Log Analysis by Computer

Log Analysis by Computer

Log Analysis by Computer
Manual vs. Computer Methods
Manual Methods are mainly graphical
limited to 2 dimensions
e.g., vs. R
t

b
vs.
NLS
3 dimensions in case of MID Plot
Log Analysis by Computer
Graphical vs. Algebraic Methods
crossplots have restricted dimensions
restricted number of logs to input
restricted number of lithology components
anything on a graph can be represented
in equation form
equations are not restricted in number
Log Analysis by Computer
Crossplotting & Algebraic Methods
unknown mixture of 3 known minerals
solve using D N S & MID Plot
or, algebraically,
L
1
= L
1
f + Vm
1
L
1
m
1
+ Vm
2
L
1
m
2
+ Vm
3
L
1
m
3
L
2
= L
2
f + Vm
1
L
2
m
1
+ Vm
2
L
2
m
2
+ Vm
3
L
2
m
3
L
3
= L
3
f + Vm
1
L
3
m
1
+ Vm
2
L
3
m
2
+ Vm
3
L
3
m
3
1 = + Vm
1
+ Vm
2
+ Vm
3
Log Analysis by Computer
Simultaneous Equations
for D N S,

b
= f + Vm
1
m
1
+ Vm
2
m
2
+ Vm
3
m
3

N
=
N
f + Vm
1

N
m
1
+ Vm
2

N
m
2
+ Vm
3

N
m
3
t = t f + Vm
1
t m
1
+ Vm
2
t m
2
+ Vm
3
t m
3
1 = + Vm
1
+ Vm
2
+ Vm
3
Log Analysis by Computer
Matrix Algebraic Methods
In matrix notation, L = C x V
1
1
N
n
n
Vm
=
= +

N
i
n=1

=

f L
i
m L
n
+
i
m V
n
L
Log Analysis by Computer
Matrix Algebra Solution
Log Analysis by Computer
The Perfect Martini Problem
Simultaneous Equations
Alcohol: 47G + 18D + 16S = 35
Sugar: 0G + 3D + 14S = 3.4
Unity: G + D + S = 1
Log Analysis by Computer
The Perfect Martini Problem
Matrix Algebra Format
[ 47 18 16 ] [ G ] [ 35 ]
[ 0 3 14] [ D ] = [ 3.4 ]
[ 1 1 1] [ S ] [ 1 ]
C V = L
Log Analysis by Computer
Matrix Solution
V = C
-1
L
[ G ] [ 0.60 ]
V = [ D ] = [ 0.20 ]
[ S ] [ 0.20 ]
Log Analysis by Computer
Martini Solution
Log Analysis by Computer
Mineral
Mix D-N
Log Analysis by Computer
Mineral
Mix S-N
Log Analysis by Computer
Mineral
Mix M - N
Log Analysis by Computer
Algebraic Unique Solution
assuming limestone and dolostone
solving 3 simultaneous equations:
point porosity vol. LS vol. Dol.
A 0.18 -0.13 0.95
B -0.02 0.04 0.98
impossible solution
Log Analysis by Computer
Problems with Unique Solutions
(deterministic answers)
Log Analysis by Computer
Problems with Unique Solutions
Answers from any one data set may differ
from those from another because:
incorrect choice of minerals
unknown clay types
unknown clay distribution modes
uncertain log response equation
residual hydrocarbon effects
log errorscalibration
---borehole effects
Log Analysis by Computer
Some Errors Must be Assumed
in the log readings
in the tool response equations
in interpretation transforms
Log Analysis by Computer
Log Errors
inadequate calibrations
sloppy calibration techniques
poor operating techniques
tool malfunctions
operator error
environmental effects
borehole size and condition
bed thickness
invasion effects
Log Analysis by Computer
Real Problems of Physics
Conditions Solution Approaches
1. under-determined guesstimistic
2. uniquely-determined deterministic
3. over-determined stochastic
Only stochastic approach really makes use of the
capabilities of computers,
other than as drudgery reduction devices.
Log Analysis by Computer
Guesstimistic Solution
Log Analysis by Computer
Deterministic Solution
Log Analysis by Computer
Deterministic Approaches
Log Analysis by Computer
Log Analysis by Computer
Over-Determined Condition
Log Analysis by Computer
Equation Solution Approaches
uniquely-determined
Deterministic
over-determined
Stochastic
Log Analysis by Computer
Stochastic Approaches
Log Analysis by Computer
Log Analysis by Computer
Stochastic Logics
make allowance for errors
least squares error solution
require over-determination
forward modeling concept
Log Analysis by Computer
Stochastic Logics
add an error term in tool
response equations
N
i
n=1

=

f L
i
m L
n
+
i
m V
n
L
+
i
Log Analysis by Computer
L
i
=

L
i
f + V
cl
L
cl
+ +
i
Vm
n
L
i
m
n
Log Analysis by Computer
Forward Modeling Concept
1. Measured Log Data
unknown volume fractions plus errors
2. Theoretical Log Response Equation
guesstimated volume fractions
( ) ( )
, , , ,
ith i n w xo i
L f Vm Vcl S S f X = =
L
i
=

L
i
f + V
cl
L
cl
+ +
i
Vm
n
L
i
m
n
Log Analysis by Computer
Error Statement
l
l
( )
i i i
L f X =
( )
1
, , ,
b D n xo
f Vm Vcl S =
( )
2
, , ,
N N n xo
f Vm Vcl S =
( )
, , ,
i t R n w
R f Vm Vcl S =
Log Analysis by Computer
Forward
Modeling
Concept
Log Analysis by Computer
Error Minimization
Instruct computer . . .
Minimize !
least error solution
i

Log Analysis by Computer

Error Squared Minimization
least squares error minimization
( )
2
2
1 1
!
I I
i i i
i i
Minimize E L f X
= =
= =


Log Analysis by Computer
Least Squares Error Minimization
Log Analysis by Computer
Constraints
Certain constraints might be added
such as
Vm
n
0
0
Log Analysis by Computer
Previous Example
Error Minimization Solution
Point Vol.LS Vol.Dol. Vol. Anhy. Res. Error
A 0.201 0 0.203 0.596 3.28
B 0.030 0.042 0 0.928 1.47
Log Analysis by Computer
Weighted Least Squares
weighting of each log reading according
to its reliability / uncertainty
Minimize !
weighted least squares error solution
i
i

Log Analysis by Computer

Total Weighted Error
or,
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
n
n
E



= + + +


iii
2
1
n
i
i
i
E

=

=

Log Analysis by Computer

Error ( uncertainty) Bands
Log Analysis by Computer
Weighted Least Squares Error
Minimization
Minimize !
( )
2
2
1
I
i i
w
i
i
L f X
E

=


=

Log Analysis by Computer
Weighted Least Squares Error
Minimization
Log Analysis by Computer
Real Problems of Physics
Conditions Solution Approaches
1. under-determined guesstimistic
2. uniquely-determined deterministic
3. over-determined stochastic
Only stochastic approach really makes use of
the capabilities of computers,
other than as drudgery reduction devices.
Log Analysis by Computer
Stochastic Software
ELAN
ULTRA
MULTIMIN
Etc.
Log Analysis by Computer
ULTRA
output
Log Analysis by Computer
Allowing for
Feldspar &
Mica
Log Analysis by Computer
Effect of
Pyrite
Log Analysis by Computer
Residual
Error
Check
Log Analysis by Computer