concrete surface towards the free edge.

The concrete capacity is calculated by multiplying the projected area of the failure surface at the concrete edge by the concrete average tensile strength of 0.33 f c. Applied Shear

ae df

0.94 f c

f uf

(106)

Side

Failure Surface

Front

Figure 60 Concrete failure surface under bolt shear force near a concrete edge (Ref. [31])
The minimum side cover required to ensure a ductile failure requires the concrete wedge capacity to carry a shear load equal to the nominal shear capacity of the anchor bolt. The concrete capacity of the wedge cone can be calculated as follows: V u.c = 0.33 f c a 2 e 2 (103)

where: = 0.65 in [3] and 0.85 in [17] V u.c = concrete capacity against wedge cone failure Experimental results have shown that equation (103) provides a good estimate of the concrete wedge capacity using equal to 0.65. [44][45] Based on [2], [3] and [17] the nominal shear capacity of the anchor bolt is calculated assuming that the shear is transferred by friction between the steel and the concrete with a friction coefficient of 0.7: V u.b = 0.7 d 2 f f 4 uf (104)

where: = 0.65 in [3] and 0.85 in [17] Based on the guidelines provided in reference [3], simplified design guidelines of the minimum edge distances calculated with equation (106) using equal to 0.65 are presented in reference [39] which are as follows: for Grade 250 bars and Grade 4.6 bolts: a e 12d f minimum bolt spacing 16d f for Grade 8.8 bolts: a e 17d f minimum bolt spacing 24d f These minimum bolt spacings intend to avoid overlapping of anchors concrete failure cones. These have also been recommended in reference [26]. For completeness minimum edge distances have been derived in Section 12. based on equation (106) with equal to 0.65 and 0.85. Also simplified expressions have been derived as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Table 4 Grade 4.6 bolts and 250 Grade rods 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.85 0.85 0.85 f c 20 25 32 20 25 32 ae 13 df 12 df 11 df 11 df 10 df 10 df

Table 5 Grade 8.8 bolts

0.65 0.65 0.65 0.85 0.85 0.85 f c 20 25 32 20 25 32 ae 18 df 17 df 16 df 16 df 15 df 14 df

where: V u.b = nominal shear capacity of an anchor bolt assumed to be transferred by friction between anchor and concrete with a friction coefficient of 0.7 The minimum side cover a e to be adopted for the anchor bolt to avoid the concrete wedge failure can be determined ensuring that the concrete capacity against wedge failure V u.c is able to carry the shear capacity of the bolt transferred by friction V u.b and equating equation (103) to equation (104): [2] a 2 e V u.c = 0.33 f c 2 = 0.7 d 2 f f = V u.b 4 uf (105)

and solving equation (105) for a e:

References [26] and [47] recommend edge distances based on values equal to 0.85. In the case the side cover is less than a e (calculated with equation (106)) caution should be placed in the design and positioning of the reinforcement. The shear capacity of an anchor bolt located at a distance less than a e3 from a concrete edge should be ignored. Adopting a similar reinforcement layout as suggested in Fig. 35 to resist direct tensile loading it has been observed by limited testing that concrete failure would occur when
STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 36 NUMBER 2 SEPT 2002

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