c4 - Long-Term Behaviour of Soils Stabilized With Lime Cement - Nancy University PDF

Lule meeting, november 2010
Short and long term performance of lime and cement stabilised soils
Olivier CUISINIER, Associate Professor
Laboratoire Environnement, Gomcanique & Ouvrages Soil mechanics group
Ecole Nationale Suprieure de Gologie Nancy Universit
France
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Layout Stabilisation basic principles Short term performance

Presence of potential deleterious compounds
Long term performance

Definition of durability Impact of water circulation Influence of successive wetting and drying
Conclusions Perspectives
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Stabilisation basic principles

Mixing soil and few % of binder (lime /cement) to:

Permit the construction of the structure:
Reduce water content, plasticity Improve workability Ease the building of backfill, compacted layer, etc.
Improve design characteristics:

Increase shear strength properties Lower compressibility Lower swelling and shrinkage
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Lime stabilisation : how does it work?
Physico-chemical processes
Immediate effects of lime addition : Hydration of quicklime CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 12 kJ.mol-1 decrease of water content Increase of [Ca2+] and pH pH of saturated solution of portlandite = 12.4 Cation exchange, modification of clay particles electrical charges aggregation of clay particles Results in short term: improvement of workability and decrease of swelling/shrinkage potential
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Time-dependant effects of lime addition:
Increase of silicon and aluminium solubility in high-pH environment

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Time-dependant effects of lime addition:

pH release of [Si] and [Al]
CAH + CSH + CASH
Cementitious compounds
Si + Al + Ca + OH
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Binder stabilization
Fundamental processes: hydraulic setting reactions

Clinker reacts with water to form cementitious compounds (CSH CASH, etc.)
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Soil stabilisation in the field Earthworks:

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Soil stabilisation in the field

Deep mixing: a ground improvement method
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Deleterious compounds
Short term performance: influence of potential deleterious compounds

Presence of some chemicals may alter the setting reactions:

Sulphur formation of ettringite that lead to excessive swelling Nitrates lower UCS, delay ? Phosphates Retarders of hydration Chlorides accelerate hydration but lead to the formation of Friedels salt and decrease Other minerals (micas) prevent setting reactions, swelling
Key issues:
Concentration thresholds Experimental procedures to determine how to use soils containing deleterious compounds
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Influence of gypsum on performance at constant water content

Compaction
Curing at constant water content

10
Testing
UCS (MPa)
Rc Limon + 14 % sulfate 20C Rc Limon + 14 % sulfate 40C Rc Limon 40C Rc Limon 20C
0 50 100 150 200
Curing period (days)
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Soils with a high content in sulphate can be successfully stabilized with cement but
Impact of immersion
Compaction
Immersion at 20 C 1 hour after compaction
Testing
8 7 6
30
UCS (MPa)
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10
Rc Limon + sulfate Rc Limon 25 Gv Limon + sulfate Gv Limon 20

15 10 5 0 20
T = 20C
Days after immersion
Immersion leads to exessive swelling and loss of performance

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Swelling (%)
Role of delayed immersion

Compaction
Immersion after 1, 7 or 28 days at constant water content

8 30 7 25 6 20 5
Testing
1 days of immersion 1 day of immersion 28 days of immersion LVE + Gypsum + CaO 28 days of immersion LVE + Gypsum+ CaO + CEM II + CEM II 90 days of immersion 90 days of immersion 1 day of immersion 28 days of immersion LVE + CaO + CEM II 90 days of immersion
Swelling (%) UCS (MPa)
15 4 3 10 2 5 1 0 0 10 20 30
Curing Curing time time before before immersion immersion (days)) (days)
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Delayed immersion permitted to: Sulphate can be managed for design concern by preventing wetting lower swelling in the short term (first month) increase UCS up to satisfactory value
Conclusion about deleterious compounds

Several compounds can alter the efficiency of cement/lime stabilisation (fertilizers, chloride, sulphate, sulphide) The impact of a compound is a function of:
Concentration (threshold between 0,01% up to 1% for S) Curing conditions Cement type Etc
Issues:
How to predict in the lab the impact of stabilisation in the field (design step)? What about long term behaviour (leaching with highsulphate water, low pH water, freeze/thaw, etc.) ?
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Definition of durability
After construction: external stresses could alter design performance during the service life
Example : River levee in soil stabilized with lime/cement
Key characteristics that must be maintained: 1- permeability 2- shear strength Key features: 1- lixiviation 2- decrease of pH
River levee in soil stabilized with lime/cement
Water
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Durability = Is the required performance preserved over the service life ?


Definition of durability Influence of successive wetting and drying Impact of water circulation
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Case 1: Effects of wet/dry cycles on a limestabilised clayey soils

A34 clay (wL = 98,1 %, Ip = 61 %) Short term effect of lime treatment

14 12 10 Swelling (%) 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 100 Time (min) 1000 10000 Swelling % Without quicklime 3 % quicklime, 28 days of curing 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 100 Time (min) 1000 10000
Effect of successive wet/dry periods ?

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How to simulate wet/dry cycles in the laboratory ?

1 : Oven full saturation Disappearance of limestabilisation benefits after 2/3 cycles (Khattab et al. 2007;
Guney et. al 2007)

Remarks : Not representative of actual wet/dry cycles due to seasons alternation Extreme cycles (kinetic, gradient)
2 Unsaturated soil mechanic technique Perfect control of water content conditions Amplitude of the wet/dry cycles more representative of actual wet/dry cycles due to seasons
Unsaturated soil mechanic techniques

Osmotic technique (suctions comprised between 0 and 8.5 MPa) Salt solutions (above suction of 8.5 MPa)
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Basic principle of the osmotic method

Osmotic principle
C0 A water Cf h
Initial
M
Final
M
Contrle des changes deau
Osmotic oedometer
Vertical stress v
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Semi-permeable membrane
Soil sample
Pompe PEG 6000 solution
Influence of successive wet/dry cycles

Samples prepared in the laboratory :

15 w 50 %
15
Unstabilized
10
Swelling (%) Swelling (%) 10
3 % CaO, 1 month at 40C
w 30 %
0
w 30 %
-5 0 2000 4000 6000 Suction (kPa)
w 25 % w 35 %
w 25 %
8000 10000 -5 0
2000
4000 6000 Suction (kPa)
8000
10000
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Short term efficiency of lime-stabilisation regarding swelling and shrinkage
Influence of successive wet/dry cycles

Samples taken in the field (7 years after construction) :

10 8 6 4
10
Cycles between 0 and 1 MPa

Swelling (%)
8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10
Cycles between 0 and 8.5 MPa
Swelling (%)
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0
w 50 %
w 43 %
w 43 % w 30 % w 43 %
0 2000 4000 6000 Suction (kPa) 8000
200
400
600 800 Suction (kPa)
1000
1200
Swell/shrink potential null
Swell/shrink potential 8 %
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The efficiency of lime stabilization has to be regarded as a function of the range of variation of the water content !
Effects of wet/dry cycles on a lime-stabilised clayey soils
Conclusions
Unsaturated soil mechanics techniques are able to reproduce field conditions The use of osmotic method demonstrated the ability of stabilized soil to resist to wet/dry cycles Major role of the amplitude of the wet/dry cycles on durability
Issues to assess durability of a lime-stabilised structure

Prevision of the service life ? Wet/dry cycles amplitude ? Impact of the initial conditions ?
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Definition of durability Influence of successive wetting and drying Impact of water circulation
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Lime-stabilised silt under long term leaching Determine the impact of water circulation on the shear strength of lime-stabilized soil River levee Earth dam
Distilled water circulation, equilibrated with atmosphere (80 kPa)
Confining pressure
Latex membrane Porous stone Soil sample Frame
Hydraulic head = 8 m i = 80 Cell confinment = 120 kPa Circulation duration = 320 days
Flexible wall permeameter

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Characteristics of the tested soil

Selected soil : Jossigny silt

37,0 18,7 18,3 2,69 29,4
Compaction mold H = 100 mm = 50 mm
Geotechnical properties Liquid limit, wL (%) Plastic limit, wP (%) Index of plasticity , IP Unit weight of solids, S (Mg.m-3) Fines contents, < 2 m (%)
Preparation of the samples 0, 1 or 3% of quicklime Optimum water content Dynamic compaction

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Position of blows
Dynamic compaction 50 mm
Short term behaviour : impact of lime addition

Shear strength after 90 days of curing at constant w CU + u triaxial tests

t (kPa) t 400
300
No treatment 1 % of quicklime 3 % of quicklime
200
100
100
200
300
400 s' (kPa)
500
600
700
800
Shear strength enveloppe constant from 1 to 3 % of quicklime

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Impact of water circulation after 150 days of water circulation

Results with 1 % of quicklime

t (kPa) t 400
300
No treatment 90 days of curing After 150 days of flow
200
100
100
200
300
400 s' (kPa)
500
600
700
800
Total loss of the improvement brought by lime

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Impact of water circulation after 150 days of water circulation

Results with 3 % of quicklime

t (kPa) t 400
300
No treatment 90 days of curing 220 days of flow
200
100
100
200
300
400 s' (kPa)
500
600
700
800
Stability of the mechanical behaviour

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Distribution of the calcium in the samples
Carbonates Leached calcium

1,40 1,20 1,00 % Ca 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,00 T=0 T=25
Free lime
3,00
Ca in water
Cementitious compounds
2,50 2,00 % Ca 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
1 % quicklime
3 % quicklime
T=25+150 T=25+200 T=25+320
T=0
T=25
T=25+150 T=25+200 T=25+320
Curing period
Leaching
Curing period
Leaching
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Key factor = amount of Ca and pH to maintain stability, The higher the CaO content, the longer the durability
Conclusion
Shear strength increase brought by lime addition is reversible

Amount of binder should not only be adapted to the short term performance but also to environmental stresses
Key parameters :
Amount of lime added / leached calcium Flow of water Competition between dissolution / precipitation processess
Further studies
Impact of flow rate Microstructural alteration during flow Nature of the circulating fluid (pH, species in solution)
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General conclusions and perspectives

Durability is to be defined regarding certain environmental conditions (water content variation, water flux) The fundamental mechanisms of degradation cannot be understood without the analysis of microstructure and physico-chemical processes Need : predictive models to assess long term behaviour and degradation
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Publications
Cuisinier, O., Le Borgne, T., Deneele, D. & Masrouri, F. 2010. Quantification of the detrimental effects of some chemical compounds on soil stabilization. Engineering Geology (accepted). Deneele, D., Cuisinier, O., Hallaire, V. & Masrouri, F. 2010. Microstructural evolution and physico-chemical behavior of compacted clayey soil submitted to an alkaline plume. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2 , 169-177. Cuisinier, O., Deneele, D & Masrouri, F. 2009. Shear strength behaviour of compacted clayey soils submitted to an alkaline plume. Engineering Geology, 108, 177-188. Le Runigo, B., Cuisinier, O., Cui, Y.-J., Deneele, D. & Ferber, V. 2009. Impact of the initial state on fabric and permeability of a lime treated silt under long term leaching. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 1243-1257. Cuisinier, O., Masrouri, F., Pelletier, M., Villiras, F. & Mosser-Ruck, R. 2008. Microstructure of a compacted soil submitted to an alkaline plume. Applied Clay Science, vol. 40, n1-4, 159-170.
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National project on soil stabilization

TerDOUEST
http://www.cnrs-imn.fr/TerDOUEST/
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Thank you for your attention
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c4 - Long-Term Behaviour of Soils Stabilized With Lime Cement - Nancy University PDF

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Lule meeting, november 2010

Layout Stabilisation basic principles Short term performance

Lule meeting, november 2010

Long term performance

Stabilisation basic principles

Mixing soil and few % of binder (lime /cement) to:

Improve design characteristics:

Stabilisation basic principles

Lime stabilisation : how does it work?

Stabilisation basic principles

Lime stabilisation : how does it work?

Time-dependant effects of lime addition:

Increase of silicon and aluminium solubility in high-pH environment

Stabilisation basic principles

Lime stabilisation : how does it work?

Time-dependant effects of lime addition:

Stabilisation basic principles

Fundamental processes: hydraulic setting reactions

Stabilisation basic principles

Soil stabilisation in the field Earthworks:

Stabilisation basic principles

Soil stabilisation in the field

Layout Stabilisation basic principles Short term performance

Lule meeting, november 2010

Long term performance

Short term performance: influence of potential deleterious compounds

Presence of some chemicals may alter the setting reactions:

Influence of gypsum on performance at constant water content

Curing at constant water content

Curing period (days)

Immersion at 20 C 1 hour after compaction

Rc Limon + sulfate Rc Limon 25 Gv Limon + sulfate Gv Limon 20

Days after immersion

Immersion leads to exessive swelling and loss of performance

Role of delayed immersion

Immersion after 1, 7 or 28 days at constant water content

Swelling (%) UCS (MPa)

Conclusion about deleterious compounds

Layout Stabilisation basic principles Short term performance

Lule meeting, november 2010

Long term performance

River levee in soil stabilized with lime/cement

Durability = Is the required performance preserved over the service life ?

Layout Stabilisation basic principles Short term performance

Lule meeting, november 2010

Long term performance

Case 1: Effects of wet/dry cycles on a limestabilised clayey soils

A34 clay (wL = 98,1 %, Ip = 61 %) Short term effect of lime treatment

Effect of successive wet/dry periods ?

How to simulate wet/dry cycles in the laboratory ?

Guney et. al 2007)

Unsaturated soil mechanic techniques

Basic principle of the osmotic method

Pompe PEG 6000 solution

Influence of successive wet/dry cycles

Samples prepared in the laboratory :

3 % CaO, 1 month at 40C

4000 6000 Suction (kPa)

Short term efficiency of lime-stabilisation regarding swelling and shrinkage

Influence of successive wet/dry cycles

Samples taken in the field (7 years after construction) :

Cycles between 0 and 1 MPa