12.

APPENDIX C - Determination of Embedment Lengths and Edge Distances

The recommended guidelines regarding the minimum embedment lengths and concrete edge distances are here derived in a similar manner as carried out in references [39] and [47]. The guidelines derived in [39] are also recommended in [21] and [26]. Differences between the derivations carried out here and those presented in references [39] and [47] are noted. C.1 MINIMUM EMBEDMENT LENGTH OF ANCHOR BOLTS

The tensile capacity of the anchor bolt is determined in accordance with Clause 9.3.2.2. of AS 4100 as follows: N tf = A sf uf (184) where: A s = tensile stress area in accordance with AS 1275 [9] The minimum embedment length is calculated equating equations (183) and (184) as follows:

0.33 f c L 2 d + d fL d = A sf uf
and solving for L d: Ld = where: d f + d 2 + 4 f 2 100

(185)

The recommended model requires the anchorage system (anchor to concrete connection) to fail in a ductile manner. This is achieved by ensuring that the concrete capacity is greater than the tensile capacity of the anchor bolt. [2] Minimum embedment lengths are here derived, similarly to [39], for isolated anchor bolts. Anchor bolts in bolt groups might require longer embedment lengths due to overlapping of the concrete failure envelopes. The calculation of the concrete capacity is based on the procedure described in the recommended model. The concrete cone projected area is calculated ignoring the area of the bolt calculated using the nominal bolt diameter d f. In [39] the projected area is calculated ignoring the area of a circle equivalent to the projected area of a heavy hexagonal head. Comparing the ratios L dd f (where L d is the minimum embedment length required and d f is the nominal bolt diameter) regarding the same types of bolts, the results obtained here appear to be of the order of 1% more conservative than the ones obtained in [39]. The further simplification of simply considering the cone as starting at the embedded end of the anchor bolt has been adopted in reference [47]. The concrete capacity is calculated as follows: N cc = 0.33 f c A ps (183)

(186)

where: = 0.7 (based required for Clause 9.2.3 of AS 3600) instead of 0.65 as adopted in references [39] and [47] d A ps = L d + f 2
2

0.33 f c The minimum embedment lengths derived and recommended in [39] have been calculated adding an additional safety factor of 1.33. The recommended embedment lengths recommended here do not include the additional safety factor of 1.33 (similarly to reference [47]). For completeness the embedment lengths have been here calculated with and without the safety factor of 1.33. The calculation of the minimum embedment lengths for anchors with different bolts tensile strengths and for different concrete strengths is carried out in Tables 7 and 8 in order to explicitly show how this additional safety factor of 1.33 introduced in references [39] is incorporated in the results. The tabulated results are smaller than those presented in reference [47] due to the different procedure utilised to determine the projected area even if here a equal to 0.7 has been adopted. Including the additional factor of safety sf = 1.33 recommended in reference [39] equation (186) can be re-written as : L d = sf where: d2 + d 2 + 4 f f 2 100 (187)

f ufA s

d f 2

=
2

= (L d + d fL d)

sf = 1.33 f ufA s = 0.33 f c

49

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 36 NUMBER 2 SEPT 2002