Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ken Kiger Burgers Program For Fluid Dynamics Turbulence School College Park, Maryland, May 24-27
3-D LDA Measurements on a 1:5 Mercedes-Benz E-class model car in wind tunnel
Droplet Size Distributions Drop Size and Velocity Measured in a Kerosene measurements in an atomized Stream of Moleten Metal Spray Produced by a Fuel Injector
Basics
Seed flow with small tracer particles Illuminate flow with one or more coherent, polarized laser beams to form a MV Receive scattered light from particles passing through MV and interfere with additional light sources Measurement of the resultant light intensity frequency is related to particle velocity
Limitations
Expensive equipment Flow must be seeded with particles if none naturally exist Single point measurement technique Can be difficult to collect data very near walls
A
x
A cos 2
x, t
Re Ae i kx
2 c
2 c
E E o exp i kx
Light is coherent when the phase remains constant for a sufficiently long time
Typical duration ( tc) and equivalent propagation length ( lc) over which some sources remain coherent are:
Source White light Mercury Arc Kr86 discharge lamp Stabilized He-Ne laser
nom
(nm)
lc
8 m 0.3 mm 0.3 m 400 m
S c 2 oE B
S c oE 2
1 2 f t dt T t T2
5.20 x 1014
I
3.80 x 1014
2 T
c o E E 2
c o 2 E0 2
LDA: Doppler effect frequency shift Overall Doppler shift due two separate changes
The particle sees a shift in incident light frequency due to particle motion Scattered light from particle to stationary detector is shifted due to particle motion
b e
k k
s e
u
b e k k
u eb t
b t u e
b e
k k
c t
Number of wavefronts that pass a stationary particle during t due to the wavefront velocity:
c t
LDA: Doppler shift, effect I The net effect due to a moving observer w/ a stationary source is then the difference:
Number of wavefronts that pass a moving particle during t due to combined velocity (same as using relative velocity in particle frame):
c t
b t u e
fp
# of wavefront s t b u e c 1 c b u e f0 1 c
u es t
es
c t
receiver lens
Distance a scattered wave front would travel during t in the direction of detector, if u were 0: Due to source motion, the distance is changed by an amount:
c t
s t u e
s t c t u e f p t s c u e fp
Therefore, the effective scattered wavelength is: net distance traveled by wave
s
cf p s c u e
fp s u e 1 c
1 f0
b u e c s u e 1 c
b s u e u e f0 1 1 c c f0 1 f0 1 s e b u e c f0 s e b u e c
s u e c
LDA: problem with single source/detector Single beam frequency shift depends on:
velocity magnitude Velocity direction observation angle
f obs
f0
f0 s e b u e c
Solution?
Optical heterodyne
Use interference of two beams or two detectors to create a beating effect, like two slightly out of tune guitar strings, e.g. 1
cos
1
t cos
cos
cos
E2
Eo 2 cos k 2 r
Optical Heterodyne
Repeat, but allow for different frequencies
I I c o E1 E2 2 c o 2 E o1 2
2 Eo 2
t
2
E01 exp i
2
1 2
E2
1
E02 exp i k2 x
2
E02 exp i
2
E 01 exp i
E 02 exp i
1 2
E 01 exp i
E 02 exp i
I
I
c o 2 E o1 2
c o 2 E o1 2
2 Eo 2 E 01E 02 2
exp i
exp i 2
2 Eo 2 E 01E 02 cos 2
t
1
I AC
f s ,1 f s,2 f
f0 f0
f0 s ,1 e b ,1 u e c f0 s,2 e b, 2 u e c
b,1 e b,2 ) (e
g 2sin( / 2) x
u xg
2 sin
fD
f0 b, 2 e b,1 u e c
It
1 I o1 I o 2 2 I o1 I o 2 cos k 1 k 2 r 2
4 sin
u xg t
2 sin
u xs f 2
AC
DC+AC
- Off-center trajectory results in weakened signal visibility -Pedestal (DC part of signal) is removed by a high pass filter after photomultiplier Figures from Albrecht et. al., 2003
^ xg
^ xb
u xs
2 sin
fD
Xg beam 2
uxg> 0
beam 1 uxg< 0
fb2 = fbragg + fb
Xg
fb1 = fb
f s ,1 f s ,2 fD
New Signal
I
fD0
2 2 E01 cos( 2 { f D 0
f bragg }t )
Frequency shift: Fringe description Different frequency causes an apparent velocity in fringes
Effect result of interference of two traveling waves as slightly different frequency
fbragg
fD s-1
uxg (m/s)
uxg ( fD0 fbragg ) 2sin( / 2)
nm, fbragg = 40 MHz and = 20 Upper limit on positive velocity limited only by time response of detector
Consider:
Uniform seeding density (# particles/volume) Flow moves at steady speed of 5 units/sec for 4 seconds (giving 20 samples) would measure:
5 * 20 5 20
Flow that moves at 8 units/sec for 2 sec (giving 16 samples), then 2 units/sec for 2 second (giving 4 samples) would give
16 * 8 4 * 2 20
6.8
U x ,i Ux
i 1
i N i i 1
n x
U x ,i U x
i 1
n i N i i 1
Mean Velocity
nth moment
- The sampling rate of a volume of fluid containing particles increases with the velocity of that volume - Introduces a bias towards sampling higher velocity particles
2 ni D
, , , n p , ni
The geometric factor, - Has closed form solution for p = 0 and 1 only - Absolute value increases with elevation angle relative to 0) - Is independent of np for reflection
Figures from Dantec