The following are the 7 QC Tools : 1. Pareto Diagram 2. Cause & Effect Diagram 3. Scatter Diagrams 4. Histogram 5.

Graphs 6. Contro Charts !. Chec" Sheets 1) Pareto Diagram Pareto Diagram is a too that arranges items in the or#er of the magnitu#e of their contri$ution% there$& i#entif&ing a fe' items e(erting ma(imum inf uence. )his too is use# *ua it& impro+ement for prioriti,ing pro-ects for impro+ement% prioriti,ing setting up of correcti+e action teams to so +e pro$ ems% i#entif&ing pro#ucts on 'hich most comp aints are recei+e#% i#entif&ing the nature of comp aints occurring most often% i#entif&ing most fre*uent causes for re-ections or for other simi ar purposes. 2) Cause & Effect Diagram . Cause/an# Effect Diagram is a too that sho's s&stematic re ationship $et'een a resu t or a s&mptom or an effect an# its possi$ e causes. 0t is an effecti+e too to s&stematica & generate i#eas a$out causes for pro$ ems an# to present these in a structure# form. )his too 'as #e+ise# $& Dr. 1ouro 0shi"a'a an# as mentione# ear ier is a so "no'n as 0shi"a'a Diagram. 3) Check Sheets 1. .s measurement an# co ection of #ata forms the $asis for an& ana &sis% this acti+it& nee#s to $e p anne# in such a 'a& that the information co ecte# is $oth re e+ant an# comprehensi+e. 2. Chec" sheets are too s for co ecting #ata. )he& are #esigne# specific to the t&pe of #ata to $e co ecte#. Chec" sheets ai# in s&stematic co ection of #ata. Some e(amp es of chec" sheets are #ai & maintenance chec" sheets% atten#ance recor#s% pro#uction og$oo"s% etc.

4) Graphs Graphs of +arious t&pes are use# for pictora representation of #ata. Pictora representation ena$ es the user or +ie'er to *uic" & grasp the meaning of the #ata. Different graphica representation of #ata are chosen #epen#ing on the purpose of the ana &sis an# preference of the au#ience. )he #ifferent t&pes of graphs use# are as gi+en $e o' 2 S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. ". %. ). T pe of Graph Bar Graph Line Graph Gantt Chart Radar Chart Band Graph &ie Chart *#+ Graph Purpose To compare sizes of data To represent changes of data To plan and schedule To represent changes in data ( efore and after! #ame as a o$e 'sed to indicate comparati$e (eights To represent data using s,m ols

!) "istogram Histograms or 3re*uenc& Distri$ution Diagrams are $ar charts sho'ing the #istri$ution pattern of o$ser+ations groupe# in con+enient c ass inter+a s an# arrange# in or#er of magnitu#e. Histograms are usefu in stu#&ing patterns of #istri$ution an# in #ra'ing conc usions a$out the process $ase# on the pattern. #) Co$tro% Charts 4aria$i it& is inherent in a manufacturing processes. )hese +ariations ma& $e #ue to t'o causes 5 i. 6an#om 7 Chance causes 8un/pre+enta$ e9. ii. .ssigna$ e causes 8pre+enta$ e9. Contro charts 'as #e+e ope# $& Dr. :a ter .. She'hart #uring 1;2<=s 'hi e he 'as 'ith >e )e ephone ?a$oratories. )hese charts separate out assigna$ e causes.

Contro chart ma"es possi$ e the #iagnosis an# correction of man& pro#uction trou$ es an# $rings su$stantia impro+ements in the *ua it& of the pro#ucts an# re#uction of spoi age an# re'or". 0t te s us 'hen to ea+e a process a one as 'e as 'hen to ta"e action to correct trou$ e. &'S(C C)NCEPTS * a. Data is of two types : 4aria$ e / measure# an# e(presse# *uantitati+e & -ttri ute . /uanlitati$e 1 Mean and Range : 0 . 1ean is the a$erage of a su .group R . Range is the difference et(een the minimum and ma2imum in a su .group Control Charts for Variables

Charts depleting the $ariations in 0 and R (ith time are 3no(n as 0 and R charts. 0 and R charts are used for $aria le data (hen the sample size of the su group is 2.". 4hen the su group size is larger5 s Charts are used instead of R charts (here s is the standard de$iation of the su group. 1 Control Charts for Attributes

The control charts for attri utes are p.chart5 np.chart5 c.chart and u. chart. Control charts for defecti$es are p and np charts. & charts are used (hen the sample size is constant and np charts are used (hen the sample size is $aria le. *n the case (here the num er of defects is the data a$aila le for plotting5 c and u charts are used. *f the sample size is constant5 c charts are used and u charts are used for $aria le sample sizes. +) Scatter Diagram :hen so +ing a pro$ em or ana &sing a situation one nee#s to "no' the re ationship $et'een t'o +aria$ es. . re ationship ma& or ma& not e(ist $et'een t'o +aria$ es. 0f a re ationship e(ists% it ma& $e positi+e or

negati+e% it ma& $e strong or 'ea" an# ma& $e simp e or comp e(. . too to stu#& the re ationship $et'een t'o +aria$ es is "no'n as Scatter Diagram. 0t consists of p otting a series of points representing se+era o$ser+ations on a graph in 'hich one +aria$ e is on @/a(is an# the other +aria$ e in on A/a(is. 0f more than one set of +a ues are i#entica % re*uiring more points at the same spot% a sma circ e is #ra'n aroun# the origina #ot to in#icate secon# point 'ith the same +a ues. )he 'a& the points ie scattere# in the *ua#rant gi+es a goo# in#ication of the re ationship $et'een the t'o +aria$ es. ?et us see some common patterns seen in Scatter Diagrams an# the conc usions one can #ra' $ase# on these patterns. Diagrams 6 to 11 sho' some of the more common patterns. ,) Stratificatio$ Data co ecte# using chec" sheets nee#s to $e meaningfu & c assifie#. Such c assification he ps gaining a pre iminar& un#erstan#ing of re e+ance an# #ispersion of the #ata so that further ana &sis can $e p anne# to o$tain a meaningfu output. Beaningfu c assification of #ata is ca e# stratification. Stratification ma& $e $& group% ocation% t&pe% origin% s&mptom% etc.