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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation of the form
ax² + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, c are real numbers, a ≠ 0.
For example, 2x² + x – 300 = 0 is a quadratic equation.
In fact, any equation of the form p(x) = 0, where p(x) is a polynomial of degree
2, is a quadratic equation. But when we write the terms of p(x) in descending order
of their degrees, then we get the standard form of the equation.
That is, ax² + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
is called the standard form of a quadratic equation.
Example: Represent the following situations mathematically:
(i) John and Jivanti together have 45 marbles. Both of them lost 5 marbles each, and
the product of the number of marbles they now have is 124. We would like to find
out how many marbles they had to start with.
(ii) A cottage industry produces a certain number of toys in a day. The cost of
production of each toy (in rupees) was found to be 55 minus the number of toys
produced in a day. On a particular day, the total cost of production was
Rs 750. We would like to find out the number of toys produced on that day.
Solution:
(i) Let the number of marbles John had be x.
Then the number of marbles Jivanti had = 45 – x .
The number of marbles left with John, when he lost 5 marbles
=x–5
The number of marbles left with Jivanti, when she lost 5 marbles
= 45 – x – 5
= 40 – x
Therefore, their product
= (x – 5) (40 – x)
= 40x – x² – 200 + 5x
= – x² + 45x – 200
So, – x² + 45x – 200 = 124 (Given that product = 124)
i.e., – x² + 45x – 324 = 0
i.e., x² – 45x + 324 = 0
Therefore, the number of marbles John had, satisfies the quadratic equation
x² – 45x + 324 = 0
which is the required representation of the problem mathematically.
(ii) Let the number of toys produced on that day be x.
Therefore, the cost of production (in rupees) of each toy that day
= 55 – x
So, the total cost of production (in rupees) that day
= x (55 – x)
Therefore,
x (55 – x) = 750
i.e., 55x – x² = 750
i.e., – x² + 55x – 750 = 0
i.e., x² – 55x + 750 = 0
Therefore, the number of toys produced that day satisfies the quadratic equation
x² – 55x + 750 = 0
which is the required representation of the problem mathematically.
Solution:
(i) LHS = (x – 2)² + 1 = x² – 4x + 4 + 1 = x² – 4x + 5
Therefore, (x – 2)² + 1 = 2x – 3 can be rewritten as
x² – 4x + 5 = 2x – 3
i.e., x² – 6x + 8 = 0
It is of the form ax² + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is a quadratic equation.
(ii) Since x(x + 1) + 8 = x² + x + 8
and (x + 2)(x – 2) = x² – 4
Therefore, x² + x + 8 = x² – 4
i.e., x + 12 = 0
It is not of the form ax² + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(iii) Here, LHS = x (2x + 3) = 2x² + 3x
So, x (2x + 3) = x² + 1 can be rewritten as
2x² + 3x = x² + 1
Therefore, we get x² + 3x – 1 = 0
It is of the form ax² + bx + c = 0.
So, the given equation is a quadratic equation.
(iv) Here, LHS = (x + 2)³ = x³ + 6x² + 12x + 8
Therefore, (x + 2)³ = x³ – 4 can be rewritten as
x³ + 6x² + 12x + 8 = x³ – 4
i.e., 6x² + 12x + 12 = 0 or, x² + 2x + 2 = 0
It is of the form ax² + bx + c = 0.
So, the given equation is a quadratic equation.
Example:
Equation: x² + 4x -5 = 0
Solution:
x² + 4x
= x² + 2x + 2x
= (x + 2) x + 2 × x
= (x + 2) x + 2 × x + 2 × 2 – 2 × 2
= (x + 2) x + (x + 2) × 2 – 2 × 2
= (x + 2) (x + 2) – 2²
= (x + 2)² – 4
So, x² + 4x – 5 = (x + 2)² – 4 – 5 = (x + 2)² – 9
This is known as the method of completing the square.