the concentration is low in downwind distance when compared to
stable condition.

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Secondary pollutants
C(X,6)
C(X,4)
C(X,2)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Distance X
Ws=0
Vd=0

Fig. 2. Ground level concentrations at various heights for primary and secondary Pollutants
(stable case)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Primary pollutants
C(X,6)
C(X,4)
C(X,2)

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Distance X
ws=0
Vd=0
275

In figure 6 the ground level concentration at various heights for primary and secondary
pollutants with removal mechanisms W
s
=0.001 and V
d
=0.01 for stable case is analysed. From the
graph we notice that the concentration of primary and secondary pollutants decreases as height
increases along downwind distance.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
C(3000,Y)
C(9000,Y)
C(6000,Y)

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Height Y
Ws=0
Vd=0

Fig. 3. Concentrations at various distances for primary and secondary Pollutants (stable case)

Fig. 4. Ground level concentrations at various heights for primary and secondary Pollutants
(neutral case)

In figure 7 the concentration at various distances of primary and secondary pollutants with
removal mechanisms W
s
=0.0001 and V
d
=0.01 for neutral case is studied. It is observed that the
concentration of primary and secondary pollutants is high in the lower heights and as move upwards
the concentration decreases and is zero around 350 mts in neutral case.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
50
100
150
200
250
Primary pollutants
C(9000,Y)
C(6000,Y)
C(3000,Y)

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Height Y
Ws=0
Vd=0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Primary pollutants
C(X,6)
C(X,4)
C(X,2)

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Distance X
Ws=0
Vd=0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
C(X,2)
C(X,4)
C(X,6)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Distance X
Ws=0
Vd=0
276

0 100 200 300 400 500
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010 Secondary pollutants

C(9000,Y)
C(3000,Y)
C(6000,Y)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Height Y
Ws=0
Vd=0

Fig.5. Concentrations at various distances for primary and secondary pollutants (neutral case)

Fig. 6. Ground level concentration at various heights for primary and secondary pollutants
(stable case) with removal mechanisms W
s
=0.001 and V
d
=0.01

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
C(9000,Y)
C(6000,Y)
C(3000,Y)
secondary pollutants
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Height Y
Ws=0.001
Vd=0.01

Fig.7. Concentrations at various distances for primary and secondary pollutants with removal
mechanisms W
s
=0.001 and V
d
=0.01 (neutral case)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
C(X,6)
C(X,4)
C(X,2)
Primary pollutant

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Distance X
Ws=0.001
Vd=0.01
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
C(X,4)
C(X,6)
C(X,2)
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Distance X
Ws=0.001
Vd=0.01
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Primary pollutants
C(120,Y)
C(40,Y)
C(80,Y)

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Height Y
Ws=0.001
Vd=0.01
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Primary pollutants
C(9000,Y)
C(3000,Y)
C(6000,Y)

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
Height Y
Ws=0
Vd=0
277

6. CONCLUSIONS

A numerical model for the computation of the ambient air concentration emitted from an
urban area source undergoing various removal mechanisms and transformation process is presented.
The concentration of primary pollutants and secondary pollutants attains peak value at the downwind
end of the source region. The concentration of primary and secondary pollutants is less in magnitude
for neutral atmosphere when compared to stable condition. The neutral atmospheric condition
enhances vertical diffusion carrying the pollutant concentration to greater heights and thus the
concentration is less at the surface region. Hence neutral case is favorable condition in air pollution
point of view.

REFERENCES

[1]. Pope I C A, Dockery D W, Schwartz J, Routlegde, Review of Epidemiological Evidence of
Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution, Inhalation Toxicology 7(1995) 1-18.
[2]. Brook R D, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, Luepker R, Mittleman M,
Samet J, Smith Jr S C, Tager I, Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for
Healthcare Professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention, Sci. Amer. Heart
Assoc 109 (2004) 2655- 2671.
[3]. Riediker M, Cascio W E, Griggs T R, Herbst M C, Bromberg P A, Neas L, Williams R W,
Devlin R B, Particulate Matter Exposure in Cars Is Associated with Cardiovascular Effects in
Healthy Young Men, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 169 (2004) 934-940.
[4]. Arif A A, Shah S M, Association between Personal Exposure to Volatile Organic compounds
and Asthma among Us Adult Population, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 80 (2007) 711-719.
[5]. Oke T R, Boundary Layer Climates, Inhalation Toxicology 7(1995) 1-18.
[6]. Molders N, Olson M A, Impact of Urban Effects on Precipitation in High Latitudes, Journal of
Hydrometeorology 5 (2004) 409-429.
[7]. Suresha, C. M., Lakshminarayanachari, K., Siddalinga Prasad, M., Pandurangappa, C.,
Numerical model of air pollutant emitted from anarea source of primary pollutant with chemical
reaction, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management
(IJAIEM),Vol 2, Issue3, march 2013; 132-144.
[8]. Rudraiah N, M Venkatachalappa, Sujit kumar Khan, Atmospheric diffusion model of secondary
pollutants, International Journal of Environmental Studies 52(1997) 243- 267.
[9]. Khan, S.K., 2000. Time dependent mathematical model of secondary air pollutant with
instantaneous and delayed removal. Association for the advancement of modeling and simulation
techniques in enterprises 61, 1-14.
[10]. Venkatachalappa M, Sujit kumar khan, Khaleel Ahmed G Kakamari, Time dependent
mathematical model of air pollution due to area source with variable wind velocity and eddy
diffusivity and chemical reaction, Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 69, A,
No.6 (2003) 745-758.
[11]. Lakshminarayanachari K, Pandurangappa C , M Venkatachalappa (2011) , Mathematical model
of air pollutant emitted from a time dependant area source of primary and secondary pollutants
with chemical reaction, International Journal of Computer Applications in
engineering,Technology and Sciences Volume 4:136-142 (7 pages).
[12]. Akai T J, Applied Numerical Methods for Engineers, John Wiley and Sons Inc (1994) 86-90.
[13]. Dhiren Dave, Dr. Sanjay Nalbalwar and Dr. Ashok Ghatol, Location Aware Management and
Control for Pollution Prevention, International Journal of Electronics and Communication
Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 338 - 347, ISSN Print:
0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472.

PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976

= for neutral stability condition, where k is the Karmans Constant

= for neutral case (15)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen