Name:

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II

To receive credit for this assignment, your answers must be in your own words, and: well-written, with terms correctly spelled. NOT copied from any course handouts; NOT be copied from your or any other textbook (with the exception of definitions); NOT be identical to another students answers.

The due date for this assignment will be announced in class.

#Points: 165

S10

1. Definitions. Provide a simple, concise definition for the following terms (6 pts ): brush border

colon

mesentery

pepsin

villus

bile

A C

B D

G I J L K

E F H

2. Matching. Match the labels on the figure with the terms below (12 pt). anus esophagus gallbladder large intestine liver mouth pancreas rectum salivary gland small intestine stomach tongue

A C E G

F I
body cardia (cardiac region) duodenum esophagus fundus

3. Matching. Match the labels on the figure with the terms below (9 pts). muscularis externa pyloric sphincter pylorus rugae

4. a. How does the stomach participate in mechanical digestion? (1 pt)

b. How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified to allow it to carry out this function? (1 pt)

A B

D E

5. Matching. Match the labels on the figure with the terms below (6 pt). circular folds mucosa muscularis serosa submucosa villi

6. Describe the important role played by both villi and microvilli in digestion (1 pt).

A B C D F H

7. Matching. Match the labels on the figure with the terms below (8 pts). bile duct common hepatic duct cystic duct falciform ligament gallbladder liver pancreas pancreatic duct

8. Briefly list the functions of the following digestive system structures (6 pts): Structure stomach small intestine liver gallbladder pancreas large intestine Function

9. List and describe the three phases of gastric secretion (3 pts): Phase a. Description

b.

c.

10. Hormonal stimuli are important for digestive activities, especially those that occur in the stomach and small intestine. Match the hormones below with the correct statements (5 pts). A. Cholecystokinin B. Gastrin C. Secretin D. Somatostatin 1. These two hormones stimulate the pancreas to release its secretions. 2. This hormone stimulates increased production of gastric juice. 3. This hormone causes the gallbladder to release stored bile. 4. This hormone causes the liver to increase its output of bile. 5. These hormones inhibit gastric mobility and secretory activity. (Note: Statements can have more than one answer!)

11. Complete the table below by providing the substrates, products, site of secretion and location of activity of the following digestive enzymes (14 pts per row). Enzyme
Salivary amylase

Substrate

Product

Secreted by

Active in

Pepsin

Trypsin

Dipeptidase

Pancreatic amylase

Lipase

Maltase

Carboxypeptidase

12. Definitions. Provide a simple, concise definition for the following terms (8 pt each): Sertoli cell

endometrium

capacitation

ovulation

granulosa cell

vasectomy

spermiogenesis

polar body

13. Matching. Match the labels on the figure with the terms below (8 pts). cervix clitoris

A E F G J K H

B C D

corpus cavernosa corpus spongiosum epididymis labia (major & minor) ovary oviduct penis prostate gland

scrotum seminal vesicles testis uterus vagina vas deferens

L N O P

14. Briefly summarize the effects of the two major gonadotropins on the male reproductive system (2 pt ). FSH

LH

15. What is the name of the active androgen found in males?

(1 pt)

16. Why is this androgen more active than testosterone (T)? (1 pt)

9. What is the function of the epididymis? (1 pt)

17. What is the blood-testis barrier and why is it important? (2 pts)

18. Distinguish between an oocyte and an egg (1 pt).

A human female is typically born with approximately 7 million oocytes. 19. What stage of meiosis are these cells in at birth? 20. What stage of meiosis are these cells in when ovulated? 21. If a woman only ovulates ~360 oocytes over the course of her reproductive life, what happens to the rest (that arent ovulated)? (1 pt) (1 pt) (1 pt)

22. The female reproductive cycle is maintained by a sophisticated interplay between gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and steroid hormones (mainly estradiol). Describe how these hormones interact to bring about ovulation and uterine lining proliferation. Pay special attention to the role of feedback mechanisms (4 pts).

23. What is the acrosome reaction? (1 pt)

24. What triggers the acrosome reaction? (1 pt)

25. Fertilization is a highly ordered process in which events must occur in a specific sequence. Place the following events in the correct order by numbering the statements. The first and last have been done for you (12 pts). 1 Semen is ejaculated into the vagina. Sperm become capacitated in female reproductive tract. Sperm binds to oocyte plasma membrane. Sperm encounter oocyte-cumulus cell complex in ampulla of oviduct. Sperm head binds to zona pellucida glycoprotein ZP3. Sperm head fuses with oocyte plasma membrane. Sperm migrate through cervix and into uterus. Sperm nucleus enters oocyte cytosol and decondenses. Sperm penetrate the cumulus cell complex. Sperm penetrates the zona pellucida and enters the perivitelline space. Sperm undergoes the acrosome reaction. 12 Male and female chromosomes congregate, restoring the diploid (2n) number.

26. Definitions. Provide a simple, concise definition for the following terms (8pts): hyperglycemia

nephron

osmolarity

ureter

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

filtrate

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

renal pelvis

C E

A B D F G

H
27. Matching. Match the labels on the figure with the terms below (8 pts). capsule cortex major calyx minor calyx renal column renal pelvis pyramid ureter

28. What is the function of the ureter? (1 pt)

29. What is the function of the urethra? (1 pt)

30. Fill in the blank spaces to complete the concept map (8 pts).

31.Once your concept map is complete, color the boxes as described below (3 pts): Color the boxes that contain oxygenated blood RED. Color the boxes that contain deoxygenated blood BLUE. (To be technically correct, one of the boxes can be half red/half blue.) Color the boxes that contain filtrate/urine YELLOW.

32. The epithelial cells that line the renal tubules are highly specialized to fit their important function in either secretion or absorption. In the table below, briefly summarize both the structural and the functional aspects of these cells (4 pts). Cell type: PCT cells Structure* Function

Loop of Henle cells

DCT cells

Collecting duct cells

*Hint: This column can be answered with a nice, well-labeled drawing!

33. When the filtrate is produced, what types of molecules can pass into the renal tubule? (1 pt)

34. What types of things cant/shouldnt (under normal circumstances) pass from the blood supply to the filtrate? (1 pt)

35. Describe the organization and function(s) of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In your answer, list the two important monitoring cells found in the JGA and include their jobs in filtrate formation (4 pts).

36. Label the following histological slides. Each slide carries 2 points.

1. Esophagus

2. Pancreas

Pancreas

3. Small Intestine

4. Testis

5. Ovaries