Solid state physics

N. Witkowski

Introduction

Based on Introduction to Solid State Physics 8th edition Charles Kittel Lecture notes from Gunnar Niklasson http://www.teknik.uu.se/ftf/education/ftf1/FTFI_forsta_sidan.html 40h Lessons with N. Witkowski

house 4, level 0, office 60111, e-mail:witkowski@insp.jussieu.fr Semiconductor physics Specific heat Superconductivity Magnetic susceptibility X-ray diffraction Band structure calculation
Given between 23rd feb-6th march Registration : from 9th feb on board F and Q House 4 ground level Info comes later

6 laboratory courses (6x3h): 1 extended report + 4 limited reports

Home work

Evaluation : written examination 13 march (to be confirmed)

5 hours, 6 problems document authorized Physics handbook for science and engineering Carl Nordling, Jonny Osterman Calculator authorized Second chance in june

What is solid state ?

Single crystals

Long range order and 3D translational periodicity

graphite 1.2 mm 4 nmx4nm

Polycristalline crystals

Single crystals assembly

diamond

Quasicrystals

Long range order no no 3D translational periodicity

Al72Ni20Co8

Amorphous materials

Disordered or random atomic structure

silicon

Outline
Corresponding chapter in Kittel book

[1] Crystal structure [2] Reciprocal lattice [3] Diffraction [4] Crystal binding no lecture [5] Lattice vibrations [6] Thermal properties [7] Free electron model [8] Energy band [9] Electron movement in crystals Metals and Fermi surfaces [10] Semiconductors [11] Superconductivity [12] Magnetism

1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7,9 8 9 8 10 11

Chap.1 Crystal structure

Introduction

Aim :

A : defining concepts and definitions B : describing the lattice types C : giving a description of crystal structures

A. Concepts, definitions

A1. Definitions

Crystal : 3 dimensional periodic arrangments of atomes in space. Description using a mathematical abstraction : the lattice Lattice : infinite periodic array of points in space, invariant under translation symmetry. Basis : atoms or group of atoms attached to every lattice point

Crystal = basis+lattice

A. Concepts, definitions

Translation vector : arrangement of atoms looks the same from r or r point

r=r+u1a1+u2a2+u3a3 : u1, u2 and u3 integers = lattice constant a1, a2, a3 primitive translation vectors T=u1a1+u2a2+u3a3 translation vector
r = a1+2a2 r= 2a1- a2 T=r-r=a1-3a2

A. Concepts, definitions

A2.Primitive cell

Standard model

volume associated with one lattice point

Parallelepiped with lattice points in the corner

Each lattice point shared among 8 cells

Number of lattice point/cell=8x1/8=1

Vc= |a1.(a2xa3)|

A. Concepts, definitions

Wigner-Seitz cell

planes bisecting the lines drawn from a lattice point to its neighbors

A. Concepts, definitions

A3.Crystallographic unit cell

larger cell used to display the symmetries of the cristal Not primitive

B. Lattice types

B1. Symmetries :

Translations
three 4-fold axes of a cube four 3-fold axes of a cube six 2-fold axes of a cube

Rotation : 1,2,3,4 and 6 (no 5 or 7)

Mirror reflection : reflection about a plane through a lattice point Inversion operation (r -> -r)
planes of symmetry parallel in a cube

B. Lattice types

B2. Bravais lattices in 2D

5 types

general case :

oblique lattice |a1||a2| , (a1,a2)=

special cases :

square lattice: |a1|=|a2| , = 90 hexagonal lattice: |a1|=|a2| , = 120 rectangular lattice: |a1||a2| , = 90 centered rectangular lattice: |a1||a2| , = 90

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

Number of lattices 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 Cell axes and angles |a1||a2||a3| , |a1||a2||a3| , ==90 |a1||a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

system Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic Trigonal Hexagonal

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

Number of lattices 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 Cell axes and angles |a1||a2||a3| , |a1||a2||a3| , ==90 |a1||a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120
Base centered monoclinic

system Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic Trigonal Hexagonal

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

Number of lattices 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 Cell axes and angles |a1||a2||a3| , |a1||a2||a3| , ==90 |a1||a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120
Body centered orthorhombic Face centered orthorhombic Base centered orthorhombic

system Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic Trigonal Hexagonal

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

Number of lattices 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 Cell axes and angles |a1||a2||a3| , |a1||a2||a3| , ==90 |a1||a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120
Body centered tetragonal

system Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic Trigonal Hexagonal

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

Number of lattices 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 Cell axes and angles |a1||a2||a3| , |a1||a2||a3| , ==90 |a1||a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120
Face centered cubic fcc Body centered cubic bcc Simple cubic sc

system Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic Trigonal Hexagonal

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

Number of lattices 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 Cell axes and angles |a1||a2||a3| , |a1||a2||a3| , ==90 |a1||a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

system Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic Trigonal Hexagonal

B. Lattice types

B3. Bravais lattices in 3D : 14

Number of lattices 1 2 4 2 3 1 1 Cell axes and angles |a1||a2||a3| , |a1||a2||a3| , ==90 |a1||a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ===90 |a1|=|a2|=|a3| , ==<12090 |a1|=|a2||a3| , ==90 =120

system Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Cubic Trigonal Hexagonal

B. Lattice types

B4. Examples : bcc

a3

a2

Bcc cell : a, 90, 2 atoms/cell Primitive cell : ai vectors from the origin to lattice point at body centers Rhombohedron : a1= a(x+y-z), a2= a(-x+y+z), a3= a(x-y+z), edge a 3 Wigner-Seitz cell
y a1

B. Lattice types

B5. Examples : fcc

fcc cell : a, 90, 4 atoms/cell Primitive cell : ai vectors from the origin to lattice point at face centers Rhombohedron : a1= a(x+y), a2= a(y+z), a3= a(x+z), edge 2a Wigner-Seitz cell
x

B. Lattice types

B6. Examples : fcc - hcp

different way of stacking the closepacked planes Spheres touching each other about 74% of the space occupied
fcc : 3 planes A B C hcp : 2 planes A B

B7. Example : diamond structure

fcc structure 4 atoms in tetraedric position Diamond, silicon

C. Crystal structures

C1. Miller index

lattice described by set of parallel planes usefull for cristallographic interpretation In 2D, 3 sets of planes Miller index

Interception between plane and lattice axis a, b, c Reducing 1/a,1/b,1/c to obtain the smallest intergers labelled h,k,l (h,k,l) index of the plan, {h,k,l} serie of planes, [u,v,w] or <u,v,w> direction

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/lattice_index.php

C. Crystal structures

C2. Miller index : example

plane intercepts axis :

3a1 , 2a2, 2a3

inverses : 1/3 , 1/2 , 1/2 integers : 2, 3, 3 h=2 , k=3 , l=3 Index of planes : (2,3,3)