Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Short and long term performance of lime and cement stabilised soils
Olivier CUISINIER, Associate Professor
Laboratoire Environnement, Gomcanique & Ouvrages Soil mechanics group
Ecole Nationale Suprieure de Gologie Nancy Universit
France
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Conclusions Perspectives
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Physico-chemical processes
Immediate effects of lime addition : Hydration of quicklime CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 12 kJ.mol-1 decrease of water content Increase of [Ca2+] and pH pH of saturated solution of portlandite = 12.4 Cation exchange, modification of clay particles electrical charges aggregation of clay particles Results in short term: improvement of workability and decrease of swelling/shrinkage potential
Lule meeting, november 2010
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Physico-chemical processes
Lule meeting, november 2010
Physico-chemical processes
Lule meeting, november 2010
Si + Al + Ca + OH
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Binder stabilization
Lule meeting, november 2010
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Conclusions Perspectives
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Deleterious compounds
Key issues:
Concentration thresholds Experimental procedures to determine how to use soils containing deleterious compounds
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Deleterious compounds
Compaction
Testing
UCS (MPa)
Rc Limon + 14 % sulfate 20C Rc Limon + 14 % sulfate 40C Rc Limon 40C Rc Limon 20C
0 50 100 150 200
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Soils with a high content in sulphate can be successfully stabilized with cement but
Deleterious compounds
Impact of immersion
Lule meeting, november 2010
Compaction
Testing
8 7 6
30
UCS (MPa)
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10
T = 20C
Swelling (%)
Deleterious compounds
Compaction
Testing
1 days of immersion 1 day of immersion 28 days of immersion LVE + Gypsum + CaO 28 days of immersion LVE + Gypsum+ CaO + CEM II + CEM II 90 days of immersion 90 days of immersion 1 day of immersion 28 days of immersion LVE + CaO + CEM II 90 days of immersion
15 4 3 10 2 5 1 0 0 10 20 30
Curing Curing time time before before immersion immersion (days)) (days)
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Delayed immersion permitted to: Sulphate can be managed for design concern by preventing wetting lower swelling in the short term (first month) increase UCS up to satisfactory value
Deleterious compounds
Several compounds can alter the efficiency of cement/lime stabilisation (fertilizers, chloride, sulphate, sulphide) The impact of a compound is a function of:
Concentration (threshold between 0,01% up to 1% for S) Curing conditions Cement type Etc
Issues:
How to predict in the lab the impact of stabilisation in the field (design step)? What about long term behaviour (leaching with highsulphate water, low pH water, freeze/thaw, etc.) ?
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Conclusions Perspectives
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Definition of durability
Lule meeting, november 2010
After construction: external stresses could alter design performance during the service life
Example : River levee in soil stabilized with lime/cement
Key characteristics that must be maintained: 1- permeability 2- shear strength Key features: 1- lixiviation 2- decrease of pH
Water
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Conclusions Perspectives
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1 : Oven full saturation Disappearance of limestabilisation benefits after 2/3 cycles (Khattab et al. 2007;
2 Unsaturated soil mechanic technique Perfect control of water content conditions Amplitude of the wet/dry cycles more representative of actual wet/dry cycles due to seasons
Osmotic principle
C0 A water Cf h
Initial
M
Final
M
Contrle des changes deau
Osmotic oedometer
Vertical stress v
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Semi-permeable membrane
Soil sample
Unstabilized
10
Swelling (%) Swelling (%) 10
w 30 %
0
w 30 %
-5 0 2000 4000 6000 Suction (kPa)
w 25 % w 35 %
w 25 %
8000 10000 -5 0
2000
8000
10000
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10
8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10
Swelling (%)
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0
w 50 %
w 43 %
w 43 % w 30 % w 43 %
0 2000 4000 6000 Suction (kPa) 8000
200
400
1000
1200
Swell/shrink potential 8 %
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The efficiency of lime stabilization has to be regarded as a function of the range of variation of the water content !
Conclusions
Lule meeting, november 2010
Unsaturated soil mechanics techniques are able to reproduce field conditions The use of osmotic method demonstrated the ability of stabilized soil to resist to wet/dry cycles Major role of the amplitude of the wet/dry cycles on durability
Conclusions Perspectives
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Lime-stabilised silt under long term leaching Determine the impact of water circulation on the shear strength of lime-stabilized soil River levee Earth dam
Distilled water circulation, equilibrated with atmosphere (80 kPa)
Confining pressure
Hydraulic head = 8 m i = 80 Cell confinment = 120 kPa Circulation duration = 320 days
Geotechnical properties Liquid limit, wL (%) Plastic limit, wP (%) Index of plasticity , IP Unit weight of solids, S (Mg.m-3) Fines contents, < 2 m (%)
Position of blows
Dynamic compaction 50 mm
300
200
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500
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800
300
200
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100
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Physico-chemical processes
Distribution of the calcium in the samples
Lule meeting, november 2010
Free lime
3,00
Ca in water
Cementitious compounds
2,50 2,00 % Ca 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
1 % quicklime
3 % quicklime
T=0
T=25
Curing period
Leaching
Curing period
Leaching
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Key factor = amount of Ca and pH to maintain stability, The higher the CaO content, the longer the durability
Conclusion
Lule meeting, november 2010
Key parameters :
Amount of lime added / leached calcium Flow of water Competition between dissolution / precipitation processess
Further studies
Impact of flow rate Microstructural alteration during flow Nature of the circulating fluid (pH, species in solution)
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Durability is to be defined regarding certain environmental conditions (water content variation, water flux) The fundamental mechanisms of degradation cannot be understood without the analysis of microstructure and physico-chemical processes Need : predictive models to assess long term behaviour and degradation
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Publications
Cuisinier, O., Le Borgne, T., Deneele, D. & Masrouri, F. 2010. Quantification of the detrimental effects of some chemical compounds on soil stabilization. Engineering Geology (accepted). Deneele, D., Cuisinier, O., Hallaire, V. & Masrouri, F. 2010. Microstructural evolution and physico-chemical behavior of compacted clayey soil submitted to an alkaline plume. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2 , 169-177. Cuisinier, O., Deneele, D & Masrouri, F. 2009. Shear strength behaviour of compacted clayey soils submitted to an alkaline plume. Engineering Geology, 108, 177-188. Le Runigo, B., Cuisinier, O., Cui, Y.-J., Deneele, D. & Ferber, V. 2009. Impact of the initial state on fabric and permeability of a lime treated silt under long term leaching. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 1243-1257. Cuisinier, O., Masrouri, F., Pelletier, M., Villiras, F. & Mosser-Ruck, R. 2008. Microstructure of a compacted soil submitted to an alkaline plume. Applied Clay Science, vol. 40, n1-4, 159-170.
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TerDOUEST
http://www.cnrs-imn.fr/TerDOUEST/
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