L2GeodataStructuresAndDataModels PDF

Geodata Structures and Data Models
Responsible persons: Andreas Neumann

(Overall)
Helen Freimark
(Specials)
Andreas Wehrle
(Content)
Content
1. Geodata Structures and Data Models ...................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Geodata Structures and Data Models ............................................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Definition of Geodata Structures and Data Models .................................................................. 3 1.2. Rasterdata Structures ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2.1. Rasterdata Structures ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Vectordata Structures ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1. Structures ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2. Special types ............................................................................................................................ 13 1.4. Vector Data vs. Raster Data ........................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1. Differences ............................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.2. Different use of the data in GIS .............................................................................................. 16 1.5. Data attributes ................................................................................................................................. 18 1.5.1. Data attributes .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.6. Data symbology .............................................................................................................................. 20 1.6.1. Use of symbology .................................................................................................................... 20 1.6.2. Get existing symbology ........................................................................................................... 21 1.7. Metadata .......................................................................................................................................... 22 1.7.1. About Metadata ....................................................................................................................... 22 1.7.2. Metadata Standards .................................................................................................................. 23 1.7.3. Metadata in GeoVITe .............................................................................................................. 25 1.8. Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 27 1.9. Recommended Reading .................................................................................................................. 28 1.10. Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 29 1.11. Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 31
https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010
1. Geodata Structures and Data Models

Learning Objectives

This lesson provides an introduction to the various geodata structures and related data models. After providing definitions for data structures and data models, it lists the most common geodata structures, their properties, examples, use cases and some products that rely on a certain data structure. Furthermore we introduce the meaning and use case of metadata and what metadata we deliver with the geodata we provide. Learn about Geodata Structures and Geodata Models Learn about Rasterdata Structures Learn about Vectordata Structures Learn about Differences and Use Case of Raster- and Vectordata Learn about Topology Data Structures Learn about Non Graphical Attributes (Thematic Data) Learn about Symbolization Learn about Metadata
1.1. Geodata Structures and Data Models

This unit gives you a broad overview about the various geodata structures that GIS specialists deal with. We mainly cover data structures that we offer in the geovite project. Other geodata structures may be listed but not covered in detail. These geodata structures are closely linked to the underlying data model.
1.1.1. Definition of Geodata Structures and Data Models

A geodata model 1 is an abstract, artificially created mapping of a part of the real world relevant to a geoinformatics project. The goal of geodata modeling is to map the relevant conditions and processes in the real world to geodata structures 2. A data model not only describes the content, properties and data structures, but also rules and relations between the entities of a data model. A proper data model also facilitates data updating and helps to keep the geodata consistent. Tools like ER-Models or UML help with data modeling and partially bridge between human thinking and program code generation.
A geodata model is an abstract, artificially created mapping of a part of the real world relevant to a geoinformatics project. The goal of
geodata modeling is to map the relevant conditions and processes in the real world to geodata structures. A data model not only describes the content, properties and data structures, but also rules and relations between the entities of a data model.
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As geodata structure we can define the logical, internal data organization of our geographic information, the means of representing a real-
life entity inside a geodata model. Data structures should enable data storage and data management, as well as quick retrieval of the data. Unique identifier, links, relationships and dependencies help to build consistent and normalized data structures and enable links within the dataset or to external data sources.

45kb image
Example of an ER Diagram displaying entities, properties and relations (Rick Sethi)
As geodata structures we can define the logical, internal data organization of our geographic information, the means of representing a real-life entity inside a geodata model. Data structures should enable data storage and data management, as well as quick retrieval of the data. Unique identifier, links, relationships and dependencies help to build consistent and normalized 5 data structures and enable links within the dataset or to external data sources. The efficiency of a GISystem directly relates to the usage of efficient data structures. It usually comes down to a trade-off between optimized data storage (small file sizes) and quick data access. Completely normalized and compressed data structures are not always the most efficient ones.
Data Normalization is the process of removing redundancy in data sets through dividing the data sets in to relations, linked through
identifiers. The result of a normalization process not only leads to more efficient data storage (smaller files), but also facilitates geodata updating. One distinguishes five different normal forms (NF1 to NF5) with various levels of redundancy removal.

Data Normalization is the process of removing redundancy in data sets through dividing the data sets in to relations, linked through identifiers. The result of a normalization process not only leads to more efficient data storage (smaller files), but also facilitates geodata updating 7. This term is widely used in relational databases. Since significant amounts of spatial data are stored in RDBMS (spatial database systems), the process of normalization is relevant in GIS. One distinguishes five different normal forms (NF1 to NF5) with various levels of redundancy removal.
As Geodata Update we can define the process of data appending or the replacement of existing data to reflect changes in the world or the
model the data is derived from. Special data models must be taken into account for temporal GIS functions. Unfortunately these temporal GIS functions are still experimental and not yet part of commercial GIS systems.
1.2. Rasterdata Structures

This unit gives an overview of the form and use of raster data. Important terms and typical usage scenarios are explained
1.2.1. Rasterdata Structures

Rasterdata represents geographic data by discretizing it equally spaced and quantizing each raster cell. A raster cell is usually a square, but could theoretically be another regular polygon that is able to fully cover an image area without leaving holes in the covered region, e.g. a triangle, hexagon or rectangle. One problem with using the popular squares or rectangles as raster cells is that the four corner neighbors are farther away from a given raster cell than the four immediate neighbours. This is more elegantly solved in hexagonal units. A raster cell is often also referred to as a pixel (picture element). A pixel can hold data values within the specified possible range or color depth of a raster image or raster geodata set. This data value can represent a color or gray value, depth or height, measurements or any other thematic value, such as an index to a landcover class. Raster cells are usually organized in a matrix (rows and columns). By specifying the coordinates of the raster origin and the spatial resolution of a raster cell, the spatial position of each cell within the raster grid can be easily calculated. To store multiband raster data one can either interleave the data by pixel (BIP), line (BIL) or per image (BSQ=Band Sequential). Various compression techniques allow to reduce file sizes on hard disk.We distinguish between lossless and lossy compression techniques. Lossless compression techniques usually try to remove redundancy but do not change the data quality. Lossless compression utilizes the combination of subsequent pixels in a line, combines homogenous pixel areas or reduces the color space by eliminating unused colours and building color tables. An example for lossless compression is the quadtree principle that not only serves for compression, but also as an addressing scheme to quickly access a given extent of the full dataset. Within a quadtree a quadrangle is recursively subdivided into four quadrants until it reaches the final resolution specified by the user. If an intermediate quadrangle in a coarser resolution contains only homogeneous information, it doesn't need to be further divided. Raster fileformats that support lossless compression include png, gif, tiff, pdf and many other formats. Lossless compression is particularly useful for files with larger homogeneous areas and a low number of different colours, such as certain map types or graphics. Lossy compression is more complex and results in data loss. Roughly spoken, and depending on the algorithm, areas of similar colors are combined and the colour space reduced using various transformation techniques. Typical formats supporting lossy compression include jpeg/jfif, wavelet based formats (e.g. lurawave and Mr. Sid), jpeg2000, tiff and pdf. Lossy compressions are particularly useful for storing photographs and aerial images where it does not matter that the dataloss occurs. It is important to understand that compression usually only effects file size on disk (and thus reduces the required bandwidth for transfering a file accross the network), but once it is opened within an application it will need the uncompressed amount of memory. This is of course application dependent. Many GI software packages can deal with larger files. They do not need to open a file at once, but can deal with chunks of it or can process the file with mainly disk based operations.
quadtree - http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/papers/ArrayMigISCOPE01.www/ - Orion Lawlor (Orion S. Lawlor)
Following is a list of attributes that are relevant when dealing with raster data

Table of Relevant Raster Data Attributes

Advantages of Raster Data Structures Simple data structure Easy to generate (e.g. from remote sensing or scan-digitizing) Easy workflows and analysis
Disadvantages of Raster Data Structures Non-adaptive data structure tends to generate huge files, depending on resolution cell arrangement is usually random and does not respect natural borders limited interactivity and more primitive analysis algorithms
Raster data structures are commonly used in the following scenarios: Usage Scenarios of Raster Data Structures Photos Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Scanned Images of Maps Terrain Modeling Landcover Analysis Hydrologic Modeling and Analysis General GIS surface Modeling and Analysis for continuous surfaces
1.3. Vectordata Structures

This unit will show the use and the construction of vector data. Be aware on the differences to raster data. You will see the differences between these two data types.
1.3.1. Structures
Vectordata represents geographic objects with the basic elements points, lines and areas, also called polygons. Every element in a vector modell is described mathematically and bases on points that are defined by cartesian coordinates. The ordered accumulation of points results in an object that may be a point, a line or a polygon. A line is based on two points; a start and an end point. According to this, a polygon is a closed accumulation of line elements. Complex elements, such as curves, splines or circles are definded exactly by means of these base elements.
One type of spline: bzier curve
Vectordata not only contains the geometry 10 of a point; depending on the model, it can also include topology
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or neighborhood relations, e.g. areas next to a line or start and end point of a line. Different type of models allow the storage of vector data: Spaghetti model The spaghetti model is a simple model that stores the data in an unstructured way. This model just stores the name of every object, followed by the coordinates the object is composed of. Since the objects are not related to each other, no topological information is included and the consistency can not be verified. The spaghetti data model has a simple structure, every object is described independently of the others. The same coordinates may appear several times, therefore it needs large amounts of storage space. On the other hand, an advantage of this data structure is the possibility to modify every object without affecting the others.
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In GIS, the geometry describes the form and situation of an object, but not the relation to other objects, as it does the . The topology defines the situtation and arrangement of geometrical objects. The metrical relations are irrelevant, just the relation between
the objects is important. A topologic map shows only the logical connections of objects and not the exact situation or dimension. For example, a bus plan ist a typical topologic map; it shows the connections between various points (bus-stops), but not the exact position.
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Unordered list of coordinates - Spaghetti Model
Topological model Another model is the topological model. As new elements, this model introduces nodes and edges. A node is a distinguished point that connects one or several arcs. An edge is a line composed by a start and an end node. Every object is composed by a less complex object. For example, a polygon is the composition of several arcs which are defined earlier. The advantage of this model is the topological information it is containing: every object includes information about the elements it is related to. Since every geometrical is only stored once, there is no redundancy.
Ordered list of coordinates - Topological Model
Simple Features The Open Geospatial Consortium 12 (OGC) defiines a standard that specifies the digital storage of geographical data (point, line, etc.) with spatial attributes as well as non-spatial attributes. This specification, called Simple Features also includes spatial operators that can be used to generate new geometries based on existing geometries.
12
The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is an international organisation with more than 300 governmental, non-profit, research and
commercial member organisations. Its goal is the development and implementation of standards for geospatial contents and services.
11

Table of Relevant Vector Data Attributes
12
1.3.2. Special types

TIN The expression TIN means Triangulated Irregular Network and is used for the digital modelling of a surface. The points of a TIN are distributed irregulary and meshed by triangles what results in an adaptiv modelling of the surface. The more complex the surface is, the more points are needed. In exchange, a regular surface may be modeled by just a few points. This model is much pore precise than the usual raster surface models, called Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in which points are represented regularly. Small summits, ridges and valleys may be visualised in a TIN but hardly in a DEM.
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266kb jpeg
Triangulated Irregular Network
Networks Another strength of vectordata is the ability of defining logical networks. Lines can be directed and for this reason, flows of any type may be calculated. For example, it is possible to calcualte water currents with by defining the direction of the flow, capacities, taps, etc. Using the proper tools and a well-defined subelements, it is also able evaluate errors in the network construction. Another application areas are supply management, pipeline network, route calculations, etc.
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94kb gif
Network Model
Advantages of Vector Data Structures Small amount of data Easy to update Logical data structure Attributes are combined with objects Preserves quality after interactivity (e.g. scaling) More sophisticated in spatial analysis
Disadvantages of Vector Data Structures Continous data is not represented effectively Spatial analysis and filtering within polygons is impossible Needs a lot of manual editing to get good quality It always introduces hard boundaries Unable to model uncertainty or
Usage Scenarios of Vector Data Structures CAD, technical drawings Street or river networks, cadastral maps Network analysis Cartography
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1.4. Vector Data vs. Raster Data

In the previous units, you have seen raster data and vector data apart. In this units, you are able to compare the two data types and see the differences between them.
1.4.1. Differences
Vector data sets and raster data sets are both important in a GIS. Every one has its strenths, therefore, it's counterproductive to use just one form of these datasets. An important difference between these two data sets is noticeable in the visualisation of the data set. The graphical representation of raster or vector data results in raster graphics 14 or vector graphics 15. In a raster data set, the attributes are associated with a raster cell, therefore, the appearance is only changeable by modificating the color value of the raster cell. In comparison, vector data stores the information associated with the object, the appearance may be modified easily by adding graphical components to every object. In a GIS the difference between a raster or a vector data set could look like this:
Visualised as rasterdata
Visualised as vectordata
1.4.2. Different use of the data in GIS

Since rasterdata refers directly to spatial extensions instead of lines or points, as it is in vectordata, it is difficult to overlay with other rasterdata information, that's why it is often used as background information. The following datasets show the difference between typical GIS rasterdata sets and vectordata sets:
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Raster graphics is the combination of raster data with graphical attributes. It is only variable in the color of the raster cell. Usually, it Vector graphics is the combination of vector data with graphical attributes. Various attributes can be modified, a polygon may vary in
is used for photographies, common formats are .jpg, .png, .gif.

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its outline color and thickness, hatching, etc. Common formats are .svg, .dxf, .shp, .pdf.
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Typical GIS rasterdata sets
Orthophoto
Relief
Crop Evapotranspiration
Nautical Chart
(Massachusetts GIS)
(Massachusetts GIS)
(Massachusetts GIS)
(Massachusetts GIS)
Typical GIS vectordata sets
Highway
Housedistricts
Schools
Latitud/Longitud Grid
(Massachusetts GIS)
(Massachusetts GIS)
(Massachusetts GIS)
(Massachusetts GIS)
Vector data may be converted easily into raster data; common software normally integrate this feature. In contrast, the conversion from raster to vector data is still solved unsatisfactorily; manual editing is mostly necessary.
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1.5. Data attributes

In this unit, you should find out about use and properties of data attributes.
1.5.1. Data attributes

A GIS contains also thematic attributes. That's what it differentiates between a CAD what only contains style attribtues. The integrated thematic attributes in combination with geometrical and topological information make GIS a strong tool in the spatial analysis. Thematic attribute may be anything that is alphanumerical ascertainable. They represent elements that aren't geometrical, such as names, measurings, properties, etc. Concrete examples could be the following: Examples of thematic data in a GIS Pipeline network: pipelines with pipe diameter, connections, year of maintenance, material Forrest Information System: tree-type, accessibility, tree concentration Environmental informations: rainfalls, pollution, Land register: parcels, owner, house number, year of acquisition
By the means of these attributes, queries, analyses and the visualisation of spatial data is possible. On a road network, a concrete task could be the evaluation of every highway that was built before the year 1980. Datasets are usually separated by thematic content. As spatial data normally isn't free of charge, it is essential to get just the needed data and therefore, the data has to be separated thematically. Swisstopo 16, what disposes of lots of thematic data, offers the datasets separated by thematic levels. On the scale of the 1:25'000, Swisstopo offers the data by the following themes: Road network Railway network Other traffic Hydrological network Primary surfaces Buildings Hedges and trees Facilities Single objects
Every theme contains important information about various objects. E.g. the theme buildings contains the following information about every building that it is containing: ObjectId: Unique key to identify every object ObjectOrigin: Origin of the data YearOfChange: Year of the most recent amendment ObjectVal: Type of building, e.g. church, station, castle, glasshouse, etc.
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Swisstopo is the competence centre of the Swiss Confederation responsible for geographical reference data and all products derived
from them. If offers a variety of spatial data, in raster form as well as vector form.
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The first three items are similar in every Swisstopo data set. The last item contains the proper thematic data, it differs in every dataset.
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1.6. Data symbology

Here you get to know the use of symbology and where you can get already existing symbology.
1.6.1. Use of symbology

To understand thematic data easily, it needs to be visualised. As it is known from cartographic products, elements are represented by a symbology that helps to understand intuitive the meaning or function of an object. For example, water is normally mapped blue, mountains grey. The following two pictures visualise the difference between a symbolised and an unsymbolised map. Both contain three datasets: soil coverage, buildings, street network. Althought there is no legend in the symbolised map above, most parts are recognisable easily; water, forrest, urban area, main road, foot path - all of them are logical to understand.
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1.6.2. Get existing symbology

To control the appearance of thematic data, Swisstopo offers a symbolisation catalogue free of charge. This catalogue contains symbolisation elements that are useful to visualise the datasets from Swisstopo. The symbolisation is compatible for various GIS. The symbolised map above is based upon this symbolisation catalogue. Furthermore, the Open Geospatial Consortium(OGC) is working on a specification that helps the user to define the visual portrayal of the data he is getting from a WMS 18. It is called 'styled layer description' (SLD) and its purpose is to allow the user to decide which object or layers are represented with which symbols or colors. Without the modifications of the portrayal, the map is not understandable well-enough.
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A Web Map Service (WMS) produces maps of geospatial information dynamically from geographic information. It is defined by the
OGC.
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1.7. Metadata
This unit explains the term metadata, and shows the use of metadata and possibilities to standardise it.
1.7.1. About Metadata

The amount of geodata is increasing constantly and new sources to acquire them appear day-to-day. But the variety of geodata can't be utilised, if the available geodata is not findable. To avoid this, it is essential that enough information about the geodataset is available. These information about an other product is called metadata 19 ("data about data"). For example, a package insert in a medicament, the information on the food package, or information about a book are also metadata. All these information are necessary to choose the proper product and to know how to use them. Other kind of metadata
Metadata exist also about geodata. The more complete metadata exist about a geodata, the easier is it to find a concrete dataset. The following attributes are typical metadata about geodata Year of data acquisition Datasource
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Metadata describes other data ("data about data") by defining attributes such as year of creation, author, included area, origin, etc. It
helps to identify and select the proper product.
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Property Covered area Projection Scale Price Quality
1.7.2. Metadata Standards

With the goal of data harmonisation, various standards define the form of metadata. The most important ones are:.
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1.7.3. Metadata in GeoVITe

In GeoVITe, various attributes help to find the proper dataset. Since it is possible to combine various search attributes, it is easy to find the appropriate data. The following are some of the important search attributes:
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1.8. Summary
In this lesson we learned a few things about data structures and data models of a GIS. We know the differences between raster and vector data and in which situation which datatype is appropriate. We also know, that thematic data is essential in a GIS and that the data attributes may vary depending on the theme. We are also aware of the importance of metadata in order to catalogue and find the datasets.
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1.9. Recommended Reading

BILL, R., ZEHNER, M. L., 2001. Lexikon der Geoinformatik. Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Good ressource to look up GIS and geodata terms (german)
BILL, R.., 1999. Grundlagen der Geo-Informationssysteme 1. 4. Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Especially chapters 1 "Einfhrung in GIS" and 4 "Erfassung raumbezogener Daten" (german)
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1.10. Glossary
data aquisition: As geodata aquisition we define the collection and recording of geodata for further processing. The process of data aquisition includes the recording of geometry (spatial information), date and time (temporal information) and any non-graphical related attributes (thematic information). data normalization: Data Normalization is the process of removing redundancy in data sets through dividing the data sets in to relations, linked through identifiers. The result of a normalization process not only leads to more efficient data storage (smaller files), but also facilitates geodata updating. One distinguishes five different normal forms (NF1 to NF5) with various levels of redundancy removal. geodata: As Geodata we can define every dataset that has a spatial aspect or component. Synonyms are "spatial data", "geographic data", "geographic data sets" or "GIS data". The syllable "Geo" implies that the dataset has a spatial component that allows to georeference the described phenomena to a location or region on the earth. geodata model: A geodata model is an abstract, artificially created mapping of a part of the real world relevant to a geoinformatics project. The goal of geodata modeling is to map the relevant conditions and processes in the real world to geodata structures. A data model not only describes the content, properties and data structures, but also rules and relations between the entities of a data model. geodata structure: As geodata structure we can define the logical, internal data organization of our geographic information, the means of representing a real-life entity inside a geodata model. Data structures should enable data storage and data management, as well as quick retrieval of the data. Unique identifier, links, relationships and dependencies help to build consistent and normalized data structures and enable links within the dataset or to external data sources. geodata update: As Geodata Update we can define the process of data appending or the replacement of existing data to reflect changes in the world or the model the data is derived from. Special data models must be taken into account for temporal GIS functions. Unfortunately these temporal GIS functions are still experimental and not yet part of commercial GIS systems. geometry: In GIS, the geometry describes the form and situation of an object, but not the relation to other objects, as it does the topology. GIS: As a Geo Information System (GIS) we can define a computer-aided system for geographic data management, modeling, analysis, simulation and presentation. A GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geodata and skilled operators. More powerful GISoftware usually utilizes modern database technology or builds on spatial databases. metadata: Metadata describes other data ("data about data") by defining attributes such as year of creation, author, included area, origin, etc. It helps to identify and select the proper product. Open Geospatial Consortium:
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The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is an international organisation with more than 300 governmental, non-profit, research and commercial member organisations. Its goal is the development and implementation of standards for geospatial contents and services. orthophoto: A orthophoto is an areal photo that is straightened out to an orthogonal coordinate system. primary data aquisition: Primary data aquisition methods derive geodata directly from the objects to be monitored. Representatives of this method are surveying, photogrammetry and remote sensing. Other primary data aquisition methods include field work, data aquisition through automatic data loggers (e.g. water gages, weather stations), interviews, census and polls. raster graphics: Raster graphics is the combination of raster data with graphical attributes. It is only variable in the color of the raster cell. Usually, it is used for photographies, common formats are .jpg, .png, .gif. secondary data aquisition: Secondary data aquisition methods derive the data from primary data sources. It is f.e. quite common to derive data from maps or aerial images. It is obvious that secondary data aquisitions are of lower quality and less up-to-date than primary data aquisitions. spatial base data: A subset of Geodata. Geographic base data is usually provided by national or international surveying and mapping agencies and includes mainly topographic information stored in maps or landscape models. Satellite and Aerial images can also be regarded as spatial base data, as long as they only provide topographic information in the human-visible bands. Swisstopo: Swisstopo is the competence centre of the Swiss Confederation responsible for geographical reference data and all products derived from them. If offers a variety of spatial data, in raster form as well as vector form. thematic data: A subset of Geodata. Thematic data is aquired by specific domains. Thematic data can but does not necessarily have to include a geometry component. It is often linked to spatial base data using coordinates, administrative units, full addresses or zip codes. topology: The topology defines the situtation and arrangement of geometrical objects. The metrical relations are irrelevant, just the relation between the objects is important. A topologic map shows only the logical connections of objects and not the exact situation or dimension. For example, a bus plan ist a typical topologic map; it shows the connections between various points (bus-stops), but not the exact position. vector graphics: Vector graphics is the combination of vector data with graphical attributes. Various attributes can be modified, a polygon may vary in its outline color and thickness, hatching, etc. Common formats are .svg, .dxf, .shp, .pdf. WMS: A Web Map Service (WMS) produces maps of geospatial information dynamically from geographic information. It is defined by the OGC.
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1.11. Bibliography

BILL, R., ZEHNER, M. L., 2001. Lexikon der Geoinformatik. Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag. BILL, R.., 1999. Grundlagen der Geo-Informationssysteme 1. 4. Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag. BILL, R.., 1999. Grundlagen der Geo-Informationssysteme 2. 2. Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag. Fiona Ellis. Introduction to GIS - vector based GIS [online]. Available from: http:// www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/gisweb/GISModule/GIST_Vector.htm [Accessed 2006-06-27]. GDF Hannover. An introduction to the practical use of the Free Geographical Information System GRASS 6.0 [online]. Available from: http://www.gdf-hannover.de/lit_html/grass60_v1.2_en/node8.html [Accessed 2006-06-27]. Massachusetts GIS. Download free data [online]. Available from: http://www.mass.gov/mgis/dwnimgs.htm [Accessed 2006-08-08]. Michael Gertz. Spatial Databases [online]. Available from: http://dbis.ucdavis.edu/twiki/pub/ SpatialDB/SpatialDBHandouts/02-concepts2.pdf [Accessed 2006-08-07]. Orion S. Lawlor. Supporting Dynamic Parallel Object Arrays [online]. Available from: http:// charm.cs.uiuc.edu/papers/ArrayMigISCOPE01.www/ [Accessed 2006-06-13]. Rick Sethi. Conceptual Data Model, Example for an ER diagram [online]. Available from: http:// www.sethi.org/data-pirates/report/flowcharts/cdm.gif [Accessed 2006-01-05]. Swisstopo. Sample Data Vector 25 Landscape Model [online]. Available from: http:// www.swisstopo.ch/en/download/testdata/landscape/vec25 [Accessed 2006-08-09].
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Geodata Structures and Data Models

Responsible persons: Andreas Neumann

Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1. Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.1. Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.1.1. Definition of Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

Example of an ER Diagram displaying entities, properties and relations (Rick Sethi)

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.2. Rasterdata Structures

1.2.1. Rasterdata Structures

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

quadtree - http://charm.cs.uiuc.edu/papers/ArrayMigISCOPE01.www/ - Orion Lawlor (Orion S. Lawlor)

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.3. Vectordata Structures

One type of spline: bzier curve

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

Unordered list of coordinates - Spaghetti Model

Ordered list of coordinates - Topological Model

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.3.2. Special types

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

Triangulated Irregular Network

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.4. Vector Data vs. Raster Data

1.4.2. Different use of the data in GIS

is used for photographies, common formats are .jpg, .png, .gif.

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

Typical GIS vectordata sets

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.5. Data attributes

1.5.1. Data attributes

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010

Geodata Structures and Data Models

1.6. Data symbology

1.6.1. Use of symbology

https://geodata.ethz.ch/geovite/ -Version September 2010