CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter consists of theories which are used for supporting the analysis in chapter 3. The first part is about character, characterization, plot, and theme, which included on intrinsic elements in a movie. The second part is psychoanalysis criticism that focuses on Freud psychoanalytic theory. The third part is psychoanalysis in movie that focuses on psychoanalysis in movie using Freud. The fourth part is about personality disorder that focuses on paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. The fifth part is about defense mechanism that focuses on displacement, rationalization, and denial. 2.1 Intrinsic Elements of Movie A movie must have some elements inside. The element is called as intrinsic element. There are some elements in a movie that support in order to produce a good movie. The elements include plot, character and characterization, and theme, are used to support this analysis. Through the intrinsic element, viewers could be more understand the story. 2.1.1 Plot Bordwell and Thompson in their boo Film Art! An "ntroduction #$%%&' state that the term plot is used to describe everything visibly and audibly present in the film before
(

us. The plot includes, first, all the story events that are directly depicted. )econd, the film*s plot may contain material that is e+traneous to the story world. ,iewers will get the characters and emotional effects in the movie from the plot. -hile, according to .i/anni #$%%%' plot is the arrangement of events that ma e up the story #p.00' and 1ill #2334' stated that plot is the order of events in which the reader learns of them #p.2(4'. "t means that plot as the order of events in a story, it can e+plain more about the story to the viewers. Through a plot, viewers can understand more about everything that happens in a movie. To ma e a good plot, some elements must be added in a story.

5icture 2.2 Freytag*s 5yramid )ource! http!66rwtverio.ncte.org6lesson7images6lesson0%26freytag.8pg

"n the picture above Freytag uses five-part system to describe a story*s plot. 9e uses e+position, rising action, clima+, falling action, and resolution, in his pyramid. :+position is the start of the story. "n this part, the story usually starts introducing the characters in the story. ;ising action is the series of crisis and clima+ that lead into a clima+ session. <lima+ is the turning point. The story in this part is the most intense moment. Falling action is a part where the conflict between the protagonist and the

antagonist characters begin to reconcile. The falling action also designates that the clima+ is over and the story is coming to an end. ;esolution is the conclusion of the story and this is an end of the story. All of the five-system by Freytag are used to support the analysis of this movie. 2.1.2 Ch r cter n! Ch r cteri" tion <haracter and characterization are two different things. =ennedy and 1ioia #$%%4' mentioned >a character, then, is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story---although that simple definition may admit to a few e+ceptions.? #p. 32'. <haracters in a story based on the importance can be divided into two parts@ there are the ma8or character and minor character #.i/anni, $%%2, p.44'. There are two types of characters! round character is one who usually changes or develops, and flat character is one who does not change from beginning to the end of story.
>Flat character is a character that has only out standing trait or feature, or at most a few distinguish mar s, who always stays the same in a story? while round character refers to the one >who often change-learn or become enlightened grow or deteriorate.? #=ennedy and 1ioia, $%%4, p.3$'

Flat character is a stoc character. "t means that the character has already available in many stories, such as a hero or a villain. ;ound character is a dynamic character. ;ound character has comple+ personality. ;ound characters tend to be more fully developed and described than flat characters.

<haracterization is a method that be used to develop a character. The term characterization refers to the various means by which an author describes and develops the characters in a literary wor #Aurfin B ;ay, $%%3, The Bedford 1lossary of <ritical and Citerary Terms'. Turner #$%%&' in her presentation, the & methods of characterization! & different ways of loo ing at a character in a story, shows that a character can be analyzed through his or her physical description, name analysis, attitude or appearance, thoughts #how characters thin , and what characters do', dialogs, reaction of others, actions or incidents, physical or emotional setting. "n this thesis, character is analyzed focuses on dialogs, reaction of others, actions or incidents, the character*s thought, and physical appearance. 2.1.# Theme Theme is one of important thing in fiction. Theme is something that represents main idea from a movie. Theme can be revealed when the story of a literary wor , such as novel or movie, has been read or watched. :dgar ,. ;oberts #$%%$' states that theme in literary wor s means ideas, the general ideas which are presented by the author in the wor #p. 33'. "t means that nowing the theme means nowing the issue and the message of the wor . "n addition, theme is sub8ective. Theme depends on person*s valuation. "t means that theme in a movie can be different from each people even they watched the same movie.

44

2.2

Ps$cho n l$sis criticism 5sychoanalysis is a study that uses a method of mind investigation and clinical

e+periences. "t means that psychoanalysis has an aim as a therapy to cure mental disorder by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in mind. )omeone*s personality is the main sub8ect of psychoanalysis which is reflection of conscious and unconscious mind. The way of thin ing is a role that has strong impact in affecting someone*s personality. "t is because all of human action started from mind #5hares, 23&0, p.2$'. 5sychoanalysis in literature also has some e+planations from Freud that are useful when they are applied to te+tual analysis in literature.
>Both literary criticism and psychoanalysis engage in the interpretation of te+ts the former e+plicates or comments on te+t which have been crafted and #usually' published. The latter uses artlessly spo en te+ts, which are treated by the analyst as a source of information about the unconscious mind of the spea er...? #Bar er, $%%2, p.3&'

Bar er in the Duotation above states that someone uses te+t as information to analyze the writer*s mind and also uses psychoanalysis theory to analyze it. -hen the theory of psychoanalysis has been applied to literature te+t, it can be called as the theory of psychoanalytic criticism #-olfreys, $%%2, p.3&'. According to Barry, psychoanalytic criticism is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniDues of psychoanalysis on the interpretation of literature #$%%3, p.3$'. Through the statement, Barry shows that literary psychoanalysis is used to interpret the literary wor that has some emotional conflict inside.

((

2.2.1 Fre%! Ps$cho n l$tic Theor$ The first psychoanalyst who e+plained about ac nowledgement of the value of unconscious mental activity was )igmund Freud #2&4(-2333'. 9e e+plained that the mind could be divided into the conscious mind includes everything that we were aware of and the unconscious mind was a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness #Feist B Feist, $%%(, p.$0'. Freud has some basic theories on unconscious mind, the psyche, childhood influences, stages of development, symbolism instincts, and drives.

5icture 2.$ #Aetaphorically human mind' Source: http!66blog.lib.umn.edu

"n the picture above Freud metaphorically human mind to an iceberg, which is divided into three parts namely conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. <onscious is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories,

EE

thoughts, fantasies, and feelings. :go is in the part of human conscious. "t is because ego is conscious and rational. 5reconscious is what we called as an available memory. The preconscious mind is part of the conscious mind and includes our memory. These memories are not conscious, but we can retrieve them to conscious awareness at any time. "n this part, the superego is in the human preconscious. Fnconscious is the largest part by far. Fnconscious has huge impact on what we say and do. "n other words, any of our actions may have hidden purposes and meanings. "t includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness. According to Freud, the unconscious is the source of our motivations, whether they are simple desires for food or se+, neurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientist. The water would represent everything that we are not aware of have, not e+perienced, and that has not been integrated into our personalities, referred to as the unconscious. "n this part, "d is the part that is fully in the human unconscious. "n 23$3, Freud suggests a three-part model of psyche, which dividing into id, ego, and superego. The id, the ego, and the superego become basic concepts in psychoanalysis.
>Freud posited structure or functions of the personality. These are the id, the ego, and the superego. "n the mature personality the three functions operate in balance and allow the individual to interact with the environment in ways that produce need satisfaction and acceptable social relations.? #Thomas, 233%, p.&0'

&&

"n the Duotation above Freud stated that the id, the ego, and the superego have to wor together in balance in order to help the mind in facing the problem. The ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still ta e into consideration the reality of every situation. "f the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification ta e over the personGs life. "f the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be 8udgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world. "f the ego is wea , the person would be unable to balance personal needs and wishes with social duties and realistic limitations. #-ade B Tavris, $%%&, p. 0&3'. 2.2.1.1 The I! The id comprises the unorganized part of the personality structure that contains the basic drives. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud also called id as wishes. The act of "d is called as the primary process.
>The id was the most fundamental and basic aspect of the personality. "t acted li e a spoiled child, for it wanted immediate gratification of its desire. "t represented in the pleasure principle.? #Cundin, 233(, p.32%'

The Duotation above shows that id as the basic aspect of the personality acts according to the pleasure principle and has a function to fulfill the needs of someone.

33

2.2.1.2 The E&o The :go develops from the id. For e+ample, when we wanted to buy e+pensive things but finances are not support, then the ego could not fulfill that desire. The ego acts according to the reality principle. This problem-solving activity called the secondary process. According to 1regory #$%%$', >the purpose of the ego is to mediate between the id and reality.? #p.0&E'. The ego has a function as a mediator to mediate the id and reality through reality principle. The ego wor s for fulfill the need of id. The ego principle uses secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an ob8ect in the real world that matches the image created by the id*s primary process #.avidoff, 23&E, p.004'.
>As the ego develops, the young child learns to cope with real world. The ego operates on the reality principle, which see s to gratify the id*s impulses in realistic way that will bring long-term pleasure rather than pain or destruction. The ego, which contains our partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, 8udgments, and memories, is the personality >e+ecutive?. "t is a mediator, balancing the impulsive demands of the id, the restraining demands of the superego, and the real life demands of the e+ternal world? #Ayers, ..1., 233&, p.0$2'

The Duotation above shows how the ego wor s in human mind. The ego tries to distinguish about the reality of the e+ternal world and what the need of id that has to fulfill. For e+ample, when we wanted to buy e+pensive things but finances are not support, then the ego could not fulfill that desire. There is not always id can be fulfilled by the ego. "t is because the ego has to balancing between the need and the reality. eep in

2%2%

2.2.1.# The '%(ere&o The superego arises due to encounter with another human #social aspect'. )uperego always wants perfection because it wor s with the principle ideals. "n the family, the superego inculcated by parents in the form of moral teaching about good and bad, appropriate and inappropriate, etc. "t derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. There are two aspects of the superego! one is the conscience, which is one*s conception of what was wrong and what one should not do. The other is called the ego ideal. )uperego wor s on ego ideal which means include the rules and standard for good behavior #Cundin, 23(3, p.322'. The conscience and ego ideal communicate their reDuirements to the ego with feelings li e pride, shame, and guilt. 2.# Ps$cho n l$sis in movie Aovie is a set of moving images that includes actions, voices, dialogues, plot of story, etc. There are many inds genre of movie in this era such as action movie, thriller movie, romantic movie, drama comedy movie, and horror movie. "n every movie, there must be some characters who ta e a part for doing some conflicts. The conflict can appear in the movie because of differences of point of view among other characters. The points of view among characters are different because of their personalities. Therefore, to analyze the personality of characters a theory of psychoanalysis is considered as an ob8ect that can lead us to understand their personalities. 5sychoanalysis in movie can be learnt from character*s actions in solving problems, in facing the reality of life, in the

2222

way of their thin ing. To understand about psychoanalysis in movie, there are some intrinsic elements of movie that can lead us to more understand about it. 2.#.1 Ps$cho n l$sis in movie %sin& Fre%! 9uman personalities are considered as a reflection from their way of thin ing. All of their actions, reactions and point of views are controlled by their minds, either their aware or not. To analyze the personalities, Freud usually used id, ego, and superego. 5sychoanalysis in movie can be used for analyzing through character*s personality, such as from his or her words and her actions. 2.) Person lit$ *isor!ers 5ersonality disorder is a ind of disorder that is to do with someone*s nown by symptoms that e+perience by

personality. 5ersonality disorder can be

someone. According to Aayo <linic staff #$%2%' general symptoms of personality disorder include freDuent mood swings, stormy relationships, social isolation, angry outbursts, suspicion and mistrust of others, difficulty ma ing friends, a need for instant gratification, poor impulse control, and alcohol or substance abuse. According to the .iagnostic and )tatistical Aanual #$%%%', there are ten different personality disorders categorized into three main groupings or clusters. Those personality disorders are grouped based on similar characteristics and symptoms. "n cluster A #odd or eccentric behaviors' there are schizoid personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. "n cluster B #dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior' there are antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic

2$2$

personality disorder, and histrionic personality disorder. "n cluster < #an+ious, fearful behavior' there are avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. "n this thesis, the types of personality disorder that are e+perienced by the main character are closed to paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and obsessive compulsive personality disorder. 2.).1 P r noi! Person lit$ *isor!er 5aranoid personality disorder is a disorder that ma es a person with his personality e+pects to be mistreated by others in which he becomes suspicious, secretive, 8ealous, and argumentative, he will not accept blame and appears cold and unemotional #.avison, Heale, B =ring, $%%0, p.022'. According to American 5sychiatric Association #$%%%', 5eople with paranoid personality are distrustful and suspicious of others. They suspect the other people with little or no evidence. 5eople with a paranoid personality may ta e actions that they feel are 8ustifiable retaliation but that others find baffling. They are generally cold and distant in their relationships. 5eople with a paranoid personality often ta e legal action against others, especially if they feel righteously indignant. They are unable to see their own role in a conflict. They usually wor in relative isolation and may be highly efficient and conscientious. 2.).2 Antisoci l (erson lit$ !isor!er A person who suffers antisocial personality disorder is commonly nown as a sociopath. 5eople with this ind of disorder appear to be charming at times, and ma e relationships, but these relationships 8ust a name for them. They ma e a relationship

2323

without depth meaning, including marriage. They seem to have an innate ability to find the wea ness in people, and are ready to use these wea nesses to their own ends through deceit, manipulation, or intimidation, and gain pleasure from doing so. According to 9are #$%%3' in 5sychopathy chec list states that there are some criteria to identify a sociopath, such as glibness and superficial charm, manipulative and conning, grandiose sense of self worth, pathological lying, lac of remorse or guilt, shallow emotions, callousness and lac of empathy, irresponsibility to accept his or her action. )ociopaths appear to be charming, but they see the other people as victims and they may dominate and humiliate their victims. They are also unable to empathize with other people*s pain and distress #American 5sychiatric Association. <opyright $%%%. .iagnostic and
th

)tatistical Aanual of Aental .isorders, 0 :dition, Te+t ;evision'. They do not care about what had already been happened because of their action. They do not accept blame, even for acts they obviously committed. Also, they do not feel guilty even though they had already illed other people. 2.).# O+sessive,com(%lsive (erson lit$ !isor!er Ibsessive-compulsive personality disorder is not same as obsessive-compulsive an+iety disorder. There are some differences between two conditions. 5eople with obsessive-compulsive an+iety disorder e+perience tremendous an+iety related to specific preoccupations, which are perceived as threatening. -ithin the condition of obsessivecompulsive personality disorder it is oneGs dysfunctional philosophy which produces an+iety, anguish and frustration. "t has been well established that obsessive-compulsive an+iety disorder is a condition in which people perform elaborate rituals to avoid or

2020

escape an+iety. ;epetitive rituals are performed to undo the threat. Their overall genuine nature tends not to be affected by the condition and in the vast ma8ority of the cases they recognize that the concerns are irrational. A person with washing rituals due to fears about contracting aids from a public door nob might still be very willing to s y dive or go white water rafting. This suggests that a personGs inclination toward ris ta ing is not affected by their an+iety about germs #5hillipson, $%%%, The ;"19T )tuff- Ibsessive <ompulsive 5ersonality .isorder! A .efect of 5hilosophy, not An+iety'. 5eople who have obsessive-compulsive disorder are perfectionist. They have desire in controlling the situations. 2.*efense mech nism .efense mechanism is a method used by the ego to prevent unconscious an+iety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness. .efense mechanism has three functions that commonly help the ego. First, defense mechanisms can help the ego to depress the an+iety which comes from the interfering demands of id, superego, and e+ternal reality. )econd, the defense mechanisms operate unconsciously. Third, defense mechanisms help the mind to forget the problems #1regory, $%%0, p.0&&'. >Freud defined ego defense mechanisms as a mental strategy used by the individual to defend against open e+pression of id impulses and opposing superego pressures. 9e suggested that the ego reacts to the threatened brea through of id impulses in either of two ways! #2' by bloc ing the impulse from e+pression in conscious behavior, or #$' by distorting it to such a degree that the original intensity is mar edly reduced or deflected.? #Jelle B Kielger, 233$, p.2%0'.

2424

"n the Duotation above shows defense mechanism as a mental strategy that used by human to defend herself in dealing with her surroundings or the problem that she is facing. .efense mechanisms in 5lutchi #23E3' theory are! reaction formation, denial, repression, regression, compensation, pro8ection, displacement, and intellectualization. -hile Freud #A' in her boo The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense #233(' provided the clearest and most comprehensive loo at mechanisms of defense. )he categorizes defense mechanisms into ten different defense mechanisms. There are denial, repression, displacement, sublimation, pro8ection, intellectualization, rationalization, regression, reaction formation, and other defense mechanisms, such as acting out, affiliation, aim inhibition, altruism, avoidance, compensation, humor, and passive-aggression. "n this chapter, there are e+planations for defense mechanisms that are shown by the main character, such as denial, displacement, and rationalization. 2.-.1 *is(l cement .isplacement is one of psychological defense mechanism which diverting emotional feeling #it is usually anger' that arouses by one person to substitute person who does not have any mista e to us. The people who have displacement as their defense mechanism are often delegate their displeasure feeling to other people or ob8ects as their e+pression of displeasure. The e+ample of displacement is someone who is frustrated by his or her superiors may go home and ic the dog, beat up a family member, or engage in cross-burnings #AcCeod, $%%3'.

2(2(

2.-.2 R tion li" tion ;ationalization is a defense mechanism type which is a person convinces himself or herself that no wrong was done and that all is or was all right through faulty and false reasoning. ;ationalization is putting something into a different light or offering a different e+planation for one*s perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality. For e+ample, a woman with a closet full of dresses buys a new one because she doesnGt have anything to wear or a man who ills a thief because he has ta en his valuable items. 9e does so with a reason to uphold 8ustice. "n this case, the rationalization appeared into someone*s mind to avoid the truth reason why he or she does something irrational. 2.-.# *eni l .enial is a ind of psychological defense mechanism which a person refuses to accept e+ternal reality because it is too threatening. 1rohol #$%2%' stated that someone who has this type of defense mechanism is acting as if painful event never e+ist in his or her life. "t is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic of early childhood development. 5eople with this ind defense

mechanism deny the truth of their actual condition. For instance, a woman hears that her husband has been illed, and yet refuses to believe it, still setting the table for him and eeping his clothes and other accoutrements in the bedroom.