TOPICS OF ENGINEERING GRAPHICS (Mechanical Portion)

Topic no. Topic Content No. of Lectures

(C)

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FROM GIVEN ISOMETRIC VIEW

07

Without Sections

With Sections

(D)

ISOMETRIC VIEW/PROJECTIONS
FROM GIVEN ORTHOGRPHIC VIEWS

05

View i.e. drawing

Projections

TYPES OF LINES USED IN ENGINEERING DRAWING

APPLICATIONS OF LINES ON DRAWING

A B C D

CONTINUOUS THICK CONTINUOUS THIN (WAVY) SHORT ZIGZAG THIN CONTINUOUS THIN SHORT DASH MEDIUM (DOTED
LINE )

40 30

D
E

25

F A E G1
60

LONG CHAIN THIN (CENTER

LINE)

150

B C

G1
G2

CUTTING PLANE LINE (IN F.V) CUTTING PLANE LINE (IN T.V)

Dimensioning Techniques
Trimmed and untrimmed drawing sheet sizes are commercially designated as A0 (Maximum size), A1, A2, A3, A4 & A5 (Least size). In Engineering Graphics term work, all the 4 sheets will be of A2 (approximately Imperial) size The following two systems are adopted for dimensioning purposes on orthographic views as well as on pictorial view.

ALIGNED SYSTEM
(FOR A2 TO A5 SHEET SIZE)
20

UNIDIRECTIONAL SYSTEM
(FOR LARGE SIZED SHEETS)
20

35

35

ARROW HEADS
(H x 3H)
3H

ORTHOGRAPHIC PREOJECTIONS
(MULTI VIEW REPRESENTATIONS i.e. F.V., T.V. & S.V. L.H.S.V OR R.H.S.V) FROM ISOMETRIC VIEW
PLANES OF PROJECTIONS QUADRANTS VISION DIRECTIONS

 VIEWES METHODS OF PROJECTIONS WITH THEIR SYMBOLS

SCALING OF A DRAWING (Full Size 1:1,

Reduced 1:2 or Enlarged 5:1 )

SCALING OF A DRAWING
(AS PER BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING.)

RECOMMENDED SCALES
1. FULL SCALE e.g. 1: 1

In certain cases the engineering components may be very large or very small for drawing purposes, hence the corresponding scale may be preferred from the following

2. REDUCED SCALE e.g. 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:15, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:5000, 1:10000

3. ENLARGED SCALE e.g. 50:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1, 2:1

SYMBOLS USED ON ENGINEERING DRAWING SHEET

FIRST ANGLE METHOD THIRD ANGLE METHOD OF OF ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS

M/c. PARTS ARE NEVER ASSUMED IN SECOND OR IN FOURTH QUADRANT, AS THE VIEWS MAY OVERLAP ON ONE ANOTHER ABOVE XY OR BELOW XY RESPECTIVELY.

ISOMETRIC VIEW
OF
OBJECT IN FIRST QUADRANT (FOR L.H.S.V.)
VP

PP

HP

Z1

FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS (FOR L.H.S.V.)

Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P with their respective hinges, considering V.P as fixed plane. It may be noted that :(a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y directional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1 directional view) is on P.P
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, While L.H.S.V is within H & D. c) The symbol for Ist angle method of projections is placed as shown on fig. 2(c)

V.P

P.P H

F.V. Y L X T.V.

D L.H.S.V.

H.P

Fig. 2(c)

AIM: Fig. 2(a) shows the Pictorial (ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block. Draw its following orthographic views using Ist angle method of projections. I. Front View II. Top View III.R. H. S.View

Y
V.P

P.P

Fig 2(a) Y
H.P

X Fig 2(b)

Z2

Z2

Note : Ist angle means, the block is assumed in front of V.P, above H.P and inside P.P,

as in fig. 2(b) where the F.V. is

projected on V.P, seen in X direction,

T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y

direction & R.H.S.V. is projected on P.P, seen in Z2 direction

Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P with their respective hinges, considering plane V.P as fixed plane. It may be noted that :a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y directional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z2 directional view) is on P.P
b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, While R.H.S.V is within H & D.

c) The symbol for Ist angle method of projections is placed as shown on fig. 2(c)

P. P

V.P

H D R.H.S.V. X L
H.P

F.V.
Y

Fig. 2(c)

T.V.

AIM:

Fig.

3(a)

shows

the

Pictorial

(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block. Draw its following orthographic views using IIIrd angle method of projections.

I. II. III.

Front View Top View Left Hand Side View

H.P Y P.P X Z1 Fig 3(a) X

Plane H.P turned up(above V.P) Plane P.P turned side way(towards left side of plane V.P) X

V.P
Z1

Fig 3(b)

Note : IIIrd

angle means, the block is

assumed behind V.P, below H.P and inside P.P, as in fig. 3(b) where the F.V.

is projected on V.P, seen in X direction,

T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y direction & L.H.S.V. is projected on P.P, seen in Z1 direction

Fig. 3(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P with their respective hinges, considering plane V.P as fixed plane. It may be noted that :a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y directional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1 directional view) is on P.P b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, While L.H.S.V is within H & D.

c) The symbol for IIIrd angle method of projections is placed as shown on fig. 3(c)

Fig. 3(c)

T.V. X 6 D L 2 Y

L.H.S.V

F.V.

AIM:

Fig.

4(a)

shows

the

Pictorial

(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block. Draw its following orthographic views using IIIrd angle method of projections.

I. Front View
II. Top View III.Right Hand Side View

Y
H. P

Z2 Fig. 4(a)

Y
V.P

P.P

Fig. 4(b) X Z2
Planes H.P, V.P & P.P are assumed as transparent

Note : IIIrd angle means, the block is assumed behind V.P, below H.P and inside P.P, as

in fig. 4(b) where the F.V. is projected

on V.P, seen in X direction, T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y direction &

R.H.S.V. is projected on P.P, seen in Z2

direction.

Fig. 4(c) shows turning of the planes H.P &P.P with their respective hinges, considering plane V.P as fixed plane. It may be noted that :a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y directional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z2 directional view) is on P.P b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, While R.H.S.V is within H & D. c) The symbol for IIIrd angle method of projections is placed as shown on fig. 4(c)

H . P

Fig. 4(c)
D T.V.

X L

P . P R.H.S.V.

F.V.
V . P

Step

by

step to

procedure prepare

Suggested

Orthographic views (First angle method) for The simple

component Shown pictorially in

figure

60

R40
20
X

ISOMETRIC VIEW

20

20 80

R.H.S.V

20

FRONT VIEW

40

SYMBOL IS NOT MARKED SCALE: 1:1

80

100 TOP VIEW

20

R40

FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A SIMPLE OBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS) SHOW ITS THREE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
a
1. Front View

2. Top View
3. L.H.S.View Use First Angle Method 1 2

B
3 c

b
A

B
A

b
2 3 1

F.V
a c

L.H.S.V.

b
3

T.V

FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF AN OBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS) SHOW ITS THREE ORTHO GRAPHIC VIEWS
1. Front View a

2. Top View
3. L.H.S.View b Use Third Angle Method 2 1

3
A

TOP VIEW 3 2 1

L.H.S VIEW

FRONT VIEW

Aim : Figure shows isometric view, of a simple machine component. Draw its following Orthographic views, & dimension them. 1. Front View 2. Top View 3. R.H.S. View
Use First Angle Method of projection

L = 75+25=100 H = 10+30=40 D=50

Figure
X Figure, is the isometric view

F.V 10

L=100 H=40 T.V L=100 D=50 D=50 S.V H=40

F.V.

40 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

10

25

75

T.V.

40 SQ
30,Depth 10

25 SQ 30

15 SQ

ISOMETRIC ORTHO. VIEWS

10

10

30

R.H. S.V.
5

F.V.

35
40 Sq

35 25 Sq

45 15 5

30

15 Sq

10

T.V.

40

10

Exercise : Figure shows the isometric view of a vertical shaft support.

Draw its all the three views, using first angle method of projections.
Give the necessary dimensions as per aligned system.

ISOMETRIC VIEW
24

64

40

50

64 24

40 50

30
140

FRONT VIEW
14

L.H.S.V

14

70

TOP VIEW

48

10

Exercise :Isometric view of a rod support is given. Draw its all the three orthographic views, using first angle method of projections. Give all the dimensions.

R22 40

ISOMETRIC VIEW

16 20

R22 30

66

30

30 26

10

40

20

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

80 20 140

SCALE: 1:1

TOP VIEW

R20

20

30

10

R8

ISOMETRIC
ORTHO. VIEWS

R20 20 30

100

45 30

8 20

25

16

10

R8

SECTIONING OF A MACHINE COMPONENT

BY ANY ONE SECTION PLA NE ,OUT OF THREE

FOLLOWING MENTIONED SECTION PLANES

(1)BY A VERTICAL SECTION PLANE

(PARALLEL TO PRINCIPLE V.P.)
Hence ,

(a)The real or true shape of the section is

observed in its F.V.

(b)Section plane will be seen as a cutting

plane line (similar to center line ,thick at

ends) with corresponding horizontal vision

direction arrows at the center of thick ends in

its T.V. & S.V.

(2)BY A HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANE

Hence,

(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in

its T.V. (b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at ends) with the corresponding vertically downward vision direction arrows at the center of the thick ends in its F.V. and in S.V.

(3) BY A SECTION PLANE , NORMAL TO BOTH H.P. AND V.P.(i.e. parallel to profile plane or side view plane)
Hence,
(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in its S.V.

(b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a

cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at ends) with the corresponding vertically downward

vision direction arrows at the center of the thick

ends in its F.V. and in T.V.

Figure shows isometric view of a machine component. Draw its (1)Front view, Top view & L.H.S View, using 3rd angle method of projections. (2)Sectional Front view, Top view & L.H.S.V., using 3rd angle method of projections.
15

15

50

Ortho. Views (No sectioning)

10

1.
30
25 15 40 60 50 30 50

50

Top View

L.H.S.View

15

Front View

It will be nearer to V.P. in 1st angle method & against the vertical plane in 3rd angle method.

Retained split of the machine parts

(With sectioning)

10

2.
25

30

15

40 60

30

50 A

50

Top View

L.H.S. View

Sectional Front View -AB

Figure shows the pictorial view of a machine component. Draw its following views as per First angle method of projections (1) Front view from X direction. (2) Sectional top view-AA (3) L.H.S. View 20

A
60

20

Sketch shows the assumed cut model (retained part of the machine component / split against the observer) due to horizontal section plane passing through AB.

20

30, 7deep

20

A 60

A
20

20

120 F.V.

L.H.S.V.

28 14

Sectional T.V.

Figure shows the pictorial view of a machine components. Draw its following views, using 3rd angle method of projections. (1) Front view from arrow X

30

(3) Sectional R.H.S.V - AB

20

60

(2) Top View

Retained split, will be nearer to V.P. in 1st angle method & against the vertical plane in 3rd angle method.

No hatching in this area as not contained in the section plane

Retained split of the machine parts

T.V.

20 20

40

80

90

60

F.V.

SEC. R.H.S.V

20

SPECIAL SECIONS HALF SECTION

HALF SECTIONAL F.V.-AB

HALF SECTIONAL LEFT S.V.-BC

A
C
TOP VIEW

SPECIAL SECTIONS

REMOVED & REVOLVED SECTIONS

REVOLVED SECTION

REMOVED SECTION

REMOVEDSECTION

REVOLVED SECTION

REMOVED SECTION

REMOVED SECTIONS