Rho (/ro/; uppercase , lowercase or ) is the 17th letter of theGreek alphabet.

. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form is not to be confused with the Latin letter P, although both are typeset using the sameglyph.
Contents
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1 Uses o o o o o 1.1 Greek 1.2 Other alphabets 1.3 Mathematics and science 1.4 Chi Rho 1.5 Rhodes Scholars

2 Character encodings 3 See also 4 References

Uses[edit]

The Greek alphabet on a black figurevessel, with an R-shaped rho.

Greek[edit]
Rho is classed as a liquid consonant (together with lambda and sometimes the nasals mu and nu), which has important implications for morphology. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, it represents a trilled or tapped r. In polytonic orthography a rho at the beginning of a word is written with arough breathing (equivalent to h) rh and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second rrh apparently

reflecting an aspirated or voicelesspronunciation in Ancient Greek, hence the various Greekderived English words which start with rh or contain rrh. The name of the letter is written in Greek as (polytonic) or /(monotonic).

Other alphabets[edit]
Letters that arose from rho include Roman R and Cyrillic Er ().

Mathematics and science[edit]

The characters , and are also used outside its Greek alphabetical context in science and mathematics.

In the physical sciences to represent:

Densities: mass density, or charge density () Resistivity () Rho meson (+, -, 0) General quantum states Hammett Equation, is used to represent the reaction constant, this is independent of the position and nature of the substituents of the benzene ring.

In mathematics to represent:

The radius in the cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems The correlation coefficient of a population parameter The spectral radius of a matrix The plastic number The sensitivity to interest rates of a pricing function The expected return of a given policy ( ) in reinforcement learning, denoted denoted as

In economics to represent the discount rate of future pence cash flows In molecular biology to represent the Rho protein responsible for termination of RNA synthesis. In such occasions, it is often represented as ("rho symbol" U+03F1), to avoid confusion with the Latin letter p

In ecology to represent the population damping ratio where = 1 / |2|.

In theology, it is used to sometimes denote the crucifixion of Jesus.[citation needed]

In computer programming

For LaTeX, the symbols are \rho ( ), and \varrho ( ) (note: \Rho is not defined by default) The lower-case rho "" has a special meaning in the APL programming language

In statistics to represent Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, commonly known as Spearman's rho In options theory to represent the rate of change of a portfolio with respect to interest rates

Chi Rho[edit]
The letter rho overlaid with chi forms the Chi Rho symbol, used to represent Jesus Christ.

Rhodes Scholars[edit]
Former Rhodes Scholars are entitled to use the Greek letter rho as a designation of their status. When used, the symbol should precede the name.[1]

Character encodings[edit]

Greek Rho[2]

Characte r

Unicode GREEK CAPITAL name LETTER RHO

GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA

GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA

GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH PSILI

Encodin decim gs al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

Unicode

929

U+03A 1

961

U+03C 1

8172 U+1FEC

8165 U+1FE5

8164 U+1FE4

UTF-8

206 CE A1 161

225 207 CF 81 191 17 129 2

225 E1 191 16 BF AC 5

225 E1 191 16 BF A5 4

E1 BF A4

Numeric &#x3A &#x3C &#817 &#x1FE &#816 &#x1FE &#816 &#x1FE character Ρ ρ 1; 1; 2; C; 5; 5; 4; 4; reference

Named character reference

Ρ

ρ

DOS Greek

144

90

168

A8

DOS Greek-2

199

C7

235

EB

Windows 1253

209

D1

241

F1

TeX

\rho

Greek Rho symbols

Characte r

Unicode name

GREEK RHO SYMBOL

GREEK RHO WITH STROKE SYMBOL

GREEK LETTER SMALL CAPITAL RHO

GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER RHO CHI RHO

Encodin decim gs al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

Unicode

1009

U+03F 1

1020

U+03F C

7465 U+1D29

7528 U+1D68

9767 U+2627

UTF-8

207 CF B1 177

225 207 CF BC 180 16 188 9

225 E1 181 16 B4 A9 8

226 E1 152 16 B5 A8 7

E2 98 A7

Numeric &#100 &#x3F &#102 &#x3F &#746 &#x1D2 &#752 &#x1D6 &#976 &#x262 character 9; 1; 0; C; 5; 9; 8; 8; 7; 7; reference

TeX

\varrho

Coptic Ro Character

Unicode name

COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER RO

COPTIC SMALL LETTER RO

COPTIC SYMBOL CHI RHO

Encodings

decimal

hex

decimal

hex

decimal

hex

Unicode

11426

U+2CA2

11427

U+2CA3

11497

U+2CE9

UTF-8

226 178 162

E2 B2 A2

226 E2 B2 A3 178 163

226 E2 B3 A9 179 169

Numeric character reference

Ⲣ Ⲣ

ⲣ ⲣ

⳩ ⳩

Technical Symbol Character

Unicode name

APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RHO

Encodings

decimal

hex

Unicode

9076

U+2374

UTF-8

226 141 180

E2 8D B4

Numeric character reference

⍴

⍴

Mathematical Rho

Charac ter

Unicod e name

MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL RHO

MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL RHO

MATHEMATICAL BOLD RHO SYMBOL

MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL RHO

MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL RHO

Encodi decim ngs al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

Unicod U+1D6 U+1D6 U+1D6 U+1D6 U+1D7 120504 120530 120544 120562 120588 e B8 D2 E0 F2 0C

UTF-8

240 15 7

F0 9D

240 15 7

F0 9D

240 15 7

F0 9D

240 15 7

F0 9D

240 15 7

F0 9D

154 18 4

9A B8 155 14 6

9B 92 155 16 0

9B A0 155 17 8

9B B2 156 14 0

9C 8C

UTF-16

55349 57016

D835 DEB8

55349 57042

D835 DED2

55349 57056

D835 DEE0

55349 57074

D835 DEF2

55349 57100

D835 DF0C

Numeri c charact er referen ce

&#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D6 &#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D7 504; 6B8; 530; D2; 544; 6E0; 562; 6F2; 588; 0C;

Charac ter

Unicod e name

MATHEMATICAL ITALIC RHO SYMBOL

MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL RHO

MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL RHO

MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC RHO SYMBOL

MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL RHO

Encodi decim ngs al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

Unicod U+1D7 U+1D7 U+1D7 U+1D7 U+1D7 120602 120620 120646 120660 120679 e 1A 2C 46 54 67

UTF-8

240 15 7 156 15 4

240 15 F0 9D 7 9C 9A 156 17 2

240 15 F0 9D 7 9C AC 157 13 4

240 15 F0 9D 7 9D 86 157 14 8

240 15 F0 9D 7 9D 94 157 16 7

F0 9D 9D A7

UTF-16

55349 57114

D835 DF1A

55349 57132

D835 DF2C

55349 57158

D835 DF46

55349 57172

D835 DF54

55349 57191

D835 DF67

Numeri c charact er referen ce

&#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D7 &#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D 602; 71A; 620; 2C; 646; 746; 660; 754; 679; 767;

Charac ter

Unicod e name

MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL RHO

MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD RHO SYMBOL

MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL RHO

MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL RHO

MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC RHO SYMBOL

Encodi decim ngs al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

decim al

hex

Unicod U+1D7 U+1D7 U+1D7 U+1D7 U+1D7 120704 120718 120737 120762 120776 e 80 8E A1 BA C8

UTF-8

240 15 7 158 12 8

240 15 F0 9D 7 9E 80 158 14 2

240 15 F0 9D 7 9E 8E 158 16 1

240 15 F0 9D 7 9E A1 158 18 6

240 15 F0 9D 7 9E BA 159 13 6

F0 9D 9F 88

UTF-16

55349 57216

D835 DF80

55349 57230

D835 DF8E

55349 57249

D835 DFA1

55349 57274

D835 DFBA

55349 57288

D835 DFC8

Numeri c charact er referen ce

&#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D &#120 &#x1D7 &#120 &#x1D7 704; 780; 718; 78E; 737; 7A1; 762; BA; 776; C8;

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.

See also[edit]

, - Er (Cyrillic) R, r - Latin P, p - Latin

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Oxford University Calendar: Notes on Style". Oxford University Gazette. 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2011-09-08. 2. Jump up^ Unicode Code Charts: Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)