10/7/13

Aurora: Short introduction to LaTeX symbols and commands

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Common expressions
What follows in this and next sections is but a very concise collection of most common and useful symbols available in LaTeX (and hence Aurora). It is primarily based on the material of: (Not so) short introduction to LaTeX , Short Math Guide for LaTeX , and the TeX Reference Card .

If you cannot find some symbol here or in the documents above, The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List the reference to over 3300 symbols that can be used in LaTeX (and thus, again, Aurora)will most definitely have whatever it is you need. Auroras default preamble includes both a m s m a t hand a m s s y m b ; therefore, the examples below use symbols and commands from these packages indiscriminately. All these examples should be used in math mode unless noted otherwise.

Operations
square root higher order roots root sign fractions force large (display) fraction continued fraction 1 + \ c f r a c { 2 } { 3 + \ c f r a c { 4 } { 5 + \ c f r a c { 6 } { 7 + \ d o t s b } } }= \ f r a c { 1 } { \ s q r te-1 } \ b i n o m { n + 1 } { k } y ' '+y '+y=u \ b e g i n { a r r a y } { l } a \ b m o dn = b\ \ a \ e q u i vb \ p m o dn\ \ a \ e q u i vb \ m o dn\ \ a \ e q u i vb \ p o dn \ e n d { a r r a y } \ s q r t { x + \ s q r t { y } } \ s q r t [ m n ] { x + y }\ q u a d\ s q r t [ 3 ] { 2 } \ s u r d [ x + y ] \ f r a c { a + b } { x + \ l o g \ f r a c { Y } { Z } }

\ f r a c { a + b } { x + \ l o g \ d f r a c { Y } { Z } }

binomial prime

mod

Subscripts and superscripts

subscripts superscripts multilevel subscripts
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x _ 1 ,x _ 2\ q u a da _ { i j } x ^ y\ q u a de ^ { 2 j \ p it }\ q u a d a _ { i j } ^ 2 \ s u m _ { \ s u b s t a c k { 1\ l em\ l eN ,\ \ m \ t e x t {o d d } } }P ( m )
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Aurora: Short introduction to LaTeX symbols and commands

m \ t e x t {o d d } } }P ( m )

nested sub/superscripts sub- and superscripts before the symbol subscripts and superscripts for large symbols

a _ { b _ j }\ q u a de ^ { x ^ 2 }

{ } _ nC _ k

\ s i d e s e t { ^ a _ b } { ' _ c } \ s u m

Sums, integrals, and products

sum product integral contour integral double and triple integrals even more integrals integrals with alternative limit placement unions and intersections \ s u m _ { i = 1 } ^ { + \ i n f t y } \ p r o d _ { \ a l p h a\ i nU } \ i n t _ { x _ 0 } ^ { x _ 1 } \ o i n t _ C \ i i n t _ S\ q u a d\ i i i n t _ S \ i i i i n t _ S\ q u a d\ i d o t s i n t _ S \ i n t \ l i m i t s _ \ a l p h a ^ \ b e t a\ q u a d \ i i n t \ l i m i t s _ S \ b i g c u p _ { \ a l p h a \ i nS }\ q u a d \ b i g c a p _ { V \ i n \ m a t h f r a k { V } } \ b i g o d o t\ q u a d\ b i g o p l u s direct sums, coproducts, and so on \ b i g o t i m e s\ q u a d\ b i g s q c u p \ b i g u p l u s\ q u a d\ c o p r o d \ b i g v e e\ q u a d\ b i g w e d g e

Brackets
(\ ;) ,[\ ;] ,\ {\ ;\ } pairing brackets \ l v e r t \ ; \ r v e r t ,\ l V e r t \ ; \ r V e r t \ l c e i l \ ; \ r c e i l ,\ l f l o o r \ ; \ r f l o o r \ l a n g l e \ ; \ r a n g l e
Aurora also defines the following two commands in its default preamble:

absolute value norm

\ a b s { u ( t ) } \ n o r m { \ h a t { G } } _ \ i n f t y

To make the brackets scale to the size of the enclosed expression, use \ l e f tand \ r i g h tcommands:

\ l e f t \ r i g h t plain
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\ l e f t ( \ s u m _ { i = 1 } ^ { n }e ^ { 2 \ p iji ^ 2 } \ r i g h t ) (\ s u m _ { i = 1 } ^ { n }e ^ { 2 \ p iji ^ 2 })
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Alternatively, the bracket size can be specified explicitly using the following commands:

\ B i g g l ( \ b i g g l ( \ B i g l ( \ b i g l (\ q u a d \ B i g g r \ }\ b i g g r \ }\ B i g r \ }\ b i g r \ }
This may be necessary when \ l e f tand \ r i g h tcommands create delimiters that are visually too large:

\ l e f t \ r i g h t

\ l e f t [\ s u m _ j \ l e f t | \ s u m _ ix _ { i j } \ r i g h t | ^ 2 \ r i g h t ] ^ { 1 / 2 } \ b i g g l [\ s u m _ j \ B i g l | \ s u m _ ix _ { i j } \ B i g r | ^ 2 \ b i g g r ] ^ { 1 / 2 }

manually-sized

or when \ l e f tand \ r i g h tcreate brackets of the same size in nested expressions:

\ l e f t \ r i g h t manually-sized

O \ l e f t ( \ l e f t ( m ^ 2 + n ^ 2 \ r i g h t ) \ l o gn \ r i g h t ) O \ b i g l ( ( m ^ 2 + n ^ 2 ) \ l o gn \ b i g r )

Multiline formulas and piecewise functions

a _ k=\ b e g i n { c a s e s } piecewise functions/cases k&\ t e x t { f o r$ k\ l en / 2 $ }\ \ n&\ t e x t { f o r$ k = n / 2 $ }\ \ k 1&\ t e x t { o t h e r w i s e } \ e n d { c a s e s } multiline equations (aligned at &) \ b e g i n { s p l i t } \ t a n ^ 2x & =\ s i n ^ 2x / \ c o s ^ 2x\ \ & =1 / \ c o s ^ 2x-1 \ e n d { s p l i t } \ l e f t \ { \ b e g i n { a r r a y } { l } systems of equations a x + b y = r _ 1\ \ c x + d y = r _ 2 \ e n d { a r r a y } \ r i g h t .

Arrows
implication if and only if tends to gets x ^ 2 = 4\ i m p l i e sx = \ p m2 x ^ 2 = 4\ i f fx = \ p m2 x \ t o + \ i n f t y A \ g e t sB + C A \ x l e f t a r r o w { \ r mt o d a y } B sizable single horizontal arrows B \ x r i g h t a r r o w { \ r mt o m o r r o w } C C\ x r i g h t a r r o w [ \ t e x t { ( e x c e p tF r i d a y s ) } ] { \ t e x t { e v e r yd a y } }D \ l e f t \ u p a r r o w \ s u m\ r i g h t \ d o w n a r r o w\ ; \ B i g \ u p d o w n a r r o w \ l e f t \ U p a r r o w \ s u m\ r i g h t \ D o w n a r r o w\ ; \ B i g \ U p d o w n a r r o w

sizable single vertical arrows sizable double vertical arrows

A large collection of arrows can be found in the symbols section.

Over- and underbraces and other embellishments

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overline

\ o v e r l i n e { A + B }

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overline underline hat tilde vector markers overbrace underbrace affixing arbitrary symbols

Aurora: Short introduction to LaTeX symbols and commands

\ o v e r l i n e { A + B } \ w i d e h a t { A + B }

\ u n d e r l i n e { A + B }

\ w i d e t i l d e { A + B } \ o v e r r i g h t a r r o w { A B }\ t e x t {a n d} \ o v e r l e f t a r r o w { B A } \ o v e r b r a c e { x _ 1 + x _ 2 + \ c d o t s + x _ k } ^ { k\ t e x t {i nt o t a l } } m ^ n = \ u n d e r b r a c e { m \ c d o tm \ c d o t sm } _ { n } x \ o v e r s e t { ? } { \ g e } y

Function names
To get correct font and spacing around the names of mathematical functions, prefix the function name with \ . For example, writing c o s2 \ p i \ a l p h agives (incorrect), whereas \ c o s2 \ p i \ a l p h agives (correct). Full list of function names defined in LaTeX is given below:

\ a r c c o s \ a r c s i n \ a r c t a n \ a r g \ c o s \ c o s h \ c o t \ c o t h \ c s c \ d e g \ d e t \ d i m \ l n

\ e x p \ g c d \ h o m \ i n f \ i n j l i m \ v a r i n j l i m \ k e r \ l g \ l i m \ l i m i n f \ v a r l i m i n f \ l i m s u p \ v a r l i m s u p

\ l o g \ m a x \ m i n \ P r \ p r o j l i m \ v a r p r o j l i m \ s e c \ s i n \ s i n h \ s u p \ t a n \ t a n h

To declare additional function names that behave like the ones above, use the \ D e c l a r e M a t h O p e r a t o r command in the preamble: \ D e c l a r e M a t h O p e r a t o r { \ r a n k } { r a n k } , after which \ r a n k Awill produce Alternatively, using \ o p e r a t o r n a m e { r a n k } Ainline will also produce . .

Matrices
\ b e g i n { b m a t r i x } \ l a m b d a\ \ 1&\ l a m b d a\ \ &\ d d o t s&\ d d o t s\ \ &&1&\ l a m b d a \ e n d { b m a t r i x } _ { n \ t i m e sn } \ b e g i n { p m a t r i x } a \ \ b \ \ c \ e n d { p m a t r i x } , \ b e g i n { B m a t r i x } a \ \ b \ \ c \ e n d { B m a t r i x } , \ b e g i n { v m a t r i x } a \ \ b \ \ c \ e n d { v m a t r i x } , \ b e g i n { V m a t r i x } a \ \ b \ \ c \ e n d { V m a t r i x } , \ b e g i n { m a t r i x } a \ \ b \ \ c \ e n d { m a t r i x } ( \ b e g i n { s m a l l m a t r i x } 1& &2\ \ 3& &4 \ e n d { s m a l l m a t r i x } )

matrix (squarebracketed)

alternative delimiters

inline matrices

Punctuation
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Aurora: Short introduction to LaTeX symbols and commands

dots between commas dots between binary operations dots between integrals dots between multiplication signs colon (meaning such that or when defining domains) vertical and diagonal

x _ 1 ,x _ 2 ,\ d o t s c ,x _ n x _ 1+x _ 2+\ d o t s b+x _ n

\ i n t \ d o t s i \ i n t

x ( x + 1 ) \ d o t s m ( x + n )

f \ c o l o n\ m a t h b b { N } \ t o \ m a t h b b { R }

\ v d o t s\ q u a d\ d d o t s

Fonts
Normally, everything typed in math mode is considered to be a part of the formula and is typeset as suchspaces are ignored, most symbols come out in medium-weight italics, and so on. If you want to use a different mathematical font or to enter a few words of regular text in math mode like in the piecewise example above, the following commands can help:

x + \ f r a c { 1 } { x }\ g e2 \ t e x t {f o ra l l$ x > 0 $ } normal text (note that this is one of the rare cases when spaces matter in LaTeX; also note that you can switch back to math mode in bold text, upright bold math, upright bold math, italic poor mans bold calligraphic (uppercase Latin letters only) blackboard bold (uppercase Latin letters only)

\ t e x t )

\ t e x t b f { Ia mJ a c k ' sb o l dt e x t . } A B \ m a t h b f { C D } E F A B \ b o l d s y m b o l { C } \ b o l d s y m b o l { D } E F A B \ p m b { C } \ p m b { D } E F (overlays several copies of a symbol with slight offsets on top of each other) \ b e g i n { a r r a y } { c } \ m a t h c a l { A B C D E F G H I J K L M }\ \ \ m a t h c a l { N O P Q R T S U V W X Y Z } \ e n d { a r r a y } \ b e g i n { a r r a y } { c } \ m a t h b b { A B C D E F G H I J K L M }\ \ \ m a t h b b { N O P Q R T S U V W X Y Z } \ e n d { a r r a y } \ b e g i n { a r r a y } { c } \ m a t h f r a k { A B C D E F G H I J K L M }\ \ \ m a t h f r a k { N O P Q R T S U V W X Y Z }\ \ \ m a t h f r a k { a b c d e f g h i j k l m }\ \ \ m a t h f r a k { n o p q r t s u v w x y z }\ \ \ m a t h f r a k { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 } \ e n d { a r r a y } \ b e g i n { a r r a y } { c } \ m a t h s f { A B C D E F G H I J K L M }\ \ \ m a t h s f { N O P Q R T S U V W X Y Z }\ \ \ m a t h s f { a b c d e f g h i j k l m }\ \ \ m a t h s f { n o p q r t s u v w x y z }\ \ \ m a t h s f { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 } \ e n d { a r r a y }

Fraktur (Latin letters and digits only)

sans-serif font

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\ b e g i n { a r r a y } { c } \ m a t h t t { A B C D E F G H I J K L M }\ \ typewriter \ m a t h t t { N O P Q R T S U V W X Y Z }\ \ \ m a t h t t { a b c d e f g h i j k l m }\ \ \ m a t h t t { n o p q r t s u v w x y z }\ \ \ m a t h t t { 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 } \ e n d { a r r a y }

Spacing
The following commands can be used to fine-tune spacing in math mode:

default (none) quad (width of quad quad quad quad double quad ve quad quad) custom spacing (1 mu = virtual space )

xy x \ q u a dy x \ , y x \ : y x \ ; y x \y x \ q q u a dy x \ ! y x \ m s p a c e { 1 9 m u } y \ G a m m a _ { i j } ^ { \ p h a n t o m { i j } k }

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