Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140

Wavelet representation of voltage icker

Tongxin Zheng, Elham B. Makram *
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson Uni6ersity, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
Received 21 May 1998; accepted 1 June 1998
Abstract
Voltage icker can be considered as a voltage magnitude modulated signal with a frequency ranging from 0.5 to 30 Hz. Wavelet
transform is a powerful tool to analyze this kind of nonstationary, wide-range frequency signal. The wavelet representation of
voltage icker signal is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme is implemented in three steps. Firstly, a low-pass
demodulation lter is designed to nd the magnitude of 60 Hz component. Accordingly, a high degree of accuracy may be
achieved and the effect of the transient, harmonics and white noise may be eliminated. Secondly, a multiresolution analysis
(MRA) scheme that is an orthonormal wavelet transform, can then be applied to decompose the demodulated signal into several
components according to the scales. Components at high scale can be considered as white noise, while components at the low scale
represent the voltage uctuation. The smooth version left by the MRA scheme represents the DC component. Finally, the voltage
icker level can be estimated by the wavelet coefcients at different scales, which give the time and frequency information.
Numerical examples are also presented in this paper to show the efciency of the proposed scheme. 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.
All rights reserved.
Keywords: Voltage icker; Wavelet transform; Multiresolution analysis; Power quality
1. Introduction
Voltage icker may create problems with the system
equipment. It affects the starting torque, slip, starting
current, and temperature rise. It also causes an over-
load in motors and generators. In addition, it reduces
the life of the electronic, incandescent, uorescent and
CRT devices. Electronic controllers are likely to misop-
erate during voltage variations. It also inuences the
visual perception of light [1].
Any sudden change in the rms value of the supplied
voltage can be considered as a voltage icker phenom-
ena. Typically in the arc furnace system, the voltage
magnitude uctuation can be characterized as a fre-
quency change from 0.5 to 30 Hz.
The possible sources of voltage icker widely exist in
the power system. The most common sources of voltage
icker are switching loads and motor starting due to
the combination of high inrush current and low power
factor during starting. Included under this category are
fans, pumps, compressors, air conditioners, refrigera-
tors, elevators, etc. Intermittent loads such as arc-
welders, spot welders, and arc furnaces also produced
sudden changes in voltages and therefore produced
voltage icker. Another possible source of icker is the
switching of power-factor correction capacitors [2].
The icker phenomena can be divided into two gen-
eral categories, cyclic and non-cyclic icker. The cyclic
icker is that resulting from periodic voltage uctua-
tions. Non-cyclic icker corresponds to occasional
voltage uctuations [3].
The measurement of voltage icker involves the
derivation of the system RMS voltage variation and the
frequency at which the variation occurs. The current
techniques related to the icker measurement and con-
trol are classied into the following categories
1. FFT technique [1]
2. FFT prune technique [4]
3. Kalman lter technique [5,6]
Most of the proposed techniques have their own advan-
tage in identifying the icker magnitude and frequen-
cies. It was well known that FFT and FFT prune
techniques could not be applied for the nonstationary
signals. Although the Kalman lter is satised for the
nonstationary process, it can only identify one major
frequency component of the icker signal that may
contain several icker frequencies. * Corresponding author.
0378-7796/98/$ - see front matter 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
PII S0378-7796(98)00099-6
T. Zheng, E.B. Makram / Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140 134
Unlike the Fourier transform, the wavelet transform
is well suited to a wide band signal, which may be a
nonstationary process. The time-shifting and scaling
characteristic give wavelet transform the ability of fo-
cusing on short time intervals for high frequency com-
ponent and long time intervals for low frequency
components [7,8].
Current research has shown that wavelet transform is
a powerful tool for the study of power quality problem.
[914] gave some good examples of wavelet transform
application on power system transient detection, simu-
lation, analysis and protection.
In this paper, wavelet transform is applied on the
voltage icker problem. Generally speaking, voltage
icker signal contains several icker frequency compo-
nents, which may be cyclic and non-cyclic, and white
noise, wavelet transform can be used in this kind of
signal. The proposed scheme can be implemented in
two steps. Firstly, a low-pass lter is used to demodu-
late the sampling data to get the voltage magnitude.
Since the sampling frequency is higher than the funda-
mental frequency, the sampling data can be fully used
without losing any information. Then multiresolution
analysis technique is applied to decompose the demodu-
lated signal into scales. In this way, a nice representa-
tion of icker signal is achieved on different scales.
Each scale corresponds to a xed frequency, the magni-
tude of shifted coefcients of each scale indicate the
magnitude of icker at scaled frequency. Finally,
voltage icker level is calculated based on the wavelet
transform coefcients.
A brief introduction to wavelet transform is dis-
cussed in Section 2, and the proposed scheme is pre-
sented in Section 3. Numerical results from the
proposed scheme are given in Section 4. [7,8] give a
detailed description of wavelet transform and multires-
olution analysis scheme.
2. Wavelet transform
Wavelet transform is a typical application of the
functional analysis theory. Since every sampled signal
in the time domain can be considered as a representa-
tion of continuous function at a certain time interval
and every signal has nite energy in L
2
norm, it is an
element of L
2
space. Fourier transform use the dilated
sine and cosine functional as the basis of L
2
space, as
they are mutually orthogonal and every function in L
2
space has the unique representation with this basis. In
Fourier transform, every function is represented by the
cyclic sine and cosine function with integer-times of
fundamental frequency. However, wavelet transform
has two basic properties, which are time-shifting and
dilation. A brief introduction in wavelet transform will
be summarized in the next section.
2.1. Orthonormal wa6elet transform
The integral wavelet transform of any functional f on
L
2
(R) space is dened as:
(W

f)(b, a) =|a|

1
2

+
f(x)
xb
a

dx (1)
where means the complex conjugate. The linear
transformation W

is called the integral wavelet trans-

form relative to the mother wavelet, . Also, the
wavelet function dilated by a and time-shifted by b is
noted by

a,b
(x) =
xb
a

(2)
Any basic wavelet function must necessarily satisfy the
following: (1) it must contain ocsilaration; and (2) it
must have nite energy, which means

+
(x)dx=0 (3)
In practice, we chose the dydic form of time-shifting
and dilation, i.e.
a=2
j
b=2
j
k (4)
Thus,
a,b
(x) can be expressed as
j,k
. If the wavelet
family {
j,k
}
j,kz
is an orthonormal basis of L
2
(R), i.e.

j,k
,
l,m
,=(
j,k
(
l,m
, j, k, l, mZ (5)
where
f, g,=

+
f(x)g(x) dx
l
j,k
={
0
1
for j "k
for j =k

j,k
(x) =2
j/2
(2
j
xk), j, kZ
||
2
=1
then every f L
2
(R) can be written as
f(x) = _
+
j,k=
d
k
j

j,k
(x) (6)
The series representation of f(x) is called a wavelet
series. Analogous to the Fourier coefcient, the wavelet
coefcients d
k
j
, wavelet coefcient is given by
d
k
l
=f,
j,k
, (7)
2.2. Multiresolution analysis
Actually, for any f L
2
(R) , let f
N
be some approxi-
mate of f from sampled space V
N
for a xed NZ. For
any positive integer M, f
N
has a unique decomposition:
f
N
(x) =g
N1
(x) + +g
NM
(x) +f
NM
(x) (8)
Where is scaling function and
T. Zheng, E.B. Makram / Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140 135

f
j
(x) =_
k
c
k
j

j,k
(x)
c
j
={c
k
j
} kZ
(9)

g
j
(x) =_
k
d
k
j

j,k
(x)
d
j
={d
k
j
} kZ
(10)
Based on Eq. (8), multiresolution analysis (MRA)
scheme gives a better way to calculate the wavelet
transform coefcients. MRA scheme is divided into
decomposition and reconstruction schemes according to
the wavelet transform and inverse wavelet transform,
which are implemented by a set of high-pass lter and
low-pass lter.
2.2.1. Decomposition scheme
The decomposition schemes calculate the wavelet
coefcients from the original signal. The coefcients
c
k
j 1
represent the smooth version of original signal at
the j th resolution level, while coefcients d
k
j 1
represent
the detailed version of the original signal at the j th
resolution. They satisfy the following relationship

c
k
j 1
=_
l
h%
l 2k
c
i
j
d
k
j 1
=_
l
g%
12k
c
l
j
(11)
Fig. 1 shows the decomposition scheme between the
two resolutions. The scheme starts from the Nth resolu-
tion level, ends in the zero resolution level. The smooth
version at j th resolution pass through the high-pass
lter H which has the coefcients h%, after downsam-
pling by two (keep every other output data), the
smooth version at j 1th resolution will be achived.
While passing through the low-pass lter G% with coef-
cients g% and downsampling by two, the detailed version
at j 1th resolution will be obtained.
2.2.2. Reconstruction scheme
Eq. (12) gives the reconstruction relationship between
two resolution levels.
c
k
j
=_
l
[h
k2l
c
l
j 1
+g
k2j
d
l
j 1
] (12)
Fig. 2. Reconstruction scheme.
Fig. 2 shows the wavelet reconstruction scheme. It
starts from zero resolution level, and ends at Nth
resolution level. After upsampling by two (insert zeros
between each pair of original coefcients), c
j 1
and d
j 1
pass through lter G with coefcients g and H with
coefcients h, the smooth version at j th resolution level
being achieved.
3. Voltage icker analysis scheme
Section 2 shows that the possibility to apply wavelet
transform on voltage icker problems exists, and that
this will produce a different representation of voltage
icker phenomena from that of FFT. Voltage icker
refers to the uctuation in the magnitude of the funda-
mental frequency component, therefore, the rst thing
to do is to get the rms value of the icker voltage
waveform. Since voltage icker can be considered as
the magnitude modulated signal, a demodulation
scheme is used to obtain the magnitude of the voltage
waveform (Fig. 3). In this way, a high degree of accu-
racy is also achieved.
3.1. Demodulation scheme
The demodulation scheme is rstly used to multiply
the sampling signal with a sine or cosine function, then
to let it pass through a low-pass lter.
Let f(k) represent the kth sampling data, f
s
be the
sampling frequency, and f
c
be the fundamental fre-
quency. Thus, the modied the signal X(k) is
Fig. 3. Demodulated signal ( f
0
f
4
). Fig. 1. Decomposition scheme.
T. Zheng, E.B. Makram / Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140 136
X(k) = f(k) cos (2yf
c
k/f
s
) (13)
Let X(z) be the z tranform of X(k) , after passing
through a low pass digital lter. The demodulated
signal Y(z) can be expressed as:
Y(z) =
b
0
+b
1
z
1
+ +b
n
z
n
a
0
+a
1
z
1
+ +a
n
z
m
X(z) (14)
where {b
k
}
k=0
n
and {a
k
}
k=0
m
are the lter coefcients,
and the cut-off frequency is two times of the fundamen-
tal frequency. The output signal represents the magni-
tude of the voltage waveform based on cosine
demodulated waveform.
Since the actual voltage waveform is not purely
sinusoidal waveform caused by some unknown factors,
and white noise from the measurement devices, the
measured signal may also contains harmonics, tran-
sients and white noise. Therefore, several facts must be
considered.
Since the demodulation scheme is a low-pass lter, all
of the high frequency components will be eliminated, as
well as white noise and transients. Five analytical ex-
pressions of the voltage signal are given below. Fig. 3
shows the output of the ve signals, which indicate the
following:
1. For a purely sinusoidal signal ( f
0
), the scheme gives
the magnitude with a very small error.
2. For the signal with harmonics ( f
1
and f
2
), the
harmonic components have no inuence on the
voltage magnitude.
3. For the signal with transient ( f
3
), transient compo-
nent will be eliminated.
4. For the signal with white noise ( f
4
), the noise will be
limited by the low-pass lter.
f
0
(t) = (1+0.1 cos(
f
t)) cos(t)
f
1
(t) = (1+0.1 cos(
f
t)) cos(t) +0.3 cos(3t)
f
2
(t) = (1+0.1 cos(
f
t)) cos(t) +0.3 cos(3.1t)
f
3
(t) = (1+0.1 cos(
f
t)) cos(t) +exp( at) cos(
t
t)
f
4
(t) = (1+0.1 cos (
f
t)) cos (t) +w(t)
From above results, it is clear that the demodulation
scheme can give an acurate result of voltage manitude.
3.2. Flicker representation
Using the MRA scheme, the demodulated signal can
be represented in different resolution levels (it is also
called different scales). Each scale corresponds to a
certain frequency band depending upon the sampling
frequency. The wavelet coefcients at different resolu-
tion level, are the scalars in this wavelet space with the
basis of dilated and translated wavelet family. That is
each projection of the original signal on the scale has
xed shifting wavelet components according to this
scale.
In the MRA scheme, the nal resolution level is
chosen as zero. Then the smooth version of signal f(x)
at zero scale will be the DC component of this sampling
period. Then the DC component can be considered as
the magnitude of voltage waveform. This is the mean
value of voltage icker magnitude in this period. Thus,
the voltage icker level can be estimated.
Low scale components represent the icker level with
low frequency, which include the cyclic and noncyclic
frequency components. High scale components indicate
the white noise or the instantaneous icker, because
generally the icker frequency is lower than the funda-
mental frequency.
With these wavelet coefcients at different resolution
levels, the voltage icker level at different scales (fre-
quencies) can be simply calculated. Since the nal reso-
lution level is zero, it means the smooth version
representation of signal is c
0
0
. After inverse wavelet
transform, MRA will produce a DC component of the
signal which is the mean value. Assuming the ratio
between the mean value and c
0
0
to be b
0
, the mean value
of the voltage can be expressed as V
m
=b
0
c
0
0
. Therefore,
from the wavelet decomposition scheme, the signal was
expressed as
f(x) = _
N1
j =0
_
2
j
1
k=0
d
k
j

j,k
(x) +b
0
c
0
0
(15)
Eq. (15) shows that the wavelet coefcient d
j
k
stands for
the degree of voltage magnitude unctuation at j th
resolution and kth translation. Note that the maximum
values of the wavelet function
j,k
(x) are the same
independent of the time-shifting, let the maximum value
of the wavelet
j,k
(x) be r
j
, thus,
r
j
=max
x
{
j,0
(x)}= =max
x
{
j,2
j
1
(x)} for j
=0, , N1.
The voltage icker level I
FL
j,k
is calculated as
I
FL
j,k
=
|r
j
d
k
j
|
|b
0
c
c
c
|
100% (16)
The voltage icker level I
FL
j,k
gives the time-frequency
information of the voltage icker, which is useful for
the voltage icker detection and assessment.
The voltage icker detection may result in the maxi-
mum voltage icker level I
maxFL
j
and corresponding
timeT
maxFL
j

I
maxFL
j
= max
k
{I
FL
j,k
T
maxFL
j
= k*T/2
j
(17)
In order to assess the voltage icker in the frequency
domain, the energy of the icker is considered as the
T. Zheng, E.B. Makram / Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140 137
Fig. 4. Voltage icker analysis scheme.
index of the j th scale. The energy of the j th scale
component of the original signal is calculated as
E
j
=

T
|g
j
(x)|
2
dx (18)
By substituting g
j
(x) with Eq. (10), and by using the
orthonormal property of the wavelet function resulted
in:
E
j
=

_
2
j
1
k=0
d
k
j

j,k
(x)

2
dx = _
2
j
1
k=0
|d
k
j
|
2
(19)
Let
g
j
EQV
(x) _
2
j
1
k=0
d
rms
j

j,k
(x) (20)
be the equavalent function of g
j
(x), which has the same
energy E
j
, d
rms
j
is the equivalent wavelet coefcient in
the j th scale. Thus,
d
rms
j
=

2
j
_
2
j
1
k=0
|d
k
j
|
2

1/2
(21)
where g
j
EQV
(x) is a function with frequency of 2
j N
f
s
and maximum magnitude of 2
( j N)/2
. Thus, the voltage
icker level at j th scale can be calculated as
I
FL
j
2
(j N)/2
d
rms
j
b
0
c
0
0
100% (22)
3.3. Denoise scheme
Generally speaking, the voltage icker frequency is
lower than the fundamental frequency f
C
. Therefore,
the wavelet components in the high sales can not be
considered as the voltage icker. Also, the demodula-
tion scheme may introduce some errors. Thus, the
wavelet components in high scales can be eliminated as
noise. Therefore, the reconstruction scheme can be used
to reconstruct the denoised signal. This is also useful
for compression of power quality data.
3.4. Implementation scheme
From above discussion, the proposed voltage icker
analysis scheme is shown in Fig. 4.
As shown in Fig. 4, the measured data is rstly
multiplied by the cosine waveform, after passing the
loss-pass lter, it produces the voltage magnitude. Sec-
ondly, MRA decomposition scheme is applied to get
the wavelet coefcients, then denoise scheme and MRA
reconstruction scheme are applied to get the denoised
signal for the purpose of data compression and denoise.
Finally, voltage icker calculation scheme is applied to
calculate the voltage icker level at different scales
using Eqs. (16), (17) and (22).
T. Zheng, E.B. Makram / Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140 138
3.5. Discussion of the choice of mother wa6elet
At present, different kinds of mother wavelets exist.
A different mother wavelet will produce different
wavelet coefcients, which will inuence the icker level
computation. It is hard to say which kind of wavelet is
better, however, it is clear that each kind of mother
wavelet has its own advantage and disadvantage.
Daubechies wavelet is the most popular one due to
its compactness and continuity, while the Haar wavelet
is famous for its simplicity and is ease of use. However,
in power systems, most signals are sinusoidal-like sig-
nals, and Daubechies wavelet contains more oscillation
than the Haar wavelet which is a square waveform. The
Daubechies wavelet coefcients contain more zero
terms than the Haar wavelet coefcients. This means
the more complicated the mother wavelet is, the more
simplistic the wavelet coefcients are. Therefore, in
power system analysis, a Daubechies wavelet is
recommended.
4. Numerical result
In order to test the proposed scheme, a tested sample
is rst analyzed, then the scheme is applied on a
recorded data.
4.1. Assumed signal
The analytic expression of the given signal which
include harmonic components and white noise is given
as follow,
f(t) = (1+0.1 cos(
f
t)) cos(t) +0.3 cos(3t) +w(t)
where

f
=2y 5
Fig. 6. MRA representation in scales.
=2y 60
The sampling rate is 15.36 kHz.
Fig. 5 shows the original signal, the voltage magni-
tude and the reconstructed denoised voltage magnitude
waveforms.
Fig. 6 is the result of the MRA decomposition
scheme. It shows the signal in the continuous form in
the time interval according to different scales. Since the
magnitude of high scale components are much smaller
than that of low scale components, only the low scale
components are given. It shows that the icker compo-
nent at scale 2 is the most serious.
Fig. 7. Voltage icker level in scales.
Fig. 5. Mathematics numerical examples: (a) original signal wave-
form; (b) demodulated signal waveform; and (c) denoised recon-
structed signal waveform.
T. Zheng, E.B. Makram / Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140 139
Table 1
Maximum voltage icker level
I
maxFL
j
(%) T
maxFL
j
(s) Scale I
FL
j
(%) Frequency (Hz)
0.8079 0 0 0.5643 1.875
0.2666 0.8001 1.3246 3.75 1
6.4596 0 2 7.5 8.3129
4.0762 0.3333 3 15 2.7274
0.4999 1.6545 0.4696 30 4
0.7735 0.5166 5 60 0.1415
0.5249 0.1800 6 120 0.3103
0.1201 0.5166 7 240 0.0901
0.0096 0 0.0064 480 8
0.5322 0.0003 9 960 0.0004
1.45e5 0.5317 10 1.92 K 9.02e6
0.5148 4.07e7 2.87e7 3.84 K 11
7.68 K 4.41e7 0 1.15e8 12
The DC component is 1 p.u.
Fig. 8. The recorded data from the arc furnace system: (a) original
voltage waveform; (b) demodulated voltage waveform; and (c) de-
noise reconstructed voltage waveform.
Fig. 7 shows the voltage icker level in magnitude
with time-shifting. It also shows that the voltage
icker level is the highest in scale 2.
From the above wavelet representation, it shows
that the signal has much magnitude uctuation at
scales 1, 2 and 3 which correspond to the frequencies
3.75, 7.5 and 15 Hz, while the actual icker frequency
is 6 Hz. Using the calculation formula provided
above, the icker level can be shown in Table 1.
From Table 1, the most icker uctuation is at scale
2, which have 8.31% at time 0 s. The total voltage
icker assessment index is 6.46% with frequency 7.5
Hz.
4.2. Recorded data
The scheme is applied on the recorded data of an
arc furnace system, which contains much voltage
icker. Fig. 8 shows the actual measurement of the
supplied 110 kV bus system. Fig. 8 (a) shows the
recorded phase A bus voltage. It is difcult in this
case to detect the voltage icker phenomena from Fig.
8 (a). After using the demodulation scheme proposed
in Section 3, the voltage magnitude waveform is
shown in Fig. 8 (b). Thus, voltage magnitude uctua-
tion can be shown clearly. The reconstructed voltage
waveform shown in Fig. 8 (c), was reconstructed from
the wavelet transform which eliminates the high fre-
quency components and the white noise.
Fig. 9 shows the wavelet representation of the de-
modulated voltage magnitude waveform. The original
waveform is decomposed into 11 scales, in each scale
the original signal has a unique continuous compo-
nent. Since the voltage magnitude of purely sinusoidal
waveform is constant, any nonzero representation in
different scales could be considered as the voltage uc-
tuation in this scale. Fig. 9 shows that the most seri-
ous voltage uctuation exits in scale 5.
The instantaneous voltage icker level is calculated
by using Eq. (16). Its magnitude and distribution are
shown in Fig. 10, which also shows that the icker
level at scale 5 is much more than that of other scales.
The voltage icker level is calculated by using the
proposed formula in Eq. (17) and Eq. (22). The maxi-
mum voltage icker and icker assessment are summa-
rized in Table 2. It shows that the maximum voltage
icker is 2.47% at frequency 93.75 Hz and the cor-
responding icker assessment index is 1.6%.
Fig. 9. MRA representation in 5 scales.
T. Zheng, E.B. Makram / Electric Power Systems Research 48 (1998) 133140 140
Fig. 10. Voltage icker level in scales.
Table 2
Maximum voltage icker level
I
maxFL
j
(%) T
maxFL
j
(s) Scale I
FL
j
(%) Frequency (Hz)
0.0 1.1778 2.93 0.8227 0
0.1709 0.2593 1 5.86 0.4328
0.9581 0.0 2 11.72 0.5315
0.2991 0.8406 0.4176 23.44 3
1.6280 0.0 4 46.88 0.7819
0.1816 1.6074 5 93.75 2.4693
0.5581 0.1389 6 187.5 0.3177
0.0408 0.2056 0.0206 375 7
0.1549 8.69e4 8 750 0.0017
2.95e5 0.2043 9 1.5 K 4.99e5
3 K 1.86e6 0.2043 10 9.43e7
The DC component is 89.81 kV.
[2] R.C. Seebald, J.F. Buch, D.J. Ward, Flicker limitations of
electric utilities, IEEE Trans. PAS 104 (9) (1985) 26272631.
[3] S.R. Mendis, M.T. Bishop, A.V. Do, D.M. Boyd, Investigation
of transmission system voltage icker due to multiple AC and
DC furnace operations, IEEE Trans. PWRD 10 (1) (1995)
483496.
[4] L. Toivonen, J. Morsky, Digital multirate algorithms for mea-
surement of voltage, current, power and icker, IEEE Trans.
PWRD 10 (1) (1995) 116126.
[5] A.A. Girgis, J.W. Stephens, E.B. Makram, Measeurement and
prediction of voltage icker magnitude and frequency, IEEE
Trans. PWRD 10 (3) (1995) 16001604.
[6] A.A. Girgis, B.D. Moss, E.B. Makram, Reactive power compen-
sation and voltage icker control of an arc furnace load, Pro-
ceeding of the 7th International Conference on Harmonics and
Quality of Power (ICHIPS), Las Vegas, 1996, pp. 242447.
[7] C.K. Chui, An Introduction to Wavelets, Academic Press, New
York, 1992.
[8] S.G. Mallat, A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition:
the wavelet representation, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach.
Intell. 11 (7) (1989) 674693.
[9] O. Chaarl, M. Meunier, F. Brouaye, Wavelets: a new tool for the
resonant grounded power distribution systems relaying, IEEE
Trans. PWRD 11 (3) (1996) 13011308.
[10] S. Santoso, E.J. Powers, W.M. Grady, P. Hofmann, Power
quality assessment via wavelet transform analysis, IEEE Trans.
PWRD 11 (2) (1996) 924930.
[11] D.C. Roberston, O.I. Camps, J.S. Mayer, W.B. Gish Sr.,
Wavelets and electromagnetic power system transients, IEEE
Trans. PWRD 11 (2) (1996) 10501058.
[12] G.T. Heydt, A.W. Galli, Transient power quality problems
analyzed using wavelets, IEEE Trans. PWRD 12 (2) (1997)
908915.
[13] S.J Huang, C.T. Hsieh, C.L. Huang, Application of morlet
wavelets to supervise power system disturbances, IEEE Winter
Meeting, New York, 1997, PE-174-PWRD-0-12 (1996).
[14] S. Santoso, E.J. Powers, W.M. Grady, Power quality distur-
bance data compression using wavelet transform methods, IEEE
Trans. PWRD 12 (3) (1997) 12501257.
5. Conclusion
This paper introduced the wavelet transform into the
analysis of voltage icker phenomena, which expands
the wavelet transform applications on power quality
problem. It shows that the wavelet transform not only
can be applied on the power system transient and
harmonic problem, but also can be used on the voltage
icker which contains the low frequency components.
From the above results of the two samples, it shows
that the proposed voltage icker analysis scheme pro-
vides a new way of voltage icker representation. The
proposed voltage icker level calculation method pro-
duces a good evaluation of the voltage icker problem.
Based on the voltage icker level assessment index, a
voltage icker control scheme can be designed in the
near future.
References
[1] K. Srinivasan, Digital measurement of the voltage icker, IEEE
Trans. PWRD 6 (4) (1991) 15931598.
.