Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Activity-Based Costing
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
(b)
(c)
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(d)
5-6
5-7
5-8
In traditional, volume-based costing systems, only direct material and direct labor
are considered direct costs. In contrast, under an activity-based costing system, an
effort is made to account for as many costs as possible as direct costs of
production. Any cost that can possibly be traced to a particular product line is
treated as a direct cost of that product.
5-9
The pool rate is calculated by dividing the budgeted amount of an activity cost pool
by the budgeted total quantity of the associated cost driver. The pool rate is the cost
of a particular activity that is expected per unit of the associated cost driver.
5-10
Two factors that tend to result in product cost distortion under traditional, volumebased product-costing systems are as follows:
(a) Non-unit level overhead costs: Many overhead costs vary with cost drivers that
are not unit-level activities. Use of a unit-level cost driver to assign such costs
tends to result in cost distortion.
(b) Product diversity: When a manufacturer produces a diverse set of products,
which exhibit different consumption ratios for overhead activities, use of a single
cost driver to assign costs results in cost distortion.
5-11
Three important factors in selecting cost drivers for an ABC system are as follows:
(a) Degree of correlation between consumption of an activity and consumption of
the cost driver.
(b) Cost of measurement of the cost driver.
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5-2
(c) Behavioral effects, that is, how the cost driver selected will affect the behavior of
the individuals involved in the activity related to the cost driver.
5-12
An activity dictionary lists all of the activities identified and used in an activity-based
costing analysis. The activity dictionary provides for consistency in the terminology
and level of complexity in the ABC analysis in the organizations various subunits.
5-13
Designing and implementing an ABC system requires a large amount of data from all
facets of an organization's operations. A multidisciplinary team will be more effective
in obtaining access to this data, and the result will be a better ABC system.
Moreover, a multidisciplinary team typically helps in gaining acceptance of the new
product-costing system.
5-14
Indicators that a new product-costing system may be needed include the following
(eight required):
(a) Line managers do not believe the product costs reported by the accounting
department.
(b) Marketing personnel are unwilling to use reported product costs in making
pricing decisions.
(c) Complex products that are difficult to manufacture are reported to be very
profitable although they are not priced at a premium.
(d) Product-line profit margins are difficult to explain.
(e) Sales are increasing, but profits are declining.
(f) Line managers suggest that apparently profitable products be dropped.
(g) Marketing or production managers are using "bootleg costing systems," which
are informal systems they designed, often on a personal computer.
(h) Some products that have reported high profit margins are not sold by
competitors.
(i) The firm seems to have captured a highly profitable product niche all for itself.
(j) Overhead rates are very high, and increasing over time.
(k) Product lines are diverse.
(l) Direct labor is a small percentage of total costs.
(m) The results of bids are difficult to explain.
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Line managers are close to the production process and may realize that a complex
product, which is difficult to manufacture, is undercosted by a traditional, volumebased costing system. Because of the cost distortion that is common in such
systems, the undercosted product may appear to be profitable when it is really
losing money. Line managers may have a "gut feeling" for this situation, even if the
cost-accounting system suggests otherwise.
5-16
5-17
5-18
5-19
Management could use the ABC information about the cost of various types of
patient appointments for determining charges for appointments, making
appointment staffing decisions (e.g., physician versus nurse practitioner), and
justifying reimbursements from insurance companies or government agencies.
5-20
At Patio Grill Company, every unit of each product line manufactured requires all
eight of the support activities covered by the ABC system. In contrast, at Delaware
Medical Center, each patient sees a physician, or a nurse practitioner, or an intern,
or a resident. Moreover, each patient is either a new patient or a continuing patient,
but not both. Therefore, in determining the cost a patient appointment, the cost
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5-4
analyst would include only the relevant activity costs in the cost of a patient
appointment.
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 5-21 (15 MINUTES)
1.
Material-handling cost per mirror = $1,000. The analysis is identical to that given for
requirement (1).
3.
$50,000
5
(5 + 15) *
= $500
25
*The total number of material moves.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
5-6
a.
Quality-control costs assigned to the Satin Sheen line under the traditional system:
Quality-control costs = 14.5% direct-labor cost
Quality-control
costs assigned to
Satin Sheen line = 14.5% $27,500
= $3,988 (rounded)
b.
Quality-control costs assigned to the Satin Sheen line under activity-based costing:
Quantity for
Activity
Pool Rate
Satin Sheen
Incoming material inspection....... $11.50 per type..... 12 types.........
In-process inspection...................
.14 per unit...... 17,500 units...
Product certification..................... 77.00 per order.... 25 orders.......
Total quality-control costs assigned..........................................................
2.
Assigned
Cost
$ 138
2,450
1,925
$4,513
The traditional product-costing system undercosts the Satin Sheen product line, with
respect to quality-control costs, by $525 ($4,513 $3,988).
2,950,000 yen
30,000 yen
Total................................................................................................................
2,980,000 yen
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1,400,000 yen
120,000 yen
150,000 yen
30,000 yen
1,700,000 yen
40,000 yen
40,000 yen
610,000 yen
610,000 yen
700,000 yen
600,000 yen
60,000 yen
40,000 yen
120,000 yen
30,000 yen
1,550,000 yen
Cost driver: for costs allocated to support departments, square footage; for costs
assigned to products, number of units produced.
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(b)
(c)
Stage two: Select cost drivers for each activity-cost pool. Then assign the costs
in each cost pool to the company's product lines in proportion to the amount of
the related cost driver used by each product line.
2.
As described in the answer to the preceding exercise, the new system probably will
reveal distortion in the firm's reported product costs. In all likelihood, the high-volume
products are overcosted and the low-volume specialty products are undercosted.
3.
Strategic options:
(a)
Lower the prices on the firm's high-volume products to compete more effectively.
(b)
(c)
Consider eliminating the specialty product lines. This option may not be desirable
if there is a marketing need to produce a full product line. Also, the specialty
wheels may give Wheelco prestige.
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5-10
Classification
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
B
B
B
Activity
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
Classification
B
B
U
U
U
U
B
F
F
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5-12
REDWOOD COMPANY
COMPUTATION OF SELLING COSTS
BY ORDER SIZE AND PER SKEIN WITHIN EACH ORDER SIZE
Small
Order Size
Medium
Large
Total
Sales commissions
(Unit cost: $675,000/225,000
= $3.00 per box)....................
box)...........................................
$ 6,000
$135,000
$534,000
$ 675,000
127,150
105,650
62,600
295,400
47,400
31,200
26,400
105,000
4,850
24,150
31,000
60,000
$185,400
$296,000
$654,000
$1,135,400
103,000
592,000
2,180,000
$1.80
$.50
Catalogsb
(Unit cost: $295,400/590,800
= $.50 per catalog)................
catalog).....................................
Costs of catalog salesc
(Unit cost: $105,000/175,000
= $.60 per skein)...................
skein)........................................
Credit and collectiond
(Unit cost: $60,000/6,000
= $10.00 per order)................
order)........................................
$.30
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The analysis of selling costs shows that small orders cost more than large orders.
This fact could persuade management to market large orders more aggressively
and/or offer discounts for them.
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5-14
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 5-31 (25 MINUTES)
1.
a.
Indirect material.
Other indirect manufacturing costs (e.g., building maintenance, machine and
tool maintenance, property taxes, insurance, depreciation on plant and
equipment, rent, and utilities).
b.
2.
The increase in the overhead rate should not have a negative impact on the
company, because the increase in indirect costs was offset by a decrease in
direct labor.
3.
Separate costs into departmental overhead accounts (or other relevant pools),
with one account for each production and service department. Each
department would allocate its overhead to products on the basis that best
reflects the use of these overhead services.
Treat individual machines as separate cost centers, with the machine costs
collected and charged to the products using machine hours.
4.
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Direct material.
Direct labor:
3 hours x $12
4 hours x $12
Manufacturing overhead:
3 hours x $32
4 hours x $32
Total cost.
2.
Standard
Enhanced
$ 25
$ 40
36
48
96
$157
128
$216
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
5-16
Cost
Activity Cost
Driver
Application
Rate
Order
processing
$150,000
500 orders
processed (OP)
= $300 per OP
Machine
processing
560,000
40,000 machine
hrs. (MH)
= $14 per MH
Product
inspection
90,000
10,000 inspection
hrs. (IH)
= $9 per IH
Standard
Order processing:
300 OP x $300... $ 90,000
200 OP x $300...
Machine processing:
18,000 MH x $14... 252,000
22,000 MH x $14...
Product inspection:
2,000 IH x $9..
18,000
8,000 IH x $9.
Total
$360,000
Production volume (units)
3,000
Cost per unit
$120*
Enhanced
$ 60,000
308,000
72,000
$440,000
4,000
$110**
Direct material.
Direct labor:
3 hours x $12
4 hours x $12
Order processing, machine processing,
and product inspection..
Total cost.
3.
a.
Standard
Enhanced
$ 25
$ 40
36
48
120
$181
110
$198
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4.
Yes, especially since the companys selling prices are based heavily on cost.
An overcosted product will result in an inflated selling price, which could
prove detrimental in a highly competitive marketplace. Customers will be
turned off and will go elsewhere, which hurts profitability. With undercosted
products, selling prices may be too low to adequately cover a products more
accurate (higher) cost. This situation is also troublesome and will result in a
lower income being reported for the company.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
5-18
45,000 hours
44,000 hours
13,000 hours
102,000 hours
Activity
Activity
Cost Pool
Cost
Driver
Machine
Hours
Cost
Driver
Quantity
$
2.70
Machine
Related
$310,500
Material
Hand.
52,500
Prod.
Runs
100
525.00
Purch.
75,000
Purch.
Orders
300
250.00
Setup
85,000
Prod.
Runs
100
850.00
Inspect.
27,500
Inspect.
Hours
1,100
25.00
Ship.
66,000
Ship.
1,100
60.00
Eng.
32,500
Eng.
Hours
650
50.00
Fac.
575,000
115,000
5.00
Grand
Total
$1,224,000
Machine
Hours
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115,000
Pool
Rate
Product
Line
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
REG
ADV
GMT
Total
Grand
Total
Cost
Driver
Quantity
for
Product
Line
50,000
48,000
17,000
115,000
40
40
20
100
100
96
104
300
40
40
20
100
400
400
300
1,100
500
400
200
1,100
250
200
200
650
50,000
48,000
17,000
115,000
Activity
Cost for
Product
Line
$135,000
129,600
45,900
$310,500
$ 21,000
21,000
10,500
$ 52,500
$ 25,000
24,000
26,000
$ 75,000
$ 34,000
34,000
17,000
$ 85,000
$ 10,000
10,000
7,500
$ 27,500
$ 30,000
24,000
12,000
$ 66,000
$ 12,500
10,000
10,000
$ 32,500
$250,000
240,000
85,000
$575,000
Product
Line
Prod.
Volume
5,000
4,000
1,000
Activity
Cost per
Unit of
Product
$27.00
32.40
45.90
5,000
4,000
1,000
4.20
5.25
10.50
5,000
4,000
1,000
5.00
6.00
26.00
5,000
4,000
1,000
6.80
8.50
17.00
5,000
4,000
1,000
2.00
2.50
7.50
5,000
4,000
1,000
6.00
6.00
12.00
5,000
4,000
1,000
2.50
2.50
10.00
5,000
4,000
1,000
50.00
60.00
85.00
$1,224,000
Direct material.................................
Direct labor (not including
set-up time).................................
Total direct costs per unit..............
REG
$129.00
ADV
$151.00
GMT
$203.00
$ 32.40
5.25
6.00
8.50
2.50
6.00
2.50
60.00
$ 45.90
10.50
26.00
17.00
7.50
12.00
10.00
85.00
$123.15
$483.15
$213.90
$663.90
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5-20
ADV
GMT
$108.00
$132.00
$156.00
103.50
123.15
213.90
408.00
492.00
606.00
403.50
483.15
663.90
530.40
639.60
787.80
524.55
628.10
863.07
525.00
628.00
800.00
The REG and ADV products were overcosted by the traditional system, and the GMT
product was undercosted by the traditional system
REG
$408.00
$492.00
$606.00
403.50
483.15
663.90
$ 4.50
$ 8.85
($ 57.90)
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Activity
Activity
Cost
Pool
Cost
Driver
Cost
Driver
Quantity
100
Product
Line
Cost
Driver
Quantity
for
Product
Line
$525.00 REG
ADV
GMT
Total
40
40
20
100
Pool
Rate
Activity
Cost for
Product
Line
$21,000
21,000
10,500
$52,500
Product
Line
Production
Volume
Activity
Cost
per Unit
of
Product
5,000
4,000
1,000
$ 4.20
5.25
10.50
The results of the ABC calculations are in columns E, H and J. The ABC calculations are as
follows:
(1) Compute pool rate for material-handling activity:
Activity cost pool cost driver quantity = pool rate
$52,500
100
= $525.00
Pool Rate
Cost Driver
Quantity for
x Product Line
$525.00 x
525.00 x
525.00 x
40
40
20
=
=
=
$21,000
21,000
10,500
(3) Compute product cost per unit for each product line:
Activity Cost
for Each
Product
Product
Line
Line
REG
ADV
GMT
$21,000
21,000
10,500
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5-22
Product Line
Production Volume
5,000
4,000
1,000
=
=
=
=
Activity Cost
per Unit
of Product
$ 4.20
5.25
10.50
Type B
$ 35
20
160
$215
$ 60
20
120
$200
Direct material.
Direct labor..
Manufacturing overhead.
Unit cost
2.
Application
Rate
Activity
Cost
Manufacturing
setups
$ 672,000
80 setups (SU)
= $8,400 per SU
1,848,000
38,500 machine
hours (MH)
= $48 per MH
Machine
processing
Product
shipping
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560,000
175 outgoing
= $3,200 per OS
shipments (OS)
Type A
Manufacturing setups:
50 SU x $8,400.. $ 420,000
30 SU x $8,400..
Machine processing:
16,000 MH x $48...
768,000
22,500 MH x $48...
Product shipping:
100 OS x $3,200
320,000
75 OS x $3,200..
Total . $1,508,000
Type B
$ 252,000
1,080,000
240,000
$1,572,000
8,000
15,000
$188.50*
$104.80**
Direct material
Direct labor.
Manufacturing setup, machine
processing, and outgoing shipments..
Total cost.
3.
Type A
Type B
$ 35.00
20.00
$ 60.00
20.00
188.50
$243.50
104.80
$184.80
Yes, the Type A storage cabinet is undercosted. The use of machine hours
produced a unit cost of $215; in contrast, the more accurate activity-based-costing
approach shows a unit cost of $243.50. The difference between these two amounts
is $28.50.
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5-24
No, the discount is not advisable. The regular selling price of $260, when compared
against the more accurate ABC cost figure, shows that each sale provides a profit to
the firm of $16.50 ($260.00 - $243.50). However, a $30 discount will actually produce
a loss of $13.50 ($243.50 - $230.00), and the more units that are sold, the larger the
loss. Notice that with the less-accurate, machine-hour-based figure ($215), the
marketing manager will be misled, believing that each discounted unit sold would
boost income by $15 ($230 - $215).
Activity-based costing results in improved costing accuracy for two reasons. First,
companies that use ABC are not limited to a single driver when allocating costs to
products and activities. Not all costs vary with units, and ABC allows users to select
a host of nonunit-level cost drivers. Second, consumption ratios often differ greatly
among activities. No single cost driver will accurately assign costs for all activities
in this situation.
2.
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E-Commerce
Consulting
$387,500
$237,500
(139,500)
(212,040)
$ 35,960
(85,500)
(129,960)
$ 22,040
9.28%
9.28%
Activity
Driver
Cost
Staff support
In-house
computing
$180,000
136,400
Miscellaneous
office charges
25,600
Application
Rate
250 clients
4,400 computer
hours (CH)
$31 per CH
1,000 client
transactions (CT)
$25.60 per CT
Activity
Staff support:
200 clients x $720...
50 clients x $720.
In-house computing:
2,600 CH x $31.
1,800 CH x $31.
Miscellaneous office charges:
400 CT x $25.60...
600 CT x $25.60...
Total .
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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5-26
Information
Systems
Services
E-Commerce
Consulting
$144,000
$ 36,000
80,600
55,800
10,240
$234,840
15,360
$107,160
E-Commerce
Consulting
$387,500
$237,500
(139,500)
(234,840)
$ 13,160
(85,500)
(107,160)
$ 44,840
3.40%
18.88%
4.
Yes, his attitude should change. Even though both services are needed and
professionals are paid the same rate, the income percentages show that e-commerce
consulting provides a higher return per sales dollar than information systems
services (18.88% vs. 3.40%). Thus, all other things being equal, professionals should
spend more time with e-commerce.
5.
Probably not. Although both services produce an attractive return, the firm is
experiencing a very tight labor market and will likely have trouble finding qualified
help. In addition, the professional staff is currently overworked, which would
probably limit the services available to new clients.
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Pool
Rate
$2,000 per setup
$2 per pound
$5 per pound
$75 per inspection
$10 per machine
hour
Level of
Cost Driver
5 setups
10,000 pounds
2,000 pounds
10 inspections
500 machine hours
Assigned
Overhead
Cost
$10,000
20,000
10,000
750
5,000
Total
$45,750
2.
45,750
= $45.75 per box
1,000 boxes
3.
Predetermined
overhead rate
$625,000
total budgeted overhead cost
=
total budgeted machine hours
20,000
b.
5.
$15,625
= $15.625 per box
1,000 boxes
The film development chemicals entail a relatively large number of machine setups, a
large amount of hazardous materials, and several inspections. Thus, they are quite
costly in terms of driving overhead costs. Use of a single predetermined overhead rate
obscures this characteristic of the production job. Underestimating the overhead cost
per box could have adverse consequences for the company. For example, it could
lead to poor decisions about product pricing. The activity-based costing system will
serve management much better than the system based on a single, predetermined
overhead rate.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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5-28
(b)
Level of
Cost Driver
3 setups
900 pounds
300 pounds
3 inspections
50 machine hours
Assigned
Overhead
Cost
$ 6,000
1,800
1,500
225
500
$10,025
$10,025
= $100.25
100 plates
$120.00
40.00
100.25
$260.25
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Montreal Electronics should not continue with its plans to emphasize the Royal model
and phase out the Nova model. As shown in the following activity-based costing
analysis, the Royal model has a contribution margin of less than 3 percent, while the
Nova model generates a contribution margin of nearly 43 percent.
Cost per event for each cost driver:
Soldering....................
Shipments...................
Quality control............
Purchase orders.........
Machine power...........
Machine setups..........
Costs per model:
$942,000
860,000
1,240,000
950,400
57,600
750,000
1,570,000 =
20,000 =
77,500 =
190,080 =
192,000 =
30,000 =
$.60
43.00
16.00
5.00
.30
25.00
Royal
Nova
Direct costs:
Materiala...................................................................
Direct laborb.............................................................
Machine hoursc.......................................................
Total direct costs...........................................................
$2,336,000
168,000
288,000
$2,792,000
$ 4,576,000
396,000
3,168,000
$ 8,140,000
Assigned costs:
Solderingd................................................................
Shipmentse..............................................................
Quality controlf........................................................
Purchase ordersg....................................................
Machine powerh.......................................................
Machine setupsi......................................................
Total assigned costs......................................................
Total cost........................................................................
$ 231,000
163,400
340,800
549,900
4,800
350,000
$1,639,900
$4,431,900
$ 711,000
696,600
899,200
400,500
52,800
400,000
$ 3,160,100
$11,300,100
Calculations follow.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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5-30
Calculations:
Royal
a
Material.........................................
Direct labor...................................
c
Machine hours..............................
d
Soldering......................................
e
Shipments.....................................
f
Quality control..............................
g
Purchase orders...........................
h
Machine power.............................
i
Machine setups.............................
b
Nova
4,000 $584
4,000 $42
4,000 $72
385,000 $.60
3,800 $43
21,300 $16
109,980 $5
16,000 $.30
14,000 $25
22,000 $208
22,000 $18
22,000 $144
1,185,000 $.60
16,200 $43
56,200 $16
80,100 $5
176,000 $.30
16,000 $25
Profitability analysis:
Sales.............................................................
Less: Cost of goods sold............................
Gross margin................................................
Units sold.....................................................
Per-unit calculations:
Selling price..........................................
Less: Cost of goods sold.....................
Contribution margin.............................
Contribution margin percentage.........
Royal
Nova
$4,560,000 $19,800,000
4,431,900 11,300,100
$ 128,100 $8,499,900
4,000
22,000
$1,140.00
1,107.98
$ 32.02
2.8%a
Total
$24,360,000
15,732,000
$ 8,628,000
$900.00
513.64
$386.36
42.9%b
$32.02/$1,140.00 = 2.8%
$386.36/$900.00 = 42.9%
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-32
Using Manchester Technologys unit cost data, the total contribution margin expected
from the PC board is $2,360,000, calculated as follows:
Revenue................................................................................
Direct material......................................................................
Material-handling charge (10% of material).......................
Direct labor ($14 per hr. 4 hr.).........................................
Variable overhead ($4 per hr. 4 hr.)*...............................
Machine time ($10 per hr. 1.5 hr.)....................................
Total cost.......................................................................
Unit contribution margin.....................................................
Total contribution margin (40,000 $59)...........................
Per Unit
$300
$140
14
56
16
15
$241
$59
Total for
40,000
Units
$12,000,000
$5,600,000
560,000
2,240,000
640,000
600,000
$9,640,000
$2,360,000
Revenue................................................................................
Direct material......................................................................
Material-handling charge (10% of material).......................
Direct labor ($14 per hr. 1.5 hr.)......................................
Variable overhead ($4 per hr. 1.5 hr.)*............................
Machine time ($10 per hr. .5 hr.).....................................
Total cost.......................................................................
Unit contribution margin.....................................................
Total contribution margin (65,000 $30)...........................
Per Unit
$150
$ 80
8
21
6
5
$120
$30
Total for
65,000
Units
$9,750,000
$5,200,000
520,000
1,365,000
390,000
325,000
$7,800,000
$1,950,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
The pool rates, which apply to both the PC board and the TV board, are calculated as
follows:
Procurement............................
$400,000/4,000,000 = $.10 per part
Production scheduling...........
$220,000/110,000 = $2.00 per board
Packaging and shipping.........
$440,000/110,000 = $4.00 per board
Machine setup.........................
$446,000/278,750 = $1.60 per setup
Hazardous waste disposal.....
$48,000/16,000 = $3.00 per lb.
Quality control.........................
$560,000/160,000 = $3.50 per inspection
General supplies.....................
$66,000/110,000 = $.60 per board
Machine insertion.................... $1,200,000/3,000,000 = $.40 per part
Manual insertion...................... $4,000,000/1,000,000 = $4.00 per part
Wave soldering........................
$132,000/110,000 = $1.20 per board
Using activity-based costing, the total contribution margin expected from the PC
board is $1,594,000, calculated as follows:
Revenue..................................................................................
Direct material........................................................................
Procurement ($.10 per part 55 parts)...............................
Production scheduling..........................................................
Packaging and shipping........................................................
Machine setup ($1.60 per setup 3 setups).......................
Hazardous waste disposal ($3 per lb. .35 lb.)..................
Quality control
($3.50 per inspection 2 inspections).........................
General supplies....................................................................
Machine insertion ($.40 per part 35 parts).......................
Manual insertion ($4 per part 20 parts)............................
Wave soldering......................................................................
Total cost
Unit contribution margin
Total contribution margin
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-34
Per Unit
$300.00
$140.00
5.50
2.00
4.00
4.80
1.05
7.00
.60
14.00
80.00
1.20
$260.15
$39.85
Total for
40,000
Units
$12,000,000
$5,600,000
220,000
80,000
160,000
192,000
42,000
280,000
24,000
560,000
3,200,000
48,000
$10,406,000
$1,594,000
Revenue................................................................................
Direct material......................................................................
Procurement ($.10 per part 25 parts)..............................
Production scheduling........................................................
Packaging and shipping......................................................
Machine setups ($1.60 per setup 2 setups)....................
Hazardous waste disposal ($3 per lb. .02 lb.)................
Quality control......................................................................
General supplies..................................................................
Machine insertion ($.40 per part 24 parts).....................
Manual insertion...................................................................
Wave soldering.....................................................................
Total cost.........................................................................
Unit contribution margin.....................................................
Total contribution margin....................................................
4.
Per Unit
$ 150.00
$ 80.00
2.50
2.00
4.00
3.20
.06
3.50
.60
9.60
4.00
1.20
$110.66
$39.34
Total for
65,000
Units
$9,750,000
$5,200,000
162,500
130,000
260,000
208,000
3,900
227,500
39,000
624,000
260,000
78,000
$7,192,900
$2,557,100
The analysis using the previously reported costs shows that the unit contribution of
the PC board is almost double that of the TV board. On this basis, management is
likely to accept the suggestion of the production manager and concentrate
promotional efforts on expanding the market for the PC boards.
However, the analysis using activity-based costing does not support this decision.
This analysis shows that the unit dollar contribution from each of the boards is almost
equal, and the total contribution from the TV board exceeds that of the PC board by
almost $1,000,000. As a percentage of selling price, the contribution from the TV board
is double that of the PC board (26 percent versus 13 percent).
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
a.
WGCC's predetermined overhead rate, using direct-labor cost as the single cost
driver, is $5 per direct labor dollar, calculated as follows:
Overhead rate
= $3,000,000/$600,000
= $5 per direct-labor dollar
b.
The full product costs and selling prices of one pound of Kona and one pound of
Malaysian coffee are calculated as follows:
Kona
Direct material........................................
Direct labor.............................................
Overhead (.30 $5)...............................
Full product cost...................................
Markup (30%).........................................
Selling price...........................................
2.
$3.20
.30
1.50
$5.00
1.50
$6.50
Malaysian
$4.20
.30
1.50
$6.00
1.80
$7.80
A new product cost, under an activity-based costing approach, is $7.46 per pound of
Kona and $4.82 per pound of Malaysian coffee, calculated as follows:
Activity
Purchasing
Material handling
Quality control
Roasting
Blending
Packaging
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-36
Cost Driver
Purchase orders
Setups
Batches
Roasting hours
Blending hours
Packaging hours
Budgeted
Activity
1,158
1,800
720
96,100
33,600
26,000
Budgeted
Cost
$579,000
720,000
144,000
961,000
336,000
260,000
Unit Cost
$500
400
200
10
10
10
$3.20
.30
1.00
2.40
.40
.10
.05
.01
$7.46
Malaysian Coffee
Standard cost per pound:
Direct material.......................................................................................
Direct labor............................................................................................
Purchasing (4* orders $500/100,000 lb.)..........................................
Material handling (30 setups $400/100,000 lb.)...............................
Quality control (10 batches $200/100,000 lb.).................................
Roasting (1,000 hours $10/100,000 lb.)............................................
Blending (500 hours $10/100,000 lb.)...............................................
Packaging (100 hours $10/100,000 lb.)............................................
Total cost...............................................................................................
$4.20
.30
.02
.12
.02
.10
.05
.01
$4.82
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
The ABC analysis indicates that several activities other than direct labor drive
overhead. The cost computations show that the current system significantly
undercosted Kona coffee, the low-volume product, and overcosted the highvolume product, Malaysian coffee.
b.
The implication of the ABC analysis is that the low-volume products are using
resources but are not covering their share of the cost of those resources. The
Kona blend is currently priced at $6.50 [see requirement 1(b)], which is
significantly below its activity-based cost of $7.46. The company should set longrun prices above cost. If there is excess capacity and many of the costs are fixed,
it may be acceptable to price some products below full activity-based cost
temporarily in order to build demand for the product. Otherwise, the high-volume,
high-margin products are subsidizing the low-volume, low-margin products.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-38
Type of Activity
Unit-level
Batch-level
Product-sustaining-level
Facility-level
III. Engineering:
$90,000
100 change orders
3.
Ends: $4,500 per run 250 units per run = $18 per unit
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
$67,500
= $67.50 per unit
1,000 units
$900 per change order 100 change orders 25%
5,000 units
=
Ends:
$22,500
= $4.50 per unit
5,000 units
$76,800
= $76.80 per unit
1,000 units
$50 per sq. ft. 1,920 sq. ft. 20%
5,000 units
=
Ends:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-40
$19,200
= $3.84 per unit
5,000 units
5.
Ends
$ 60.00
45.00
200.00
90.00
67.50
76.80
$504.30
50.00
18.00
4.50
3.84
$181.34
6.
Odds
$ 40.00
30.00
Odds
$504.30
120%
$605.16
Ends
$181.34
120%
$217.61 (rounded)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
Ends
$200.00
$50.00
90.00
18.00
67.50
4.50
76.80
3.84
$434.30
$76.34
1,000
5,000
$434,300
$381,700
Total = $816,000
Cost distortion:
Odds
Traditional volume-based costing system:
reported product cost................................................
Activity-based costing system:
reported product cost................................................
Amount of cost distortion per unit..................................
$ 166.00
$249.00
504.30
$(338.30)
181.34
$ 67.66
Traditional
system
undercosts
odds by
$338.30
per unit
Production volume..........................................................
Total amount of cost distortion for entire
product line...............................................................
Ends
Traditional
system
overcosts
ends by
$67.66
per unit
1,000
5,000
$(338,300)
$338,300
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-42
Kara Lindley's predecessor at Northwest Aircraft Industries (NAI) would have used a
10 percent material-handling rate, calculated as follows:
Payroll...................................................................................
Employee benefits................................................................
Telephone.............................................................................
Other utilities........................................................................
Materials and supplies.........................................................
Depreciation..........................................................................
Total Material-Handling Department costs.........................
Material-handling rate
$288,000
$2,006,000 +$874,000
$180,000
36,000
38,000
22,000
6,000
6,000
$288,000
= 10%
2.
a.
b.
$288,000
46,000
$242,000
242,000
$ 1.00
Purchase orders might be a more reliable cost driver than is the dollar amount of
direct material, because resources are consumed in processing a purchase
order. The size of the order does not necessarily have an impact on the
consumption of resources.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
$2,006,000
10%
$ 200,600
New method:
Directly traceable material-handling costs
[$36,000 + (20% $36,000) + $2,800]...........................
Purchase orders (80,000 $1.00).......................................
Total (new method)..............................................................
$ 46,000
80,000
$126,000
Net reduction........................................................................
$74,600
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-44
A forecast of the cumulative dollar impact over a three-year period from 20x1 through
20x3 of Kara Lindley's recommended change for allocating Material-Handling
Department costs to the Government Contracts Unit is $234,346, calculated as
follows:
20x2
20x3
$2,952,000
_________
$ 295,200
46,000
$ 249,200
$ 3,025,800
$ 302,580
46,000
$ 256,580
254,100
_________ 266,805
83,853 88,046(rounded)
$ 249,200
254,100
$ 256,580
266,805
$ .98
83,853
$ .96
88,046
$ 82,176
46,000
$ 84,524
46,000
$ 128,176
$ 130,524
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
$2,066,400b
$ 206,640d
$2,118,060c
$ 211,806e
128,176
130,524
$ 78,464
81,282
a.
$ 74,600
78,464
81,282
$234,346
Refrain from engaging in any conduct that would prejudice Lindley's ability
to carry out her duties ethically.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-46
The steps Kara Lindley could take to resolve this ethical conflict are as follows:
She should also discuss the situation with an objective advisor to clarify the
issues involved and obtain an understanding of possible courses of action.
If the ethical conflict still exists after exhausting all levels of internal review,
then she may have no other course of action than to resign from the
company and submit an informative memorandum to an appropriate
representative of the company.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
a.
b.
$100,000
60,000
$ 160,000
800,000
$ 24,000
5,000
31,000
180,000
75,000
10,000
10,000
15,000
350,000
$1,310,000
The unit costs of Tuff Stuff and Ruff Stuff, with overhead assigned on the basis
of direct-labor hours, are calculated as follows:
Tuff Stuff:
Direct material........................................................
Direct labor ($8.00 per hour 2 hours)*..............
Overhead ($3.50 per hour 2 hours)*.................
Tuff Stuff unit cost...........................................
$5.00
16.00
7.00
$28.00
40,000
60,000
100,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-48
=
=
$ 3.00
24.00
10.50
$37.50
40,000
60,000
100,000
The total budgeted cost of the Fabricating and Assembly Departments, after
separation of overhead into the activity cost pools, is calculated as follows:
Total
Direct material...........
Direct labor...............
Overhead:
Indirect labor
Fringe benefits
Indirect material
Power
Setup
Quality assurance
Other utilities
Depreciation
Total overhead
Total cost
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
$160,000
800,000
$ 24,000
5,000
31,000
180,000
75,000
10,000
10,000
15,000
$ 350,000
$1,310,000
Fabricating
Percent
Dollars
100%
$160,000
75%
600,000
75%
80%
80%
50%
80%
$18,000
4,000
20,000
160,000
5,000
8,000
5,000
12,000
$232,000
$992,000
Assembly
Percent
Dollars
25%
$200,000
25%
20%
$ 6,000
1,000
11,000
20,000
70,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
20%
50%
20%
$118,000
$318,000
The unit costs of the products using activity-based costing are calculated as follows:
Fabricating:
Total cost.................................................................................
Less: Direct material...............................................................
Less: Direct labor....................................................................
Pool overhead cost.................................................................
$992,000
160,000
600,000
$232,000
88,000 hours
Tuff Stuff (4.4 hours 20,000 units).....................
120,000 hours
Ruff Stuff (6.0 hours 20,000 units)....................
Total machine hours...................................
208,000 hours
Pool rate per machine hour ($232,000/208,000).................... $1.12 per hour (rounded)
Hours:
Fabricating cost per unit: Tuff Stuff ($1.12 4.4 hours).... $4.93 per unit (rounded)
Ruff Stuff ($1.12 6.0 hours)... $6.72 per unit (rounded)
Assembly:
Total cost.................................................................................
Less: Direct labor....................................................................
Pool overhead cost.................................................................
$318,000
200,000
$118,000
Setups:
Tuff Stuff..............................................................
1,000
Ruff Stuff.............................................................
272
Total setups................................................
1,272
Pool rate per setup ($118,000/1,272)...................................... $92.77 per setup (rounded)
Setup cost per unit:
Tuff Stuff ($92.77 per setup 1,000 set-ups) 20,000 units $4.64 per unit (rounded)
Ruff Stuff ($92.77 per setup 272 set-ups) 20,000 units... $1.26 per unit (rounded)
Tuff Stuff unit cost:
Direct material.........................................................................
Direct labor (2 hours $8 per hour)......................................
Fabrication overhead..............................................................
Assembly overhead................................................................
Tuff Stuff unit cost..........................................................
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-50
$5.00
16.00
4.93
4.64
$30.57
Direct material.......................................................................
Direct labor (3 hours $8 per hour)....................................
Fabrication overhead............................................................
Assembly overhead...............................................................
Ruff Stuff unit cost........................................................
4.
$37.50
$34.98
The activity-based costing unit costs may lead the company to decide to lower its
price for Ruff Stuff in order to be more competitive in the market and continue
production of the product. It now appears that Ruff Stuff has lower unit costs and can
afford lower prices. Using ABC for assigning overhead costs generally leads to a
more accurate estimate of the costs incurred to produce a product. Management
should be able to make better informed decisions regarding pricing and production of
the companys products.
PROBLEM 5-45 (60 MINUTES)
1.
Product costs based on traditional, volumebased costing system...............................
110%..............................................................
Target price......................................................
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
Standard
Model
Deluxe
Model
Heavy-Duty
Model
$105.00
110%
$115.50
$215.00
110%
$236.50
$232.00
110%
$255.20
Standard
Model
Deluxe
Model
$10.00
10.00
32.00
$25.00
20.00
208.00
$42.00
20.00
75.20
17.04
43.50
34.08
15.28
52.00
29.25
12.50
$96.82
89.25
$437.75
25.59
$226.12
Pool I:
Depreciation, machinery...............................................................
Maintenance, machinery...............................................................
Total................................................................................................
Standard:
Deluxe:
Heavy-Duty:
$32.00
$208.00
$75.20
Pool II:
Engineering....................................................................................
Inspection and repair of defects..................................................
Total................................................................................................
Standard:
Deluxe:
Heavy-Duty:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-52
$1,480,000
120,000
$1,600,000
$350,000
375,000
$725,000
$17.04
$43.50
$34.08
Pool III:
Purchasing, receiving, and shipping...........................................
Material handling...........................................................................
Total................................................................................................
Standard:
Deluxe:
Heavy-Duty:
$15.28
$52.00
$29.25
Pool IV:
Depreciation, taxes, and insurance for factory...........................
Miscellaneous manufacturing overhead.....................................
Total................................................................................................
Standard:
Deluxe:
Heavy-Duty:
($595,000 42%)
($595,000 15%)
($595,000 43%)
20,000 =
1,000 =
10,000 =
$250,000
400,000
$650,000
$300,000
295,000
$595,000
$12.50
$89.25
$25.59
3.
Product costs based on activity-based
costing system..................................................
110%.......................................................................
New target price........................................................
Standard
Model
Deluxe
Model
$96.82
110%
$106.50
$437.75
110%
$481.53
Heavy Duty
Model
$226.12
110%
$248.73
The new target price of the standard model, $106.50, is lower than the current actual
selling price, $110.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
MEMORANDUM
Date:
Today
To:
From:
I.M. Student
Subject:
Product costing
Based on the cost data from our traditional, volume-based product-costing system,
our standard model is not very profitable. Its reported actual contribution margin is
only $5 ($110 $105). However, the validity of this conclusion depends on the
accuracy of the product costs reported by our product-costing system. Our
competitors are selling motors like our standard model for $106. This price suggests
that their product cost is substantially below our previously reported cost of $105.
Our new activity-based-costing system reveals serious product cost
distortions stemming from our old costing system. The new costing system shows
that the standard model costs only $96.82, which implies a target price of $106.50.
This price is lower than our current actual selling price and consistent with the price
our competitors are charging.
In contrast, our new product-costing system reveals that the deluxe model's
product cost is $437.75 instead of the previously reported cost of $215. The new
product cost suggests a target price of $481.53 for the deluxe model, rather than
$236.50, which was our previous target price for the deluxe model.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-54
The company should adopt and maintain the activity-based costing system. The price
of the standard model should be lowered to the $106. Lowering the price should
enable the firm to regain its competitive position in the market for the standard model.
Further price cuts should be considered if marketing studies indicate such a move
will increase demand.
The price of the deluxe model should be set near the target price of $481.53. If
the deluxe model does not sell at this price, management should consider
discontinuing the product line. Input from the marketing staff should be sought before
such an action is taken. An important consideration is the extent to which sales in the
standard model and heavy-duty model markets depend on the firm's offering a
complete product line.
A slight price reduction should be considered for the heavy-duty model (from
$255.20 down to $248.73). However, the product cost distortion from the old costing
system did not affect this model as seriously as it did the other two.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
$105.00
96.82
$8.18
Traditional
system
overcosts
standard
model by
$8.18
per unit
Product volume......................................................
Total amount of cost distortion for entire
product line........................................................
Deluxe
Model
Heavy-Duty
Model
$215.00
$232.00
437.75
$(222.75)
226.12
$5.88
Traditonal
system
undercosts
deluxe
model by
$222.75
per unit
Traditional
system
overcosts
heavy-duty
model by
$5.88
per unit
20,000
1,000
10,000
$163,600
$(222,750)
$58,800
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-56
The controller, Erin Jackson, has acted ethically up to this point. She correctly
pointed out to the president that the firm's traditional, volume-based product-costing
system was distorting the reported product cost for the company's three products.
She designed an activity-based costing system to provide more accurate productcosting data.
2.
The production manager, Alan Tyler, is not acting ethically. Although we can
sympathize with his plight, we cannot condone his pressuring the controller to
suppress or alter the new product-costing data she has compiled.
What can Tyler do that is ethical and has the potential for positive results?
First, he could take a hard look at the deluxe model's production process. Are there
non-value-added activities that could be reduced or eliminated? Second, he could
argue to the president that the company should carry a full product line, if he has
reason to believe that is the firm's best strategy.
3.
Jackson has an ethical obligation to the president, to the company, to her profession,
and to herself to report accurate product-costing data to the president. There is
nothing wrong with her offer to her friend to go over her analysis again to verify its
accuracy. However, she must report what she finds with no suppression or alteration
of the data. Several of the ethical standards for managerial accounting apply in this
case. (See Chapter 1 for a listing of these standards.) The standards that are most
clearly relevant include the following:
Integrity:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
Managerial Accounting, 7/e
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Inc.
5-58
SOLUTIONS TO CASES
CASE 5-48 (60 MINUTES)
1.
2.
Again, based on the product costs reported by the firm's traditional, volume-based
product-costing system, product W appears to be very profitable. As in requirement
(1), however, the validity of this assessment depends on the accuracy of the reported
product costs.
3.
Gigabyte's competitors have moved aggressively into the market for gismos (product
G), but they have abandoned the whatchamacallit (product W) market to Gigabyte.
These competing firms apparently believe they can sell gismos at a much
lower price than Gigabyte's management feels is feasible. This evidence suggests that
Gigabyte's competitors may believe their product cost for gismos is below Gigabyte's
reported product cost. In contrast, Gigabyte's competitors apparently believe that
they cannot afford to sell whatchamacallits at Gigabyte's current price of $200.
Perhaps the competing firms' reported production costs for product W are higher than
the cost reported by Gigabyte's product-costing system.
The danger to Gigabyte is that the company will be forced out of the market for
its second largest selling product. This could be disastrous to Gigabyte, Inc.
4.
Product
G
T
W
Total
Raw-Material
Cost per Unit
$35.00
52.50
17.50
Annual
Volume
8,000
15,000
4,000
Annual
Raw-Material
Cost
$ 280,000
787,500
70,000
$1,137,500
Percentage
of Total
Raw-Material
Cost*
25%
69%
6%
100%
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Direct material................................................
Direct labor.....................................................
Machine setupa...............................................
Machineryb......................................................
Inspectionc......................................................
Material handlingd..........................................
Engineeringe...................................................
Total................................................................
Product
T
Product
W
$52.50
12.00
.11
40.83
15.75
40.25
2.30
$163.74
$17.50
8.00
.66
76.56
52.50
13.13
47.40
$215.75
Machine setup:
Product G: ($5,250 20%)
Product T:
($5,250 30%)
Product W: ($5,250 50%)
b
Machinery:
Product G: ($1,225,000 25%)
Product T:
($1,225,000 50%)
Product W: ($1,225,000 25%)
c
Inspection:
Product G: ($525,000 15%)
Product T:
($525,000 45%)
Product W: ($525,000 40%)
d
Material handling:
Product G: ($875,000 25%)
Product T:
($875,000 69%)
Product W: ($875,000 6%)
e
Engineering:
Product G: ($344,750 35%)
Product T:
($344,750 10%)
Product W: ($344,750 55%)
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8,000 units =
15,000 units =
4,000 units =
$.13
$.11
$.66
8,000 units =
15,000 units =
4,000 units =
$38.28
$40.83
$76.56
8,000 units =
15,000 units =
4,000 units =
$9.84
$15.75
$52.50
8,000 units =
15,000 units =
4,000 units =
$27.34
$40.25
$13.13
8,000 units =
15,000 units =
4,000 units =
$15.08
$2.30
$47.40
Comparison of reported product costs, new target prices, and actual selling prices:
Product
G
Reported product costs:
Traditional, volume-based costing system
Activity-based costing system
Target price based on new product costs
(150% new product cost)
Current actual selling price
Product
T
Product
W
$191.00
141.67
$169.50
163.74
$95.50
215.75
212.51
213.00
245.61
254.25
323.63
200.00
Today
To:
From:
I.M. Student
Subject:
Implement the new activity-based costing system and revise its database frequently.
2.
Lower the target price of gismos to $213, the current actual selling price. This price
yields our usual 50 percent markup over product cost.
3.
Consider lowering the price of thingamajigs to $246 in order to increase demand. The
lower price still yields Gigabyte a 50 percent markup over product cost.
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Managerial Accounting, 7/e
Raise the price of whatchamacallits to $324. If the product does not sell at that price,
consider discontinuing the product line.
Product
W
$191.00
$169.50
$ 95.50
141.67
$49.33
163.74
$ 5.76
215.75
$(120.25)
Traditional
system
overcosts
product
G by
$49.33
per unit
Product volume......................................................
Total amount of cost distortion for entire
product line......................................................
Product
T
8,000
$394,640
Traditonal
system
overcosts
product
T by
$5.76
per unit
15,000
$86,400
Traditional
system
undercosts
product
W by
$120.25
per unit
4,000
$(481,000)
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Activity-based costing (ABC) differs from traditional costing in that it focuses on activities
that consume resources as the fundamental cost drivers. ABC is a two-stage cost
assignment process focused on causality and the determination of cost drivers. It usually
uses several different activities to assign costs to products or services. Therefore, it is
more detailed and more accurate than traditional costing. It also helps managers
distinguish between value added and non-value added activities.
2.
Assembly..................
Material handling......
Inspection.................
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RM-13
Estimated
20x1
20x2
Cost
Product
Data
Cost
$1,750,000
$92,593
(rounded)
100,000
(rounded)
30,000
300,000
5,500
110,000
10
5,000
50,000
40,000
7,500
75,000
$2,375,000
WHITESTONE COMPANY
BUDGETED STATEMENT OF GROSS MARGIN FOR 20X2
Sales revenue..................................................
Cost of goods manufactured and sold:
Beginning finished-goods inventory.............
Add: Direct material.....................................
Direct labor..........................................
Machining............................................
Assembly.............................................
Material handling.................................
Inspection............................................
Cost of goods available for sale....................
Less: Ending finished-goods inventory*....
Cost of goods sold.........................................
Gross margin...................................................
JR-14
$1,810,500
RM-13
$2,229,500
Total
$4,040,000
$ 240,000 $ 300,000
1,000,000
1,750,000
200,000
100,000
150,000
300,000
120,000
110,000
20,000
40,000
50,000 75,000
$1,780,000 $2,675,000
215,600 332,500
$1,564,400 $2,342,500
$ 246,100 $ (113,000)
$ 540,000
2,750,000
300,000
450,000
230,000
60,000
125,000
$4,455,000
548,100
$3,906,900
$ 133,100
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