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The circulating fluidized bed (CFD) is a clean process with the ability to achieve lower emission of pollutants. By using this technology, up to 95% of pollutants[1] will be absorbed before being emitted to the atmosphere. At the same time, the advantages of this technology outweigh the limitations, which made it favourable. However, the development of this technology is still at its early stages. With further R&D, this technology is predicted to bring numerous benefits to our society.
Contents
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1 Introduction
2 Range of Applications
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2.1 Circulating Fluidized Bed Scrubber 2.2 Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasification System
3 Advantages and Limitations of Circulating Fluidized Bed 4 Available Design of Circulating Fluidized Bed 5 Main Process Characteristics
6 Process Characteristics Assessments 7 Possible Heuristics to Be Used During the Design of the Process 8 New Development
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9 References
Introduction[edit]
Circulating fluidized bed is a relative new technology with the ability to achieve lower emission of pollutants. Extensive research has been conducted on this technology for the past 10 years because pollution in the world is getting more serious by the day and clean practice will be very crucial for the sustainability of the
earth. The importance of this technology grew even more lately because of the tightened environmental regulation for pollutant emission. The Mercury and Air Toxic Standards (MATS) enacted in December 2011 by EPA have forced all the countries in Europe and America to strictly adhere to this policy. This means that emissions such as metals, acid gases, organic compound, flue gas acids and other pollutants from power plants or industrial facilities have to meet the requirements set by EPA [2] and upgrades have to be done for facilities that do not meet the standards. As a result, the demand for circulating fluidized bed technology will be predicted to go sky rocket.
Basic Fundamental[edit]
During the combustion phase, upwards jets of air will cause the solid fuels to be suspended. This is to ensure the gas and solids will mix together turbulently for better heat transfer and chemical reactions. The fuel will be burnt at a temperature if 1400oF to 1700oF to prevent nitrogen oxide from forming.[1] While burning, flue gas such as sulfur dioxide will be released. At the same time, sulfur-absorbing chemical such as limestone or dolomite will be used to mix with the fuel particles in the fluidization phase, which will absorb almost 95% of the sulfur pollutants. Alternatively, the sulfur absorbing chemical and fuel will be recycled to increase the efficiency of producing a higher quality steam as well as lower the emission of pollutants. Therefore, it will be possible to use circulating fluidized bed technology to burn fuel in a much more environmental friendly method as compared to other conventional processes.
Range of Applications[edit]
Circulating fluidized bed technology can be implemented in many different fields ranging from oil and gas to power stations. This technology is highly sought after due to its numerous benefits. Some of the popular applications of circulating fluidized bed are circulating fluidized bed scrubber and circulating fluidized bed gasification system.
Circulating Fluidized Bed Absorber Fabric Filter Dry Lime Hydration System.
In the circulating fluidized bed scrubber process, flue gas will enter the reactor from the bottom of the vessel. Simultaneously, hydrated lime will be injected into the circulating fluidized bed absorber for reaction to take place to convert SO2 and SO3 from the flue gas to calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite. Water will also be injected at the same time to control the operation temperature for maximum absorption capacity. The flue gas will then send to the bag house for further filtration. In the bag house, a series of air valves across the filters, will produce compressed air bursts to ensure a more efficient solid and dust collection. Lastly, clean flue gas will then be directed to the stack with the minimum pollutants in the flue gas stream.[4] The schematic diagram of the process is shown in Figure 1.
combustion chamber to provide the heating for the gasification process as it is an endothermic process. Thermal transfer will take place between the gasification and combustion chamber. The illustrated gasification process is presented in Figure 2. The chemical reaction that takes place in the gasification as shown in equation [1] and [2] whereas the reaction in combustion chamber is represent in equation [3]. Gasification;
[1] [2]
Combustion;
O2 = CO
[3]
Dolomite lime or limestone can also be used to increase the hydrogen concentration by absorbing carbon dioxide to increase the combustion process.
order to minimized erosion, it injection was designed to be above the ventures . Not only that, the CDS contains less moving parts compared to other type of CFBS. This design will lead to a lower maintenance cost. Major components of the CDS are shown in Figure 3. Similar to CFBS, there are several designs available with specific specification to fulfill various industrial demands. One of the types is the CFBG, developed by the Phoenix BioEnergy. This type of CFBG combines several technologies and implement the auger gasifier into one design. The large diameter of the auger will be placed horizontally on top of the fluidized bed. This configuration will increase the gasification efficiency, which will assist in the heat transferral over the suspended aggregate into the biofuel. [12] Full design of this CFBG is shown in Figure 4.
Parameters
Accepted Values
Superficial Gas Velocity (m/s) Net Solids Flux Through The Riser (kg/m2s) Temperature (C) Pressure (kPa) Mean Particle Diameter (m) Overall Riser height (m)
Table 1:Typical operational condition for circulating fluidized bed in commercial use [15]
1. Continuous regeneration of catalyst, which deactivates rapidly. The solid is maintained in constant circulation where catalyst is continuously regenerated and return to the reactor. 2. Heat must be brought in or removed from a reactor. A continuous circulation of solids between vessels can efficiently transport heat from one vessel to another since solids have relatively large heat capacity compared to gases. One important factor of circulating system is the ability to control the feed circulation rate. The feed circulation rate is control by the gas velocity in the bed which determines the flow regime and density of bed. All the circulating systems can be characterized either by the solid circulation rate, kg/s and the transfer ratio of the suspended materials being exchanged between vessels. [17] For circulating fluidized bed in coal combustion, the beds need to use a greater fluidizing speed, so the particles will remained constant in the flue gases, before moving across the combustion chamber and into the cyclone. During combustion, a dense bed is required to mix the fuel eventhough the solids are dispersed evenly all over the unit. The bigger particles are extracted and returned to combustion chamber for further process, which required relatively longer particle residence time. . If the total carbon conversion efficiencies gets over 98% it shows good separation process that leaves simply a minor proportion of unburned char in the residues.[18] During the whole process, the operating conditions are relatively uniform for the combustor.
different operating conditions.[19] For highly exothermic reactor, it is recommended to keep the conversion of material low and recycle any possible cooled reactants. It is also recommended to separate the components in order of decreasing percentage of material in feed. This will help in reducing the cost of maintenance for the next separation process. In many industrial processes that involved small, porous or light particle which have to be fluidized with more viscous fluid in the present of gas, a Gas-Liquid-Solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB) is more preferred compared to conventional system because it can minimize dead zone and increase the contacting efficiency among gas, liquid and solid phases by improving the shear stress between those phases. Gas-Liquid-Solid circulating fluidized bed also can provide higher gas holdup, produce more uniform bubble size, better interphase contact, and good heat and mass transfer capabilities. The flexibility of using GLSCFB allow the fluidized bed to operate at much more higher liquid velocity than the minimum fluidization velocity which in turn increase the fractional conversion as well as production efficiency per unit cross-sectional area of the bed. Moreover, the deactivated catalyst used in the GLSCFB can be regenerated continuously by using the circulating fluidized bed which in turn reduced the operating cost for replacing the catalyst frequently.[20] As for circulating fluidized bed scrubbers (CFBS), it is more preferred in industrial due to its ability to produce higher purity product while avoiding the corrosion issue. The CFBS also preferred because it requires low installation cost, high capture of metals, low maintenance required, wide fuel sulphur flexibility and fast response to cope with changes in operating condition.[21] Some modification is necessary at the inlet in order to eliminate loss of solids materials at the bottom of bed during low-load operation. For better quality of product, it is advisable to purify the feed stream if it is difficult to separate between the impurity and the desired product if it is present in large amount. This will enable the fluidized bed to operate at full capacity range in a stable manner. Every CFBS need to have larger boilers that are connected to several cyclones in parallel as to remove the solids for recirculation.[18] CFBS also need to have heat recovery unit as some of the heat from the bottom ash can be recovered as it is more economically feasible in term of lowering the operating cost. Ash coolers are prone to foul the bed while the heat transfer tubes in fluidized bed are prone to erosion can be removed by the use of some fluidizing air.
New Development[edit]
More new clean technology has to be implemented to maintain the sustainability of the earth. Bigger reactors, with lower pollutants emission, have to be developed to meet the global demand. One of the best clean technologies to be used is the circulating fluidized bed technology. However, circulating fluidized bed technology is still at a very early stage. Currently circulating fluidized bed technology has only reached the second generation and is more efficient in capturing pollutants with a simpler design as compared to the first generation.[10] The most significant development for this technology is the development of in-bed heat exchanger and the U-beam separator design.
High solids collection efficiency Controlled furnace temperature Low auxiliary power Smaller footprint Minimal refractory use Low maintenance