Assignment Energy Conservation

SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Tanvir

Submitted By : Muhammad Bilal Awan 2012-MS-ENR-03

CERD KSK
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

Question 1:
Name two liquids, solid and gaseous fuels used in boilers?

Answer:
Liquid fuels: LPG Crude oil Solid Fuels: Coal Wood residue Gaseous Fuels: Natural Gas Propane gas

Question 2:
Which parameter influences the viscosity of liquid fuel?

Answer:
The main parameter which affect the viscosity of the liquid fuel is the temperature i.e: increase in temperature decrease the viscosity and vice versa. But in rare cases pressure can also affect the viscosity.

Question 3:
Which element in fuel oil influence Corrosion?

Answer:
The main element which influence corrosion is Sulphur. This is the main cause of Sulphuric acid formation, a highly corrosive element.

Ash contents can also cause corrosion.

Question 4:
What is the significance of pre-heating furnace oil before burning?

Answer:
The viscosity of oils and flame resistant liquids highly increases at low temperatures. This can cause very high pressure losses within tubes, filters and cooling systems. Cold starts of systems, especially when oil/air cooling units are set up outside, a much too high start-up pressure can cause heavy losses on pumps, filters, heat exchangers and other parts. If the oil in the tank has already reached a selected temperature by adequate preheating, the start-up of systems and machines will be considerably eased. Also it will be easy to clean and maintain.

Question 5:
What are the effects of contaminants in liquid fuels?

Answer:
Lowers the efficiency Increase the corrosion High viscosity Adverse Environmental effects Also they can damage the pump because nuts bolts may be in the oil.

Question 6:
Explain the difference between gross calorific value and net calorific value.

Answer:
Gross Calorific Value: The gross value is the amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel. The gross heating value is obtained when all products of the combustion are cooled down to the temperature before the combustion the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed on the other hand

Net Calorific Value: If we are not condensing steam there will be no latent heat of condensation. So amount of heat will be less. It is net calorific value. Formula which relate both will be as follows Net Calorific value= gross calorific value latent heat of condensation

Question 7:
What is the difference between proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of coal?

Answer:
Proximate analysis It means determining the percentage of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash It helps in deciding the particular use of coal Ultimate Analysis It means determining the total carbon, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen, sulfur and ash content It gives elemental analysis, helpful for combustion calculations

Question 8:
What are the uses of proximate and ultimate analysis?

Answer:
Proximate analysis is used to calculate %age moisture, carbon and ash contents. Whereas Ultimate analysis tests produce more comprehensive results than the proximate analyses. ultimate analysis tests to determine the elemental composition of the coal including moisture, ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen.

Question 9:
Explain why natural gas requires least amount of excess air?

Answer:
The main reason is that because natural gas doesnt include too many impurities like liquid fuels also there is no need to mix it with air for converting it into vapors like liquid fuels. All air they need is just for combustion. So they have no need of excess air for converting them into vapors.

Question 10:
What is the effect of fines on coal combustion and how to overcome them?

Answer:
The fines in coal present problems in combustion on account of segregation effects. Segregation of fines from larger coal pieces can be reduced to a great extent by conditioning coal with water. Water helps fine particles to stick to the bigger lumps due to surface tension of the moisture, thus

stopping fines from falling through grate bars or being carried away by the furnace draft. While tempering the coal, care should be taken to ensure that moisture addition is uniform and preferably done in a moving or falling stream of coal. If the percentage of fines in the coal is very high, wetting of coal can decrease the percentage of unburnt carbon and the excess air level required to be supplied for combustion.

Question 11:
What are the major constituent of LPG and Natural gas?

Answer:
LPG: LPG is 60% propane and 40% butane. Included in the LPG range are propane (C H ), Propylene(C H ), normal and iso-butane (C H )
3 8 3 6 4 10

and Butylene(C H ).
4 8

Whereas natural gas is Natural gas is 95 percent Methane (CH4) Plus four other hydrocarbons: Ethane (C2H6) - 2.5%, Propane (C3H8) - 0.2%, Butane (C4H10) - 0.06%, Pentanes Plus (C5H12 + C10H22) - 0.02% It also contains small amounts of: Nitrogen (N2) - 1.6%, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - 0.7%, Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) - trace, Water (H2O) trace

Question 12:
Why excess air is required for complete combustion?

Answer:
We need oxygen for combustion and increase of excess air increase the amount of oxygen as well as combustion. The combustion efficiency will increase with increased excess air, until the heat loss in the excess air is larger than than the heat provided by more efficient combustion.

Question 13:
What is the typical stoichomatric air fuel ratio for furnace oil?

Answer:
14.12 : 1

Question 14:
The measured CO is 8% in an oil fired boiler flue gas. Theoretical CO content for the fuel fired
2 2

is 16%. Estimate the %excess air level? Answer:

% Excess Air = 16/8 1 = 100 %