TheMUN 2013

United Nations Security Council

Background Guide

Agenda- Military Exercises in the Korean Peninsula: Way forward for ensuring long lasting peace in the region or a tool of fear and mistrust.

LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

Dear Delegates, We would like to take this opportunity to formally welcome you to the Security Council of the first ever session of The Model United Nations Conference. Before we go on to read about the agenda, there are certain important points that we wish to bring to your notice1. This background guide is meant to facilitate your research and by no means should it limit the ambit of your research. 2. You must ensure that you gain a fair understanding of the Rules of Procedure. While the Executive Board shall be as supportive as possible when it comes to explaining to the committee various procedures and protocols while we are in session, it goes without saying that that fact that you are the ambassadors of your respective countries and organisations merits that you understand the basic tenets of diplomatic conduct and courtesy. 3. The delegates need to be well versed with the foreign policies of their respective countries, the mandate of the UNSC. On our behalf, we assure you that our sole endeavour shall be to try and make this experience worth remembering for each one of the delegates. We shall especially ensure that while the highest quality of debate is ensured, our intervention in the committees proceedings is restricted to the process of facilitation, and that the substance of debate is solely left to the committees judgment. For any doubts or clarifications please feel free to contact any of the Executive Board Members. Regards,

Nandakumar Srivatsa President

Jaideep Sood Vice President

ABOUT THE SECURITY COUNCIL

The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the Charter,for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is so organized as to be able to function continuously, and a representative of each of its members must be present at all times at United Nations Headquarters. On 31 January 1992, the first ever Summit Meeting of the Council was convened at Headquarters, attended by Heads of State and Government of 13 of its 15 members and by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the remaining two. The Council may meet elsewhere than at Headquarters; in 1972, it held a session in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the following year in Panama City, Panama. When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the Council's first action is usually to recommend to the parties to try to reach agreement by peaceful means. In some cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation and mediation. It may appoint special representatives or request the Secretary-General to do so or to use his good offices. It may set forth principles for a peaceful settlement.

When a dispute leads to fighting, the Council's first concern is to bring it to an end as soon as possible. On many occasions, the Council has issued cease-fire directives which have been instrumental in preventing wider hostilities. It also sends United Nations peacekeeping forces to help reduce tensions in troubled areas, keep opposing forces apart and create conditions of calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought. The Council may decide on enforcement measures, economic sanctions (such as trade embargoes) or collective military action. A Member State against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. A Member State which has persistently violated the principles of the Charter may be expelled from the United Nations by the Assembly on the Council's recommendation. A State which is a Member of the United Nations but not of the Security Council may participate, without a vote, in its discussions when the Council considers that that country's interests are affected. Both Members of the United Nations and non-members, if they are parties to a dispute being considered by the Council, are invited to take part, without a vote, in the Council's discussions; the Council sets the conditions for participation by a nonmember State. The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member States

The Resolutions adopted by the Security Council http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/index.shtml Reports of the Security Council Missions http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/missions/ Statements by the President of the Security Council http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/statements/

ABOUT THE AGENDA

North Korea also known as Democratic People's Republic of Korea is located on the northern part of the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. It is bound by China to the north, Russia to the northeast, South Korea to the south, the Yellow Sea to the west. South Korea officially known as the Republic of Korea is located on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. It is bound by North Korea to the north, the Yellow Sea to the west as well as the Korea and Cheju Straits to the south.

HISTORY
The Korean Peninsula is a region located in Eastern Asia extending south from the Asian continent for about 683 miles (1,100 km). Today, it is politically divided into North Korea and South Korea. North Korea is located on the northern part of the peninsula and it extends from China south to the 38th parallel of latitude . South Korea then extends from that area and encompasses the rest of the Korean Peninsula. The Korean Peninsula was in the news for much of 2010, and especially toward the end of the year, because of growing conflicts between the two nations. Conflict on the Korean Peninsula is not new however as North and South Korea have long had tensions with one another that dates back prior to the Korean War, which ended in 1953. Historically, the Korean Peninsula was occupied by only Korea and it was ruled by several different dynasties, as well as the Japanese and the Chinese. From 1910 to 1945 for example, Korea was controlled by the Japanese and it was mostly controlled from Tokyo as a part of the Empire of Japan. Toward the end of World War II, the Soviet Union(USSR) declared war on Japan and by August 10, 1945, it occupied the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. At the end of the war, Korea was then divided into northern and southern portions at the 38th parallel by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference. The United States was to administer the southern part, while the USSR administered the northern area. This division started the conflicts between the two areas of Korea because the northern region followed the USSR and became communist, while the south opposed this form of government and formed a strong anti-communist, capitalist government. As a result, in July of 1948, the anti-communist southern region drafted a constitution and began to hold national elections which were subjected to terrorism. However, on August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was officially founded and Syngman Rhee was elected as president. Shortly thereafter the USSR established a Communist North Korean Government called the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) with Kim Il-Sung as its leader. Once the two Koreas were formally established, Rhee and Il-Sung worked to reunify Korea. This caused conflicts though because each wanted to unify the area under their own political system and rival governments were established. In addition, North Korea was heavily supported by the USSR and China and fighting along the border of North and South Korea was not uncommon

THE KOREAN WAR

By 1950, the conflicts on the border of North and South Korea led to the beginning of the Korean War. On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea and almost immediately the United Nations member states began to send aid to South Korea. North Korea was however, able to quickly advance south by September 1950. By October though, U.N. forces were able to again move the fighting north and on October 19, North Korea's capital, Pyongyang was taken. In November, Chinese forces joined North Korean forces and the fighting was then moved back south and in January 1951, South Korea's capital, Seoul was taken. In the months that followed, heavy fighting ensued but the center of the conflict was near the 38th parallel. Although peace negotiations began in July of 1951, fighting continued throughout 1951 and 1952. On July 27 1953, peace negotiations ended and the Demilitarized Zone was formed. Shortly thereafter, an Armistice Agreement was signed by the Korean People's Army, the Chinese People's Volunteers and the United Nations Command, which was led by the U.S. South Korea however, never signed the agreement and to this day an official peace treaty has never been signed between North and South Korea.

TODAY'S TENSION
Since the end of the Korean War, tensions between North and South Korea have remained. For example according to CNN, in 1968, North Korea unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate South Korea's president. In 1983, a bombing in Myanmar that was linked to North Korea, killed 17 South Korean officials and in 1987, North Korea was accused of bombing a South Korean airplane. Fighting has also repeatedly occurred both land and sea borders because each nation is continually trying to unify the peninsula with its own system of government. In 2010, tensions between North and South Korea were especially high after a South Korean warship was sunk on March 26. South Korea claims that North Korea sunk the Cheonan in the Yellow Sea off the South Korean island of Baengnyeong. North Korea denied responsibility for the attack and tensions between the two nations have been high ever since. Most recently on November 23, 2010, North Korea launched an artillery attack on the South Korean island of Yeonpyeong. North Korea claims that South Korea was conducting "war maneuvers" but South Korea states that it was conducting maritime military drills. Yeonpyeong was also attacked in January 2009. It is located near a maritime border between the countries that North Korea wants moved south. Since the attacks South Korea began practicing military drills in early December.

THE MILITARY DRILLS

Seoul, South Korea (CNN) -- Joint military exercises between South Korea and the United States officially ended Tuesday, the South Korean Defense Ministry said. But the ministry noted that South Korea is still closely monitoring for possible provocation and possible missile launches by North Korea. A torrent of unnerving threats from Pyongyang in recent weeks has strained already fragile relations in the region. The North's rhetoric intensified when the U.N. Security Council voted last month to slap the tougher sanctions on the regime and amid the U.S.-South Korean military drills.

U with risks

.S.-S. Korean war games ripe

Co-piloting South Korea's supersonic jetAmericces death penalty in N. Korea

The tensions prompted the closure of Kaesong Industrial Complex in North Korea -- one of the few symbols of inter-Korean cooperation.

Key dates in U.S. military moves near North Korea

The complex, which sits just north of the Demilitarized Zone that separates the two countries, houses the operations of more than 120 South Korean companies. During a frenzy of rhetoric aimed at South Korea and the United States earlier this month, the North began blocking South Koreans from entering the complex across the heavily fortified border. It then pulled out the more than 50,000 North Koreans who work in the zone's factories, saying it was temporarily suspending activity there. The move surprised some observers since Kaesong was considered to be a key source of hard currency for the Kim Jong Un regime. Training to go supersonic with South Korea's Top Guns

Seven remain
On Saturday, South Korea started withdrawing its remaining citizens from the manufacturing zone jointly operated with the North. On Tuesday, the South's Unification Ministry said seven South Koreans remain at Kaesong to tie up loose ends. This is not the first time Kaesong has shut down. In 2009, North Korea temporarily suspended in Kaesong Industrial Complex several times, not permitting South Koreans to enter and exit the zone. The suspension also took place during the annual U.S.-South Korean joint military drill.

Threats of annihilation normal for South Koreans

But if all South Korean workers pull out, it will be the first time the joint economic zone will have no South Korean workers since the business kicked off about a decade ago. In 2012, the production value of the complex grew to $500 million; just five years earlier, it topped $100 million for the first time. The average wage for North Korean workers in Kaesong Industrial Complex is $134 per month, according to the South Korean Unification Ministry. North Korean authorities take about 45% of their wages for various tax reasons.

THE NORTH KOREAN NUCLEAR PROGRAMME AND RELATED CONFLICT

The conflict relating to the North Korean Nuclear Programme dates back to early 90's when North Korea was suspected of developing an atomic bomb by the US intelligence agencies.

THE TIMELINE 1985-North Korea signed the NPT. Early 1990s- USA suspects development of a North Korean atomic bomb after viewing satellite images of a North Korean nuclear facilities. May 1992- North Korea allowed IAEA inspectors to view their nuclear facilities for the first time and the head of the inspection team organized for another team to re-visit facilities and visit new facilities post a preliminary inspection. The second inspection was far less welcoming since North Korean officials prevented the inspectors from visiting a number of sites, giving them reason to suspect the intention of the North Korean nuclear programme. 1993- North Korea threated to withdraw from the NPT due to unyielding domestic pressure but decided to suspend this withdrawal post negotiations with the American president at the time, Bill Clinton. Later in 1993- The IAEA released a statement saying that they had no assurance that North Korea was building nuclear weapons. October 1994- through USA-North Korea peace talks (called the Agreed Framework), North Korea agreed to freeze its plutonium production in exchange for fuel oil, economic cooperation and the construction of light-water nuclear power plants. According to this agreement North Koreas nuclear facilities were to be eventually dismantled. March 1996- The IAEA warned North Korea(who had still not declared the amount of Uranium it possessed as stated under the Agreed Framework), that without this declaration the IAEA would be unable to vouch for the fact that North Korea was not using its plutonium for the development of atomic weapons. August 1998- North Korea launched a multistage over Japan, and into the Pacific Ocean. 1999- North Korea agrees to freeze its nuclear programme if the USA loosened sanctions.

2001- North Korea resumed work on its long rage missile Taepodong-1 after the USA failed to loosen sanctions and normalize relations. USA President at the time, George Bush warned North Korea saying that it would be held responsible for producing any weapons of mass destruction if they were to continue with their miscellaneous projects. October 2002- Post accusations of harmful nuclear activities on North Korea by the US secretary of state, the two countries had a treaty according to which North Korea agreed to forsake its nuclear ambitions in return for the construction of two safer nuclear power plants and oil shipments. Later that month North Korea took a mercurial stance on its nuclear programme, stating that it had the right to weapons development while simultaneously stating that it was willing to sign a non-aggression pact with the USA. November 2002- According to North Korea, USA seemed unwilling to hold up its side of the Agreed Framework with a delay in the construction of the nuclear power plants. USA stated that they would withdraw oil shipments if North Korea didnt put an immediate halt to its malicious nuclear ambitions. December 2002- North Korea prevented access to its nuclear facilities for inspection. North Korean Scud missiles were found aboard a Yemen-bound ship, which the USA temporarily detained illegally before setting free. Towards the end of December North Korea requested for the removal of and began removing IAEA monitoring devices at its Yongbyon nuclear. At the end of the year, North Korea shipped a number of fuel rods to this nuclear facility before expelling the two IAEA inspectors at the site and announcing its reopening. January 6, 2003- IAEA passed a resolution demanding the immediate re-admission of inspectors at the North Korean nuclear facilities. January 10, 2003- North Korea announced its withdrawal from the NPT. February 4, 2003- American satellites picked up rigorous movement at the Yongbyon nuclear reactor, the USA announced that it would strengthen military back up in the Pacific Ocean to back the South Koreans against possible North Korean aggression. The North Koreans replied to this statement, later that month, by saying that any American reinforcement in the area would lead to North Korean aggression. End of February, 2003- North Korea fired two test missiles into the sea between South Korea and Japan. April 2003- Beijing hosted peace talks between the USA and North Korea where North Korea (according to US officials) offered to scrap its nuclear programme in exchange for economic assistance from the USA.

May 2003- North Korea nullified its last standing non-proliferation agreement with South Korea by annulling the 1992 agreement to keep the peninsula free of nuclear weapons. Mid 2003- North Korea agreed to enter six-way talks with the USA, Japan, China, Russia, and South Korea, after having announced the possibility of officially developing nuclear weapons in June. August 2003- Six-way talks failed to develop a conclusion in, October 2003- North Korea stated that it would be willing to end its nuclear programme in exchange for US security. December 2003- North Korea stated that it would be willing to re-enter the previously failed six-way talks the following year. January 2004- North Korea permitted a group of American nuclear experts to investigate its nuclear site Yongbyon. Post the investigation the scientists released a statement saying that the facility contained weapons grade uranium but showed NO EVIDENCE of the development of a nuclear weapon. February and June 2004- In the 2nd and 3rd rounds of the six nation talks, the USA proposed that North Korea freeze and later dismantle its nuclear programme in exchange for American aid, which North Korea rejected. September2004- North Korea released a statement saying that it had converted 8000 spent fuel rods into nuclear weapons as a measure of self-defense against any possible attack by the USA. May 2005- Prior to a meeting with the members on the NPT North Korea launched a shortrange missile into the Sea of Japan.

July 2005- South Korea offered large amounts of electricity in exchange for a halt on the North Korean nuclear programme. The fourth round of the six nation talks began. September 2005- North Korea demanded the development of the water reactors promised by the USA under the "Agreed Framework" It stated that it would not halt its nuclear programme until provided with the promised civilian nuclear reactors. December 2005- North Korea stated that it would not stop its nuclear programme since the USA still hadnt built the promised nuclear reactor. June 2006- The Institute for Science and International Security released a report claiming that North Korea had enough plutonium stockpiles to create 13 nuclear weapons.

July 2006- North Korea released a threat stating that it would administer a nuclear strike against the USA in the event of an American attack. North Korea fired seven long-range missiles including a Taepodong-2, defying multiple warnings from the international community. North Korea announced that it would continue to launch missiles and take stronger steps in the event of additional pressure from the international community. October 2006- North Korea stated that it planned on testing nuclear weapons in the future due to increased American hostility. USA released a statement saying that any North Korean attempt to test nuclear weapons would be met with highly provocative action. October 9, 2006- North Korea released a statement saying that it had completed its nuclear test and that the test had been a success with no nuclear leakage. After the release of the statement the UNSC released resolution 1718, imposing a number of sanctions on North Korea in an attempt to cripple its rapidly developing nuclear programme. The sanctions included the "prohibition the trade of nuclear material and luxury goods", a "prohibition on the provision of any nuclear training", and the "inspection of any cargo entering or leaving the nation". January 2007- North Korea re-entered peace talks with the USA. February 2007- USA released reports admitting that reports of nuclear enrichment from 2002 may have been overstated. The fifth round of the six nation ended in an agreement that stated that North Korea would shut down the Yongbyon reactor in exchange for 50000 metric tons of fuel aid, and an extension once the reactor had been completely shut down. The agreement further called upon the re-instatement of IAEA inspectors at the site. July 2007- A 10-man IAEA team confirmed the shut down of the nuclear site and North Korea received 75000 metric tons of oil aid from South Korea. September 2007- American, Chinese and Russian inspectors visited the site to create a plan of action to permanently shut down the reactor. 2008- USA removed North Korea from its State Sponsors of Terrorism list. 2009- An attempted satellite rocket launch by North Korea. The UNSC released a presidential statement expressing its concern and calling urgent six nation talks, reminding North Korea about its obligations to the 1718 resolution. In response, North Korea showed its defiance by expelling IAEA officers and making an official statement saying that it would resume its nuclear programme. April 2009- North Korea reactivated its nuclear facility.

May 2009- North Korea tested a second nuclear device. 2012- After two years of relative inactivity, North Korea continued to test a number of longrange missiles through out the year 2013- North Korea announced its aspirations for peace talks on the New Years presidential statement.

SANTCTIONS AGAINST NORTH KOREA 1. BY THE USA

1.1- PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS A. Blocked Property and Interests in Property B. Transactions Involving North Korean Vessels C. Importing from North Korea

1.2- Exporting to North Korea

1.3- Travelling to North Korea

2. BY THE UNITED NATIONS

2.1- Prohibition of the trade of nuclear material and luxury goods 2.2- Prohibition on the provision of any nuclear training 2.3- Inspection of any cargo entering or leaving the nation

All The Best.