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Radianta Triatmadja
Lecture note 2
Ship Movement
• swaying (swinging),
• yawing (a. to swing back and forth across its course, as a ship pushed
by high waves or b. to swing to the left or right on the vertical axis so that
the longitudinal axis forms an angle with the line of flight; esp., to rotate or
oscillate about the vertical axis: said of a projectile, aircraft, spacecraft, etc.)
• pitching (to plunge or toss with the bow and stern rising and falling
abruptly: said of a ship )
Heaving and
Squating
swaying yawing
Pitching
rolling
Harbor’s Main Facilities
• Waterway
The Waterway serve as the road for the vessel to enter the harbor. A harbor
may be located in a shallower water than vessel’s draft. For this reason the
area should be dredged for harbor basin. Consequently, to enable a vessel
to arrive in the basin, certain area should be dredged connecting the basin
with the deeper water.
Waterway
Deeper
Harbor
water
basin
Harbor’s Main Facilities
• Waterway
The Waterway should be designed so that it performs well to serve the
traffic. Some factors that may affect the ability of vessels to go through
the channel are as follows:
2. Width (channel and the ship)
3. Length (channel and the ship)
4. Depth (channel) Weight (the ship),
Waterway
5. Speed (the ship)
6. Wind
7. Waves
Principle of Waterway Planning
R=4L
Principle of Waterway Planning
< 30o
Principle of Waterway Planning
> 30o
Principle of Waterway Planning
Lay out of waterway
1. It is better to have one long curve rather than many short curves.
2. If dredging can be done easily and relatively cheap, a straight waterway
is better.
R=4L
The Width of Waterway
In designing the width of the Waterway, one should
remember that
• Waterway is not visible above water
• waves and current may divert ships from their courses
• changing the direction of a ship is not as easy as
changing the direction of a car
• It takes more time to change the speed of a ship
Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Can you see any waterway ??
Ships navigation
n
t io
c
d ire
d
in
W
Harbor
The Width of Waterway
The above reason suggests that the width of a Waterway
should be relatively wider than normal road needed for
land transportation.
In fact, in some reference the width of the channel is at
least equals the length of the ship (which normally > 5
times the width). For comparison the width of two way
traffic of land transportation is less than 8 m or less than
twice that of normal vehicle.
Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Principle of Waterway Planning
Width of waterway
1. Standard waterway (OCDI)
Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Principle of Waterway Planning
Width of waterway
1. Standard waterway (comparison between OCDI and Per Brunn)
300
R2 = 0.6607
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ship Width (meter)
L>7B
Ratio between Width and Length of
Passenger ships
350
300 y = 8.46x
R2 = 0.7844
Ship Length (meter)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40
L>8B
Ratio between Width and Length of
General Cargo ships
200
180
y = 7.3719x
160
R2 = 0.6431
Ship Length (meter)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
L>7B
• The Width of waterways according to
Brunn is the minimum requirement. For
design purpose use OCDI standard.
Ship
Sloping to ensure
slope stability
Width = B
Should not
be counted
for
Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Principle of Waterway Planning
Design the layout of waterway by considering minimal dredging, ease and
safety of navigation. The required width of the waterway 15 meter. The
length of the largest ship is 200 m. (please note that there are many
alternatives)
Water depth
10 t ion
irec
15 d
h ip
g S15
in
om harbor
n c 10
I
5 200 m
Scale:
• PIANC : Permanent International
Association of Navigational Congresses